Introduction
Methods
Results
Characteristic | Egg consumption, times/week (median) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
<1 (0.5) | 1–2 (1.5) | 3–4 (3.5) | ≥5 (7) | |
Participants, n
| 18,731 | 16,249 | 3,102 | 1,528 |
Age (mean ± SD), years | 60.0 ± 9.6 | 60.1 ± 9.6 | 60.9 ± 9.4 | 61.6 ± 9.5 |
BMI (mean), kg/m2
| 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
Total physical activity (mean), MET-h/day | 41 | 42 | 42 | 42 |
University education, % | 16 | 18 | 17 | 16 |
Current smokers, % | 24 | 24 | 29 | 33 |
Alcohol (mean), g/day | 14 | 16 | 19 | 22 |
Energy intake (mean), kJ/day | 10,600 | 11,600 | 12,200 | 13,500 |
History of CVD, % | 11 | 10 | 8 | 9 |
Food intake | ||||
Coffee (mean), cups/day | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.8 |
Red meat (mean), g/day | 55 | 62 | 67 | 85 |
Processed meat (mean), g/day | 36 | 43 | 48 | 63 |
Fish (mean), g/day | 29 | 33 | 36 | 50 |
Fruit (mean), g/day | 170 | 190 | 200 | 210 |
Vegetables (mean), g/day | 130 | 140 | 150 | 170 |
White bread (mean), g/day | 93 | 96 | 101 | 107 |
Caviara (mean), g/day | 2.3 | 3.2 | 4.4 | 7.2 |
Sweet buns/biscuits (mean), g/day | 22 | 23 | 23 | 25 |
Fibreb (mean), g/day | 31 | 30 | 29 | 28 |
Dietary cholesterolb (mean), mg/day | 310 | 360 | 440 | 580 |
Dietary proteinb (mean), g/day | 100 | 100 | 100 | 110 |
Statistic | Egg consumption, times/week (median) |
p for trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1 (0.5) | 1–2 (1.5) | 3–4 (3.5) | ≥5 (7) | ||
Cases (n) | 1,909 | 1,669 | 391 | 204 | |
Person-years | 241,647 | 210,625 | 39,312 | 18,781 | |
Age-adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.23 (1.10, 1.37) | 1.33 (1.14, 1.53) | <0.001 |
Multivariable model 1a
| 1.00 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 1.17 (1.05, 1.31) | 1.19 (1.03, 1.38) | 0.002 |
Multivariable model 2b
| 1.00 | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.24) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.29) | 0.06 |
Study | Country; study name | Years of follow-up | Baseline examination | Cases (participants) | Category of egg intake | HR (95% CI) | Adjustments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Montonen et al, 2005 [14] | Finland; Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey | 23 | 1967–1972 | 383 (4,304 men and women aged 40–69 years) | <12 g/d | 1.00 (reference) | Adjusted for age, sex, geographic area, BMI, smoking, family history of diabetes, total energy intake |
12–23 g/d | 1.03 (0.79, 1.35) | ||||||
24–40 g/d | 0.89 (0.67, 1.18) | ||||||
>40 g/d | 0.91 (0.67, 1.23) | ||||||
Vang et al, 2008 [6] | USA; Adventist Mortality Study and Adventist Health Study | 17 | 1960 in AMS and 1976 in AHS | 543 (8,401 men and women aged 45–88 years) | Never | 1.00 (Reference) | Age, sex |
>0 to <1/wk | 1.32 (0.77, 2.25) | ||||||
≥1/wk | 1.15 (0.85, 1.54) | ||||||
Djoussé et al, 2009 [7] | USA; Physicians’ Health Study I | 20 | 1982 | 1,921 (20,703 men aged ≥40 years) | 0 | 1.00 (reference) | Age, BMI, vigorous exercise, smoking, history of hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension, alcohol intake |
<1 egg/wk | 1.09 (0.87, 1.37) | ||||||
1 egg/wk | 1.09 (0.88, 1.34) | ||||||
2–4 eggs/wk | 1.18 (0.95, 1.45) | ||||||
5–6 eggs/wk | 1.46 (1.14, 1.86) | ||||||
≥7 eggs/wk | 1.58 (1.25, 2.01) | ||||||
Djoussé et al, 2009 [7] | USA; Women’s Health Study | 11.7 | 1992–1995 | 2,112 (36,295 women aged ≥45 years) | 0 | 1.00 (reference) | Age, BMI, exercise, smoking, family history of diabetes, history of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia, intakes of energy, alcohol, red meat, fruits and vegetables, saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, PUFAs |
<1 egg/wk | 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) | ||||||
1 egg/wk | 0.97 (0.83, 1.12) | ||||||
2–4 eggs/wk | 1.19 (1.03, 1.38) | ||||||
5–6 eggs/wk | 1.18 (0.88, 1.58) | ||||||
≥7 eggs/wk | 1.77 (1.28, 2.43) | ||||||
Djoussé et al, 2010 [8] | USA; Cardiovascular Health Study | 11.3 | 1989–1990 and 1992–1993 | 142 in men and 171 in women (1,669 men and 2,229 women aged ≥65 years) | Men | Age, race, field centre, BMI, physical activity, smoking, intakes of alcohol and cereal fibre | |
Never | 1.00 (reference) | ||||||
<1/mth | 0.95 (0.45, 2.01) | ||||||
1–3/mth | 1.14 (0.60, 2.15) | ||||||
1–4/wk | 0.96 (0.50, 1.82) | ||||||
