The purpose of this study was to determine efficacy and safety of cyclosporine A (CsA) for patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS).
Methods
The Cochrane Library and PubMed were searched to extract the associated studies on Oct 10, 2018, and the meta-analysis method was used to pool and analyze the applicable investigations included in this study. The P(opulation) I(ntervention) C(omparison) O(utcome) of the study were defined as follows: P: Patients with SRNS; I: treated with CsA, cyclophosphamide (CYC), tacrolimus (TAC) or placebo/not treatment (P/NT); C: CsA vs. placebo/nontreatment (P/NT), CsA vs. CYC, CsA vs. TAC; O: complete remission (CR), total remission (TR; complete or partial remission (PR)), urine erythrocyte number, proteinuria levels, albumin, proteinuria, serum creatinine, and plasma cholesterol, etc. Data were extracted and pooled using RevMan 5.3.
Results
In the therapeutic regimen of CsA vs. placebo/nontreatment (P/NT), the results indicated that the CsA group had high values of CR, TR, and low values of proteinuria, serum creatinine, and plasma cholesterol when compared with those in the placebo group. In comparing CsA vs. cyclophosphamide (CYC), the results indicated that the CsA group had higher TR than the CYC group. In comparing CsA vs. tacrolimus (TAC), the results revealed insignificant differences in CR, and TR between the CsA and TAC groups. The safety of CsA was also assessed. The incidence of gum hyperplasia in CsA group was higher than that in the P/NT group, with no differences in incidence of infections or hypertension between CsA and P/NT groups. There was no difference in the incidence of hypertension between the CsA and TAC groups.
Conclusions
CsA is an effective and safe agent in the therapy of patients with SRNS.
Hinweise
Hong-Yan Li and Xialan Zhang should be regarded as joint First Authors.
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Abkürzungen
CI
Confidence intervals
CR
Complete remission
CsA
Cyclosporine A
M-H
Mantel-Haenszel
MMF
Mycophenolate mofetil
NS
Nephrotic syndrome
OR
Odds ratio
P/NT
Placebo/nontreatment
SRNS
Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome
TR
Total remission
WMDs
Weighted mean differences
Background
Nephrotic syndrome (NS), characterized by hypoalbuminemia, massive proteinuria, peripheral edema, and hyperlipidemia, is a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and related damage of the glomerular filtration barrier [1‐3]. Based on the response to steroid therapy, NS is classified as steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS, approximately 50% of SSNS patients develop frequently-relapsing nephrotic syndrome or steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome), or steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) [1, 4‐6]. Patients who do not enter remission after administration of daily prednisolone for 4 weeks are regarded as SRNS [7]. SRNS is regarded as one of the most common causes of the development of ESRD in children [8]. The current therapeutic options for SRNS are often ineffective, it frequently progresses to a loss of kidney function, and treatment is often complicated by significant toxicity associated morbidities, mortality, and cost [1, 8].
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is one of the most widely used immunosuppressants in organ transplantation and in the treatment of various immunological diseases [9, 10]. CsA is frequently used to treat SRNS and can induce remission [11, 12]. However, CsA also exerts nephrotoxic effects, as demonstrated by increased tubulointerstitial fibrosis, inflammation and podocyte damage [13, 14]. In the current study, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the safety and efficacy of CsA in the treatment of patients with SRNS.
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Methods
Data sources and search strategy
The systematic search strategy was conducted in the Cochrane Library and PubMed without language restrictions, from inception to Oct 10, 2018. We conducted searches by using the search strategy: cyclosporine AND (nephrotic syndrome OR glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative OR focal segment glomerulosclerosis OR minimal change nephrotic syndrome OR membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis). We also checked the references cited in the published studies for additional studies.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria
In this study, the inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) investigation type: randomized controlled trials; (2) object of the study: patients were diagnosed with NS and the NS was resistant to the steroid treatment; (3) type of interventions: treatment regimens based on CsA, the controls should have been treated with another immunotherapy or placebo.
Exclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria for the study were as follows: (1) Reviews, case reports, letters, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis; (2) Patients with nephrotic syndrome were sensitive to steroid or dependent to steroid; (3) studies that do not contain different therapeutic regimens; (4) the diagnostic criteria were not clear.
Analyzed outcomes
Efficacy of CsA: primary outcomes were complete remission (CR) and total remission (TR; CR or partial remission (PR)). The secondary outcomes were biological indicators including proteinuria levels, serum creatinine, serum albumin and plasma cholesterol.
Safety of CsA: adverse events including infection, hypertension and gum hyperplasia.
The CR was defined as proteinuria < 4 mg/m2/hr. (children) or 0.2 g/day (adults), for three non-consecutive days. PR was defined as the proteinuria < 40 mg/m2/hr. (children) or 3.5 g/day (adults) for three different non-consecutive days.
Data collection
According to the predetermined inclusion criteria, two independent reviewers scanned the titles and abstracts of the included records. Full texts of potentially literature were read for further screening. Discordant opinions were discussed and resolved by other reviewers.
The extraction data included the (1) the first author and publication year, (2) study design features, (3) baseline characteristics of study participants, and (4) study outcomes (e.g., efficacy and safety outcomes). The P(opulation) I(ntervention) C(omparison) O(utcome) of the study were defined as follows: P: Patients with SRNS; I: treated with CsA, CYC, tacrolimus (TAC) or placebo/not treatment (P/NT); C: CsA vs. placebo/nontreatment (P/NT), CsA vs. cyclophosphamide (CYC), CsA vs. TAC; O: CR, TR, urine erythrocyte number, proteinuria levels, albumin, proteinuria, serum creatinine, and plasma cholesterol, etc.
Quality assessment
Two abstractors independently evaluated the methodological quality of all the eligible clinical trials according to the Modified Jadad Scale[15]. The studies were scored by answering the following questions:
Randomization:
1.
Was the trial random?
2.
Was the randomization procedure adequately explained?
Allocation concealment:
1.
Did the trial use a random assignment method?
2.
Was the allocation concealment appropriate so that the clinicians and the subjects could not predict how the sequence would be assigned?
Blinding method:
1.
Was the trial double-blind?
2.
Did the trial use a placebo or similar methods?
Withdrawals and dropouts:
1. Were the numbers and reasons for withdrawals and dropouts adequately explained?
If the answer to each question was YES, the study would get 1 point; if NO, the study would get 0 point. A score of more than 3 was considered as high quality.
Statistical analysis
The data were extracted from the included literature, and the results were evaluated using Review Manager Version 5.3 software (Revman the Cochrane Collaboration; England). Continuous data were expressed using weighted mean differences (WMDs), and dichotomous data were expressed using the odds ratio (OR). 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with the Mantel-Haenszel (M-H) method were used for the included studies. Heterogeneity was analyzed using I2 statistics and calculated for all the meta-analyses. On the basis test of the heterogeneity, when the p-value less than 0.1 or the I2 < 50%, a fixed effect model was used. Otherwise, the results were counted using a random effects model, and a p-value < 0.05 denoted significance.
Results
Search results
Seven randomized controlled trials [16‐22] related to CsA for SRNS were included (Table 1), three studies [17, 19, 21] for CsA vs. Placebo and two studies [16, 22] for CsA vs. TAC (Table 1). The quality assessment details, obtained using the Modified Jadad Scale, are presented in Table 2.
Table 1
Characteristics of the studies included in this meta-analysis
Author, year
Study design
Treatment strategies
Detailed scheme
Patient characteristics
Main Outcome Measures
adverse events
Garin 1988
Single center, cross-over, randomized clinical trial
CsA vs. P/NT
In CsA group, the initial dosage was 5 mg/kg/d, and then sustained 200 ng/ml or less. The total treatment course was 8 weeks. In control group, any immunosuppressive agent was not allowed.
