Background
Methods
Patients and blood sampling
Clinical evaluation
Blood viscosity measurement
Radiological evaluation
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient enrollment
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients
Total (n = 63) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAO (n = 25, 39.7%) | LAA (n = 23, 36.5%) | CE (n = 12, 19.0%) | Cryp (n = 3, 4.8%) |
P value | |
Blood viscosity (mean ± sd) | |||||
Diastolic blood viscosity, mP | 274.7 ± 70.9 | 214.5 ± 75.9 | 252.0 ± 57.5 | 258.9 ± 46.5 | 0.037* |
Systolic blood viscosity, mP | 45.2 ± 16.0 | 38.1 ± 12.4 | 40.0 ± 4.9 | 39.0 ± 4.7 | 0.273 |
Clinical findings | |||||
Age, years (mean ± sd) | 62.7 ± 12.9 | 67.0 ± 15.5 | 71.2 ± 11.6 | 63.3 ± 7.5 | 0.335 |
Male, n (%) | 19 (76) | 13 (57) | 7 (58) | 2 (67) | 0.513 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 16 (64) | 16 (70) | 5 (42) | 3 (100) | 0.207 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 6 (24) | 7 (30) | 3 (25) | 0 (0) | 0.716 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 6 (24) | 3 (13) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 0.484 |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 9 (75) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
Smoking, n (%) | 14 (56) | 8 (35) | 2 (17) | 0 (0) | 0.053 |
Radiological findings, median (IQR) | |||||
PVH, Fazekas scale | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–3) | 2 (0–2) | 0.872 |
DWMH, Fazekas scale | 1 (0–1.5) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2.75) | 1 (0–1) | 0.834 |
Number of chronic lacunes | 1 (0–3) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–2.75) | 1 (0–2) | 0.255 |
Number of microbleeds | 0 (0–2.5) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–2) | 0.869 |
Laboratory findings (mean ± sd) | |||||
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.9 ± 1.8 | 13.9 ± 1.9 | 13.6 ± 1.7 | 13.7 ± 1.9 | 0.129 |
Hematocrit, % | 43.4 ± 5.2 | 40.9 ± 5.0 | 39.8 ± 4.4 | 40.0 ± 5.0 | 0.135 |
White blood cells, 103/μL | 7.2 ± 2.0 | 7.6 ± 2.9 | 9.5 ± 3.6 | 6.8 ± 2.6 | 0.110 |
Platelets, 103/μL | 238 ± 56 | 227 ± 48 | 233 ± 80 | 199 ± 40 | 0.700 |
Total protein, gm/dL | 7.1 ± 0.5 | 7.0 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 0.5 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 0.429 |
Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 323 ± 78 | 335 ± 71 | 357 ± 70 | 215 ± 44 | 0.099 |
D-dimer, μg/dL | 0.44 ± 0.32 | 0.75 ± 0.92 | 1.51 ± 1.93 | 0.28 ± 0.10 | 0.038** |
BUN/Cr ratio | 19.0 ± 4.6 | 23.1 ± 8.2 | 21.1 ± 5.3 | 17.3 ± 5.1 | 0.115 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 176 ± 36 | 177 ± 28 | 155 ± 56 | 140 ± 32 | 0.192 |
Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dL | 109 ± 32 | 108 ± 22 | 94 ± 50 | 80 ± 30 | 0.319 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 127 ± 61 | 116 ± 80 | 70 ± 60 | 60 ± 35 | 0.078 |
Blood viscosity, hematocrit, and blood fibrinogen level
Blood viscosity and stroke subtypes
Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) |
P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI)** |
P value | |
Diastolic blood viscosity (per 1mP) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.023* | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.033* |
Systolic blood viscosity (per 1mP) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 0.099 | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 0.111 |
Hemoglobin (per 1 g/dL) | 1.42 (1.04–1.94) | 0.026* | 1.27 (0.87–1.85) | 0.223 |
Hematocrit (per 1%) | 1.14 (1.01–1.28) | 0.032* | 1.09 (0.94–1.25) | 0.252 |
Fibrinogen (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.560 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.604 |
BUN/Cr ratio (per 1) | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 0.069 | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.104 |
Blood viscosity and chronic radiological manifestations of cerebral small vessel disease
Temporal blood viscosity profiles
Followed-up patients (n = 41) | Not-followed-up patients (n = 22) |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Clinical findings | |||
Age, years (mean ± sd) | 65.1 ± 13.6 | 67.5 ± 13.7 | 0.496 |
Male, n (%) | 25 (61.0) | 16 (72.7) | 0.415 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 29 (70.7) | 11 (50.0) | 0.169 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 12 (29.3) | 4 (18.2) | 0.382 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 6 (14.6) | 4 (18.2) | 0.729 |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 6 (14.6) | 3 (13.6) | 1.000 |
Smoking, n (%) | 15 (36.6) | 9 (40.9) | 0.790 |
Laboratory findings (mean ± sd) | |||
Diastolic blood viscosity, mP | 258.9 ± 72.5 | 226.6 ± 71.3 | 0.623 |
Systolic blood viscosity, mP | 41.4 ± 9.5 | 41.3 ± 18.1 | 0.284 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.2 ± 2.0 | 14.4 ± 1.7 | 0.598 |
Hematocrit, % | 41.5 ± 5.5 | 41.9 ± 4.3 | 0.333 |
White blood cells, 103/μL | 7.9 ± 3.1 | 7.5 ± 2.2 | 0.133 |
Platelets, 103/μL | 228 ± 48 | 237 ± 73 | 0.104 |
Total protein, gm/dL | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 6.9 ± 0.4 | 0.943 |
Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 332 ± 71 | 325 ± 87 | 0.591 |
D-dimer, μg/dL | 0.78 ± 1.25 | 0.63 ± 0.38 | 0.105 |
BUN/Cr ratio | 21.0 ± 7.2 | 20.4 ± 5.0 | 0.500 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 167 ± 39 | 178 ± 36 | 0.943 |
Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dL | 102 ± 34 | 109 ± 30 | 0.760 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 117 ± 81 | 92 ± 40 | 0.091 |