Almost daily | 1.81 (0.77, 4.22) | ||||||
Women | |||||||
Never | 1.00 (reference) | ||||||
<1/mth | 0.77 (0.43, 1.38) | ||||||
1–3/mth | 0.73 (0.47, 1.14) | ||||||
1–4/wk | 0.76 (0.47, 1.23) | ||||||
Almost daily | 0.38 (0.10, 1.37) | ||||||
Zazpe et al, 2013 [9] | Spain; SUN Project | 6.6 | 1999–2008 | 91 (15,956 men and women aged 20–90 years) | <1 egg/wk | 1.00 (reference) | Age, sex, BMI, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, family history of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease, Mediterranean food pattern, intakes of total energy and alcohol |
1 egg/wk | 0.9 (0.4, 1.8) | ||||||
2–4 eggs/wk | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) | ||||||
>4 eggs/wk | 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) | ||||||
Kurotani et al, 2014 [11] | Japan; Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study | 5 | 1990 and 1993 | 672 in men and 493 in women (27,248 men and 36,218 women aged 45–75 years) | Men | Age, public health centre area, BMI, total physical activity, smoking, history of hypertension and family history of diabetes, intakes of total energy, alcohol, coffee, magnesium, calcium, rice, fish and shellfish, meat, vegetables, and soft drinks | |
7.7 g/d (median) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||||
19.4 g/d | 0.93 (0.74, 1.15) | ||||||
32.6 g/d | 0.93 (0.74, 1.16) | ||||||
55.0 g/d | 1.06 (0.85, 1.32) | ||||||
Women | |||||||
6.9 g/d (median) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||||
17.5 g/d | 1.01 (0.79, 1.29) | ||||||
29.4 g/d | 0.94 (0.73, 1.21) | ||||||
50.3 g/d | 0.82 (0.63, 1.06) | ||||||
Virtanen et al, 2015 [13] | Finland; Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study | 19.3 | 1984–1989 | 432 (2,332 men aged 42–60 years) | <14 g/d | 1.00 (reference) | Age, examination year, education, family history of type 2 diabetes, BMI, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, hypertension, serum long-chain n-3 PUFAs, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, linoleic acid, fibre, fruit, berries, and vegetables |
14–26 g/d | 0.91 (0.71, 1.18) | ||||||
26–45 g/d | 0.63 (0.48, 0.83) | ||||||
>45 g/d | 0.62 (0.47, 0.82) | ||||||
Djoussé et al, 2015 [12] | USA; Jackson Heart Study | 7.3 | 2000–2004 | 531 (3,564 men and women aged 21–95 years) | <1/mth | 1.00 (reference) | Age, sex, education, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity score, smoking, history of hypertension, history of cardiovascular disease, intakes of total energy, alcohol, red meat (including bacon), fruit and vegetables, fibre, magnesium, and trans-fatty acids |
1–3/mth | 0.88 (0.65, 1.19) | ||||||
1/wk | 0.94 (0.68, 1.30) | ||||||
2/wk | 0.91 (0.66, 1.25) | ||||||
3–4/wk | 1.11 (0.81, 1.52) | ||||||
≥5/wk | 1.17 (0.81, 1.70) | ||||||
Ericson et al, 2015 [15] | Sweden; Malmö Diet and Cancer | 14 | 1991–1996 | 2,797 (24,070 men and women aged 45–74 years) | 4 g/d (median) | 1.00 (reference) | Age, sex, method version, season, education, BMI, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, intakes of total energy and alcohol |
12 g/d | 1.07 (0.95, 1.20) | ||||||
19 g/d | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | ||||||
28 g/d | 1.10 (0.98, 1.24) | ||||||
45 g/d | 1.14 (1.02, 1.28) | ||||||
Lajous et al, 2015 [10] | France; The E3N study | 14 | 1993–1995 | 1,803 (65,364 women aged 43–70 years) | Never | 1.00 (reference) | Age, education, BMI, smoking, physical activity, menopause, hormone replacement therapy, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, energy, alcohol, processed red meat, coffee, fruits, vegetables, sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened drinks |
0.1–0.9 eggs/wk | 0.84 (0.64, 1.11) | ||||||
1–1.9 eggs/wk | 0.91 (0.71, 1.17) | ||||||
2–4.9 eggs/wk | 0.94 (0.74, 1.20) | ||||||
≥5 eggs/wk | 1.00 (0.78, 1.29) | ||||||
Wallin et al, 2016 (current study) | Sweden; COSM | 15 | 1997 | 4,173 (39,610 men aged 45–79 years) | <1/wk | 1.00 (reference) | Age, education, BMI, physical activity, smoking, intakes of total energy, alcohol, coffee, red meat, processed meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, white bread, caviar, sweet buns/biscuits and fibre, and history of cardiovascular disease at baseline |
1–2/wk | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | ||||||
3–4/wk | 1.11 (0.99, 1.24) | ||||||
≥5/wk | 1.11 (0.95, 1.29) |