Six male and two females with idiopathic, SRNS were enrolled. The median age was 12 (3, 18) years. Four patients had MCD and the other four were diagnosed with FSGS. All the patients were Children. Initially, four patients in group of CsA and four patients in P/NT group.
Urinary protein excretion values, creatinine clearance values, serum albumin values, etc.
Hypertension, renal function deterioration, liver function disorder, etc.
Ponticelli 1993
Multicenter randomized clinical trial
CsA vs. P/NT
CsA was administered orally and the initial dose was divided into two doses (6 mg/kg/day for children and 5 mg/kg/day for adults). The CsA level was maintained between 250 and 600 ng/ml, and CsA discontinued after six months. For patients who responded, the CsA dose was reduced by 25% every two months, so that CsA treatment was stopped by the end of the year. Patients in control group were given only supportive treatment for one year.
The following characteristics met included criterion: 1) Patients had nephrotic syndrome; 2) The creatinine clearance was more than 80 ml/min/1.73m2 for children 60 ml/min/1.73m2 for adults; 3) The renal biopsies showed either MCD or FSGS. The patients included children and adults. 22 patients were in CsA group and 19 patients were in P/NT group.
CR, TR, proteinuria, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance values, serum urea, serum proteins, serum albumin values, plasma cholesterol, etc.
CsA was administered as the 100 mg/ml suspension. The initial dose was 3 mg/kg of CsA twice daily as to attaining a target CsA level within the range of 300 to 500 ng/mL. Placebo patients were received a vehicle control.
Age of patients was between 6 months and 21 years. 15 patients were in CsA group and 15 patients were in P/NT group.
CR, TR, proteinuria, serum creatinine, serum albumin values, plasma cholesterol, potassium, uric acid, magnesium, etc.
Infections, hypertension, gum hyperplasia, etc.
Plank 2008
Multicenter randomized clinical trial
CsA vs. CYC
The initial dose of CsA was 150 mg/m2 BSA twice per day in CsA group. If the proteinura decrease < 40 mg/m2/hour within the first 12 weeks during the CsA therapy, patients were recruited into the non-responder protocol with CsA dose increasing to 350 ng/ml (range 300–400 ng/ml). In control group, patients were administered 500 mg/m2 BSA CYC pulse therapy in a 4-h infusion. The infusion treatment was repeated in 4,8,12,16,24 and 36 weeks.
Patients from children with gross proteinuria > 40 mg/m2 BSA per hour (equivalent to 1 g/m2/24h) and hypoalbuminemia (< 25 g/l) were included. All patients were diagnosed as MCD, FSGS or diffuse mesangial proliferation by renal biopsy. 15 patients were in CsA group and 17 patients were in CYC group.
CR, TR, etc.
Infections, hypertension, headache, gum hyperplasia, hypertrichosis, transient gastric discomfort, etc.
Choudhry 2009
Single center Randomized clinical trial
CsA vs. TAC
The initial dose of TAC was 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg/d or CsA at 5 to 6 mg/kg/d in two divided doses for 12-month. Patients in two groups got oral prednisolone 1 mg/kg (on alternate days) for 6 months, followed by 0.5 mg/kg for the next 6-month, and enalapril was administered at the dose of 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/d.
Patients with the following traits were eligible for study 1) Age ranged from 1 to 18 years with idiopathic SRNS; 2) Renal histological characteristics suggested of MCD, mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis or FSGS. 20 patients were in CsA group and 21 patients were in TAC group.
CR, TR, etc.
Infections, hypertension, headache, gum hyperplasia, hypertrichosis, paresthesia, etc.
Geng 2018
Single center Randomized clinical trial
CsA vs. MMF
In CsA group, CsA was administered orally 3~5 mg/kg twice a day, and maintained between 80 and 120 μg/L. The maintenance dose of effective patients was 1–3 mg/(kg·d) and their induction period was reduced after 6 months. In MMF group, the dose was administered orally in 2 patterns, either 15–30 mg/(kg·d) or 800~1200 mg/(m2·d). The MMF was discontinued if the decreasing in proteinuria was less than 50%, or continued to treat after 6 months of induction with maintenance dose of 10–20 mg/(kg·d). The total course was 12 months.
