Background
Methods
Study design and study sample
Measurement of QOL
Measurement of social support
Measurement of hope
Measurement of resilience
Demographic and clinical characteristics
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive statistics
Variable |
N (%) | FACT-G | FACT-BL | PWB | SWB | EWB | FWB | BSS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 293 (80.27) | 68.13 ± 16.46 | 87.93 ± 16.62 | 19.33 ± 5.42 | 17.47 ± 6.84 | 15.33 ± 4.65 | 15.99 ± 6.12 | 19.80 ± 7.37 |
Female | 72 (19.73) | 67.96 ± 15.76 | 86.26 ± 14.82 | 18.64 ± 6.07 | 18.10 ± 6.83 | 15.70 ± 4.39 | 15.52 ± 6.07 | 18.30 ± 6.85 |
Age | ||||||||
18–55 | 74 (20.27) | 68.30 ± 16.13* | 88.22 ± 18.13 | 19.74 ± 5.55 | 17.21 ± 7.48 | 15.09 ± 4.88 | 16.26 ± 7.04 | 19.92 ± 8.27 |
56–65 | 125 (34.25) | 69.35 ± 16.46* | 88.00 ± 15.78 | 19.71 ± 5.31 | 17.62 ± 6.65 | 15.99 ± 4.27 | 16.03 ± 6.02 | 18.65 ± 6.66 |
66–75 | 115 (31.51) | 69.36 ± 15.77* | 88.92 ± 15.36* | 19.04 ± 5.42 | 18.52 ± 6.70 | 15.54 ± 4.58 | 16.25 ± 5.17 | 19.56 ± 7.34 |
>75 | 51 (13.97) | 61.85 ± 16.43* | 82.73 ± 16.25* | 17.53 ± 6.23 | 15.98 ± 6.45 | 14.09 ± 4.80 | 14.26 ± 6.73 | 20.88 ± 7.03 |
Education level | ||||||||
Primary/Middle school | 210 (57.53) | 66.00 ± 15.55* | 85.47 ± 15.92** | 19.12 ± 5.42 | 16.87 ± 6.91* | 14.97 ± 4.40* | 15.03 ± 5.99* | 19.48 ± 7.39 |
High or secondary school | 85 (23.29) | 68.71 ± 14.95 | 88.05 ± 14.45** | 19.59 ± 4.93 | 17.53 ± 6.42* | 15.49 ± 4.29 | 16.10 ± 5.41* | 19.34 ± 6.71 |
Junior College and over | 70 (19.18) | 73.63 ± 18.81* | 93.43 ± 18.09** | 18.96 ± 6.63 | 19.83 ± 6.71* | 16.59 ± 5.33* | 18.25 ± 6.67* | 19.80 ± 7.71 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Single/Divorced/Separated/Widow | 35 (9.59) | 68.16 ± 14.46 | 88.46 ± 15.46 | 19.25 ± 5.24 | 17.65 ± 6.17 | 15.97 ± 4.80 | 15.29 ± 5.83 | 20.30 ± 7.71 |
Married/Cohabitation | 330 (90.41) | 68.09 ± 16.51 | 87.51 ± 16.38 | 19.19 ± 5.60 | 17.58 ± 6.91 | 15.34 ± 4.58 | 15.96 ± 6.14 | 19.42 ± 7.25 |
Chronic diseases | ||||||||
No | 194 (53.15) | 68.20 ± 16.23 | 87.06 ± 16.59 | 20.09 ± 4.93** | 16.97 ± 7.22 | 15.83 ± 4.34 | 15.31 ± 6.32 | 18.86 ± 6.94 |
Yes | 171 (46.85) | 67.97 ± 16.44 | 88.21 ± 15.94 | 18.19 ± 6.05** | 18.30 ± 6.32 | 14.92 ± 4.84 | 16.56 ± 5.80 | 20.24 ± 7.61 |
Smok | ||||||||
No | 161 (44.11) | 67.88 ± 16.21 | 87.16 ± 16.09 | 19.30 ± 5.55 | 17.22 ± 7.12 | 15.60 ± 4.36 | 15.78 ± 5.89 | 19.28 ± 7.06 |
Yes | 204 (55.89) | 68.26 ± 16.42 | 87.95 ± 16.45 | 19.12 ± 5.57 | 17.89 ± 6.60 | 15.25 ± 4.78 | 15.99 ± 6.29 | 19.69 ± 7.47 |
Drink | ||||||||
No | 221 (60.54) | 67.58 ± 16.10 | 86.81 ± 16.05 | 19.29 ± 5.50 | 17.28 ± 6.97 | 15.33 ± 4.77 | 15.67 ± 6.12 | 19.23 ± 7.51 |
Yes | 144 (39.45) | 68.88 ± 16.65 | 88.81 ± 16.60 | 19.06 ± 5.65 | 18.08 ± 6.61 | 15.51 ± 4.32 | 16.24 ± 6.10 | 19.93 ± 6.93 |
Physical activity | ||||||||
No | 199 (54.52) | 66.31 ± 15.93* | 85.65 ± 16.04* | 18.72 ± 5.62 | 16.83 ± 6.56* | 15.08 ± 4.62 | 15.67 ± 5.74 | 19.34 ± 7.07 |
Yes | 166 (45.48) | 70.23 ± 16.54* | 89.94 ± 16.30* | 19.78 ± 5.43 | 18.50 ± 7.06* | 15.78 ± 4.55 | 16.18 ± 6.53 | 19.70 ± 7.56 |
Familial inheritance | ||||||||
