Background
Methods
Study sites
Study design and study population
Sample size estimation
Screening and recruitment
Examination of malaria parasites by microscopy
Treatment and clinical monitoring during follow-up
Safety assessment
Sample processing and molecular analysis
Outcome classification
Ethical considerations
Data management and analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of enrolled children
Variable | Kibaha | Mkuzi | Mlimba | Ujiji | Overall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Screened | 158 | 177 | 295 | 333 | 963 |
Enrolled (%) | 80 (50.6) | 88 (49.7) | 88 (30.3) | 88 (26.4) | 344 (35.7) |
Age in years, mean (SD)a | 6.5 (2.7) | 5.7 (2.8) | 3.4 (2.3) | 4.6 (2.9) | 5.0 (2.9) |
Children < five years of age, n (%)† | 29 (36.3) | 36 (40.9) | 66 (75.0) | 58 (65.9) | 189 (54.9) |
Sex (male), n (%) | 46 (57.5%) | 49 (55.7%) | 49 (55.7%) | 52 (59.1%) | 196 (57.0) |
Weight (kg), mean (SD)b | 19.1 (5.6) | 17.4 (5.0) | 13.1 (4.3) | 14.9 (5.1) | 16.1 (5.5) |
Height in cm, median (IQR)c | 114.0 (98.5, 128.3) | 111.0 (92.1, 121.0) | 85.5 (77.0, 99.8) | 97.0 (86.0, 111.8) | 100.0 (85.0, 117.8) |
Temperature in °C, mean (SD) | 37.8 (1.4) | 37.7 (1.1) | 37.6 (1.3) | 37.7 (1.4) | 37.7 (1.3) |
Parasitaemia* (95% CI)a | 9403 (5901–14,984) | 32,357 (23,393–44,756) | 27,720 (20,706–37,108) | 41,106 (30,356–55,664) | 24,806 (20,701–29,726) |
Efficacy outcomes
Outcome | Kibaha n (%; 95% CI) | Mlimba n (%; 95% CI) | Mkuzi n (%; 95% CI) | Ujiji n (%; 95% CI) | Total n (%; 95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCR uncorrected | |||||
Parasitaemia on day 3 | 0 (0; 0–4.5) | 2 (2.3; 0.3–8.1) | 5 (5.7; 1.9–12.9) | 4 (4.7; 1.3–11.5) | 11 (3.3;1.7–5.8) |
ETF | 0 (0; 0–4.7) | 0 (0; 0–4.2) | 0 (0; 0–4.2) | 1 (1.1%; 0–6.2) | 1 (0.3; 0–1.7) |
LCF | 12 (15.8; 8.4–26.0) | 2 (2.3; 0.3–8.1) | 3 (3.5; 0.7–9.9) | 4 (4.6; 1.3–11.4) | 21 (6.3; 3.9–9.4) |
LPF | 6 (7.9; 3.0–16.4) | 11 (12.8; 6.6–21.7) | 11 (12.8; 6.6–21.7) | 19 (21.8; 13.7–32.0) | 47 (14.0; 10.5–18.2) |
ACPR | 58 (76.3; 65.2–85.3) | 73 (84.9; 75.5–91.7) | 72 (83.7; 74.2–90.8) | 63 (72.4; 61.8–81.5) | 266 (79.4; 74.7–83.9) |
Total for per protocol | 76 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 335 |
Withdrawn | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (0.9%) |
Lost to follow-up | 4 (5.0%) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 6 (1.7%) |
Total at baseline | 80 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 344 |
PCR corrected | |||||
ETF | 0 (0; 0–6.2) | 0 (0; 0–4.9) | 0 (0; 0–4.9) | 1 (1.6;) | 1 (0.4; 0–2.1) |
LCF | 0 (0; 0–6.2) | 0 (0; 0–4.9) | 1 (1.4:) | 0 (0; 0–5.6) | 1 (0.4; 0–2.1) |
LPF | 0 (0; 0–6.2) | 0 (0; 0–4.9) | 0 (0; 0–4.9) | 0 (0; 0–5.6) | 0 (0; 0–1.4) |
ACPR | 58 (100; 93.8–100) | 73 (100; 95.1–100) | 72 (98.6; 92.6–100) | 63 (98.4; 91.6–100) | 266 (99.3; 97.3–99.9) |
Total for per protocol | 58 | 73 | 73 | 64 | 268 |
Withdrawn/lost to follow-up | 4 (5.0%) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (2.2) | 1 (1.1) | 9 (2.6) |
Re-infection | 15 (18.8) | 11 (12.5) | 9 (10.2) | 20 (22.7) | 55 (16.0) |
Unknown PCRa | 3 (3.4) | 2 (0.6) | 4 (1.2) | 3 (3.4) | 12 (3.5) |
Total at baseline | 80 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 344 |
KM cumulative success rate | 58 (100) | 73 (100) | 72 (98.6) | 63 (98.4) | 266 (99.3) |
Safety outcomes
Adverse events | Kibaha (n = 80) | Ujiji (n = 88) | Mkuzi (n = 88) | Mlimba (n = 88) | Total (n = 344) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cough | 0 (0%) | 12 (13.6%) | 31 (35.2%) | 1 (1.1%) | 44 (12.8%) |
Abdominal pain | 2 (2.5%) | 1 (1.1%) | 12 (13.6%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (4.4%) |
Vomiting | 3 (3.8%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (10.2%) | 1 (1.1%) | 13 (3.8%) |
Diarrhoea | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3.4%) | 1 (1.1%) | 4 (1.2%) |
Headache | 1 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.6%) |
Others | 0 (0%) | 10 (11.4%) | 5 (3.4%) | 3 (3.4%) | 18 (5.2%) |
Total | 6 (7.5%) | 23 (26.1%) | 61 (69.3%) | 6 (6.8%) | 96 (27.9%) |
Molecular markers of anti-malarial drug resistance
SNP | Kibaha | Mkuzi | Mlimba | Ujiji | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N86a | 79 (98.8) | 87 (98.9) | 87 (98.9) | 88 (100.0) | 341 (99.1) |
184F
| 34 (42.5) | 41 (46.6) | 30 (34.1) | 32 (36.4) | 137 (39.8) |
D1246 | 80 (100.0) | 87 (98.9) | 87 (98.9) | 88 (100.0) | 342 (99.4) |