30 pediatric patients aged from 2.1 to 17.0 years presented with SRNS. The renal histological characteristics indicated MCD, mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, MN or FSGS. 18 patients were in CsA group and 14 patients were in MMF group.
CR, TR, etc.
Respiratory infections, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms, etc.
Note: SRNS steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; CsA cyclosporine A; TAC tacrolimus; CYC cyclophosphamide; MMF mycophenolate mofetil; CR complete remission; TR total remission (complete or partial remission (PR)); P/NT placebo/nontreatment; FSGS focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; MCD minimal change nephropathy; MN membranous nephropathy; h hour; NA not available. BSA body surface area
Table 2
Quality Assessment of Included Studies (7-point)
Author, year
Type
Randomization
Concealment of allocation
Double blinding
Withdrawals and dropouts
Jadad score
Ponticelli 1993 (CsA vs. P/NT)
An open, prospective, randomized, multicentric, controlled
study
According to a table of random numbers
By using sealed, completely opaque envelopes
Open-label
Yes
5
Lieberman 1996(CsA vs. P/NT)
A double-blinded, prospectively randomized, placebo-controlled trial
By following computer based random numbers
By using sequentially labelled sealed envelopes
Both the patients and their pediatric
nephroboglsts were blinded as to the administered study
treatment
Yes
7
Plank 2008 (CsA vs. CYC)
A controlled multicentre randomized open label trial
According to centre-specific computer-generated random
lists
Describing as using allocation concealment but without any details
Open-label
Yes
5
Choudhry 2009 (CsA vs. TAC)
A nonblind, randomized controlled trial
By following computer based random numbers
By using serially
numbered opaque envelopes
Open-label
No
5
Garin 2015 (CsA vs. P/NT)
A cross-over, randomized, controlled trial
Describing as a randomized trial without details
NA
NA
NA
1
Geng 2018 (CsA vs. MMF)
A prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial
According to a table of random numbers
NA
NA
Yes
3
Note: CsA cyclosporine A; CTX cyclophosphamide; TAC tacrolimus; MMF mycophenolate mofetil; NA not available
The comparison of CsA vs. placebo/nontreatment (P/NT)
Three studies [17, 19, 21] were included in the meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of CsA in patients with SRNS. The results indicated that the CsA group had a higher CR (OR = 11.24, 95% CI: 1.90–66.68, P = 0.008; Fig. 1), and TR (OR = 16.70, 95% CI: 4.69–59.49, P < 0.0001; Fig. 1). The CsA treatment group displayed elevated levels of albumin when compared with the P/NT group, although this was not statistically different (WMD = 3.38, 95% CI: − 2.30-9.06, P = 0.24; Fig. 1). The CsA group had lower levels of proteinuria, serum creatinine, and plasma cholesterol when compared with the P/NT group (proteinuria: WMD = -93.47, 95% CI: − 108.52 to − 78.42, P < 0.00001; serum creatinine: WMD = -16.08, 95%CI: − 23.43 to − 8.73, P < 0.0001; plasma cholesterol: WMD = -0.03, 95% CI: − 0.04 to − 0.03, P < 0.00001; Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Assessment of the efficacy of CsA in patients with SRNS. SRNS: steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; CsA: cyclosporine A; CR: complete remission; TR: total remission, complete or partial remission, M-H: Mantel-Haenszel
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The safety of CsA was also assessed in patients with SRNS. The incidence rate of gum hyperplasia in the CsA group was higher than that in P/NT group (OR = 13.50, 95% CI: 1.66–109.84, P = 0.01). The incidence rates of infection or hypertension were similar between the CsA and P/NT groups (infections: 95% CI: 0.24–2.33, OR = 0.75, P = 0.62; hypertension: 95% CI: 0.12–8.56, OR = 1.00, P = 1.00).