No | 304 (83.29) | 68.14 ± 16.67 | 87.46 ± 16.36 | 19.35 ± 5.61 | 17.41 ± 6.82 | 15.46 ± 4.55 | 15.92 ± 6.19 | 19.32 ± 7.25 |
Yes | 61 (16.71) | 67.87 ± 14.51 | 88.30 ± 15.98 | 18.46 ± 5.25 | 18.50 ± 6.90 | 15.13 ± 4.87 | 15.78 ± 5.72 | 20.43 ± 7.47 |
Time since first cancer diagnosis | ||||||||
≤1 month | 300 (82.2) | 67.79 ± 16.52 | 87.28 ± 16.32 | 19.36 ± 5.37 | 17.28 ± 6.79 | 15.47 ± 4.53 | 15.68 ± 6.11 | 19.49 ± 6.95 |
>1 month | 65 (17.8) | 69.49 ± 15.34 | 89.06 ± 16.09 | 18.45 ± 6.32 | 19.05 ± 6.92 | 15.09 ± 4.89 | 16.90 ± 6.03 | 19.57 ± 8.73 |
Perfusion chemotherapy | ||||||||
No | 157 (43) | 67.97 ± 15.96 | 87.99 ± 16.27 | 18.98 ± 5.54 | 17.77 ± 7.12 | 15.52 ± 4.33 | 15.70 ± 6.02 | 20.02 ± 6.82 |
Yes | 208 (57) | 68.19 ± 16.61 | 87.30 ± 16.31 | 19.36 ± 5.57 | 17.46 ± 6.63 | 15.31 ± 4.79 | 16.04 ± 6.18 | 19.12 ± 7.61 |
Cancer stages | ||||||||
I | 233 (63.8) | 68.57 ± 16.62 | 88.08 ± 16.42 | 19.53 ± 5.57 | 17.62 ± 6.75 | 15.31 ± 4.61 | 16.10 ± 6.06 | 19.51 ± 7.28 |
II+III | 127 (36.8) | 67.24 ± 15.76 | 86.73 ± 16.03 | 18.59 ± 5.49 | 17.54 ± 7.01 | 15.58 ± 4.57 | 15.53 ± 6.20 | 19.49 ± 7.33 |
Histopathological grading | ||||||||
G1 | 235 (64.4) | 68.44 ± 46.56 | 87.81 ± 16.67 | 19.65 ± 5.30* | 17.58 ± 6.76 | 15.31 ± 4.64 | 15.89 ± 6.18 | 19.37 ± 7.06 |
G2+G3 | 130 (35.6) | 67.49 ± 15.89 | 87.23 ± 15.62 | 18.40 ± 5.91* | 17.61 ± 7.00 | 15.56 ± 4.53 | 15.92 ± 6.01 | 19.74 ± 7.69 |
Pathologic features | ||||||||
Urothelial Carcinoma | 354 (96.99) | 68.04 ± 16.25 | 87.53 ± 16.15 | 19.18 ± 5.59 | 17.57 ± 6.83 | 15.37 ± 4.60 | 15.91 ± 6.05 | 19.49 ± 7.30 |
Adenocarcinoma | 5 (1.37) | 65.20 ± 5.71 | 89.47 ± 11.85 | 19.20 ± 3.35 | 15.00 ± 7.73 | 17.00 ± 3.24 | 14.00 ± 4.64 | 24.27 ± 6.65 |
Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 6 (1.64) | 73.66 ± 25.57 | 89.92 ± 27.27 | 20.33 ± 5.57 | 20.82 ± 6.55 | 15.83 ± 5.56 | 16.67 ± 10.65 | 16.27 ± 5.86 |
Variables | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.PWB | 19.20 | 5.56 | 1 | ||||||||
2.SWB | 17.59 | 6.84 | 0.006 | 1 | |||||||
3.EWB | 15.40 | 4.60 | .550** | .233** | 1 | ||||||
4.FWB | 15.90 | 6.11 | .203** | .565** | .459** | 1 | |||||
5.BSS | 19.51 | 7.29 | -.452** | 0.045 | -.379** | 0.037 | 1 | ||||
6.FACT-BL | 87.60 | 16.27 | .373** | .720** | .571** | .828** | .219** | 1 | |||
7.social support | 57.55 | 17.45 | .121*
| .619** | .208** | .419** | −0.076 | .483** | 1 | ||
8.hope | 21.55 | 4.77 | .212** | .417** | .435** | .504** | -.159** | .489** | .407** | 1 | |
9.resilience | 65.59 | 18.26 | .214** | .462** | .402** | .486** | -.149** | .496** | .517** | .687** | 1 |
Correlation between positive resources and QOL
Hierarchical regression analyses
Variables | Step 1 | Step 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β |
P
| β |
P
| |
Control variables | ||||
Age | −0.074 | 0.153 | −0.026 | 0.552 |
Edu1 | 0.059 | 0.273 | 0.05 | 0.262 |
Edu2 | 0.182 | 0.001 | 0.065 | 0.150 |
Physical activity | 0.122 | 0.019 | 0.034 | 0.430 |
Influence factors | ||||
Social support | 0.285 | 0.000 | ||
Hope | 0.243 | 0.000 | ||
Resilience | 0.164 | 0.010 | ||
F | 5.098** | 28.234** | ||
R2
| 0.054 | 0.356 | ||
Adjusted R2
| 0.043 | 0.344 | ||
△R2
| 0.054 | 0.303 |