Comparing CsA vs. CYC
One study [20] including two comparisons was considered in the meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of CsA in patients with SRNS compared with CYC. The results indicated that the CsA group had a higher TR than the CYC group (OR = 12.83, 95% CI: 3.85–42.81, P < 0.0001). The CsA group had a higher CR than the CYC group, although there was no statistical difference (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 0.33–7.76, P = 0.57).
Comparing CsA vs. TAC
Two studies [16, 22] of CsA vs. TAC were included into the meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of CsA in patients with SRNS. There were no significant group differences in CR or TR (CR: OR = 1.71, 95%CI: 0.58–5.04, P = 0.33; TR: OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.10–2.44, P = 0.39).
The safety of CsA was also assessed in patients with SRNS. There were no significant group differences in rates of hypertension (OR = 4.51, 95% CI: 0.21–96.06, P = 0.33).
Discussion
In this systemic review and meta-analysis, we assessed the efficacy of CsA in the treatment of SRNS as well as the safety of CsA. In comparing CsA vs. placebo, the results indicated that CsA treatment increases CR, and TR and decreases proteinuria, serum creatinine, and plasma cholesterol. However, the patients from two selected studies included adults, and there was only one study on children. More studies on children or adults should be conducted to broadly assess the efficacy of CsA in the treatment of SRNS. CsA treatment did not increase rates of serious adverse events, such as infections or hypertension, but it did increase rates of gum hyperplasia. These results indicate that the CsA might be a good agent for the treatment of SRNS.
We also performed comparisons of CsA vs. CYC and CsA vs. TAC. CsA treatment results in a higher TR when compared to CYC. The CsA group also had a higher CR than the CYC group, although this difference was not significant. However, the number of included studies was small, and more investigations are needed to confirm these findings. In comparing CsA vs. TAC, the results indicated no group differences in TR, CR or adverse events. This may indicate that CsA has similar efficacy and safety to TAC. CsA and TAC are two most important members of calmodulin inhibitors, and the efficacy and safety may be due to this similarity.
The number of included studies used to assess differences between CsA and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in the treatment of SRNS in the current analysis was small. Geng et al. [18] compared the efficacy and safety of CsA versus MMF in the treatment of children suffering from primary refractory nephrotic syndrome, and reported that CsA was superior to MMF in preventing relapses in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome and inducing complete remission in SRNS patients. Although most patients with SRNS are able to tolerate CsA and MMF, the toxicity and safety of CsA should be monitored closely. More RCTs should be conducted to assess the differences between CsA and MMF in the treatment of SRNS.
There have been two previous two meta-analyses assessing the efficacy of CsA in the treatment of SRNS. Jiang et al. [23] conducted a meta-analysis to detect the efficacy of CsA, TAC, and CYC in treating SRNS, and included four studies of CsA. They reported that CsA has superior efficacy compared to CYC and placebo. Hodson et al. [24] reported that CsA significantly increases the number of children who achieve CR when compared with P/NT. In our meta-analysis, we also assessed the safety of CsA in the treatment of SRNS, and found it to be a safe and effective immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of children with SRNS.
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We used the modified Jadad Scale to score the included trials and observed that only one study [17] was scored less than 3. We excluded, performed the meta-analysis again, and the results were similar to the initial analysis. However, the number of included studies in the current analyses was small, and additional analyses should be conducted to confirm the present findings.
There were some limitations in the current meta-analysis. Most of studies were of children, but some studies included both children and adults. Independent assessment of the efficacy and safety of CsA in the treatment of SRNS in children and adults is needed. The target renal histological characteristics were MCD, mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, MN or FSGS, but not all the studies included these histological characteristics, which increased heterogeneity among the recruited studies.
Conclusions
In the current meta-analysis, we conclude that CsA is an effective and safe therapy for SRNS. However, additional RCT studies are needed to thoroughly assess the role of CsA in the treatment of SRNS.
Acknowledgements
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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