Introduction
Methods
Study Design
Inclusion Criteria
-
Patients with a BMI in the range of normal weight, overweight, and obesity
-
Low cardiovascular risk (SCORE ≤ 1%)
-
Total cholesterol level below 8 mmol/L
-
TG levels below 2.3 mmol/L
-
Age between 18 and 54 years
-
Signed informed consent to participate in the study
Exclusion Criteria
-
Patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy (statins, ezetimibe, etc.) or patients who do not meet the minimum period of 3 months of discontinuation of therapy
-
The lipid profile outside the inclusion criteria
-
Diabetes mellitus
-
SCORE > 1%
-
Proven secondary causes of dyslipidemia
-
Presence of manifest cardiovascular system disease in the form of coronary artery disease, past stroke, TIA, MI, etc.
-
Presence of acute diseases, chronic deterioration, or presence of infection, which may distort the laboratory parameters
-
Significant lifestyle changes, mainly of dietary habits and physical activity in the period shorter than 6 months
Laboratory Analysis
Quantification of Vascular Changes
Statistical Analysis
Results
BMI20–25
| BMI<25 vs. BMI25–30
| BMI25–30
| BMI25–30 vs. BMI>30
| BMI>30
| BMI<25 vs. BMI>30
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 50 | NS | 30 | NS | 40 | NS |
Male/female | 27/23 | NS | 13/17 | NS | 20/20 | NS |
Age | 32.42 ± 11.8 | NS | 35.96 ± 13.18 | NS | 37.11 ± 14.2 | NS |
Weight (kg) | 59.32 ± 13.34 | <0.001 | 72.79 ± 9.85 | <0.001 | 97.16 ± 13.2 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.61 ± 1.48 | <0.001 | 27.33 ± 1.46 | <0.001 | 37.02 ± 5.03 | <0.001 |
WC (cm) | 77.1 ± 6.9 (F)/84.2 ± 6.5 (M) | 0.015/<0.001 | 84.1 ± 7.8/95.3 ± 7.9 | <0.001/0.01 | 98.6 ± 7.1/103.2 ± 9.5 | <0.001/<0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.60 ± 1.13 | 0.007 | 5.47 ± 1.01 | 0.88 | 5.61 ± 1.43 | <0.001 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.33 ± 0.92 | 0.09 | 3.75 ± 0.94 | 0.21 | 3.92 ± 1.28 | 0.03 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.42 ± 0.23 | 0.13 | 1.3 ± 0.25 | 0.12 | 1.21 ± 0.18 | <0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 0.92 ± 0.51 | 0.002 | 1.27 ± 0.37 | 0.65 | 1.36 ± 0.34 | <0.001 |
AST (μkat/L) | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.37 ± 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.19 | 0.24 |
ALT (μkat/L) | 0.40 ± 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.44 ± 0.29 | 0.1 | 0.53 ± 0.33 | 0.08 |
ALP (μkat/L) | 1.12 ± 0.23 | 0.29 | 1.11 ± 0.19 | 0.009 | 1.28 ± 0.34 | 0.01 |
AMS(μkat/L) | 0.97 ± 0.37 | 0.03 | 0.64 ± 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.96 ± 0.83 | 0.23 |
sTK (mmHg) | 110.27 ± 19.33 | <0.001 | 129.11 ± 15.98 | 0.19 | 135.11 ± 18.23 | <0.001 |
dTK (mmHg) | 69.73 ± 12.21 | <0.001 | 82.11 ± 14.72 | 0.16 | 83.98 ± 14.13 | <0.001 |
BMI20–25
|
p values BMI<25 vs. BMI25–30
| BMI25–30
|
p values BMI25–30 vs. BMI>30
| BMI>30
|
p values BMI<25 vs. BMI>30
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCSK9 (ng/mL) | 114.92 ± 35.87 | 0.85 | 120.14 ± 37.64 | <0.001 | 172.78 ± 51.67 | <0.001 |
cIMT (mm) | 0.46 ± 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.56 ± 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.63 ± 0.26 | <0.001 |
AI (%) | 4.13 ± 9.22 | 0.03 | 10.17 ± 12.22 | 0.736 | 12.06 ± 10.60 | 0.001 |
β (stiffness) | 5.19 ± 1.61 | 0.56 | 6.67 ± 2.26 | 0.01 | 6.94 ± 2.71 | <0.001 |
PWV (m/s) | 4.93 ± 0.84 | <0.001 | 5.85 ± 0.96 | 0.59 | 5.88 ± 1.12 | <0.001 |
BMI | PCSK9 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
R
|
p value |
R
|
p value | |
cIMT | 0.39 | <0.001 | 0.31 | 0.003 |
AI | 0.36 | <0.001 | 0.29 | <0.001 |
β
| 0.37 | <0.001 | 0.30 | <0.001 |
PWV | 0.43 | <0.001 | 0.31 | <0.001 |
BMI | – | – | 0.38 | <0.001 |
CIMT | Beta (β) | AI | PWV | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β
|
p value |
β
|
p value |
β
|
p value |
β
|
p value | |
Sex | 0.033 | 0.106 | −0.235 | 0.53 | −3.4 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.67 |
Age | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.38 | <0.001 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
BMI | 0.002 | 0.381 | 0.009 | 0.78 | 0.11 | 0.36 | 0.02 | 0.35 |
PCSK9 | 7.05 × 10−4
| 0.006 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.006 | 0.002 |
LDL | 0.045 | 0.002 | 0.16 | 0.49 | 4.52 | <0.001 | 0.09 | 0.41 |
CIMT | Beta (β) | AI | PWV | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β
|
p value |
β
|
p value |
β
|
p value |
β
|
p value | |
Sex | 0.1 | 0.04 | −0.384 | 0.7 | −1.1 | 0.68 | 0.27 | 0.54 |
Age | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.147 | 0.007 | 0.52 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.002 |
PCSK9 | 8.8 × 10−4
| 0.05 | 0.008 | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.72 | 0.007 | 0.04 |
LDL | 0.065 | 0.04 | −0.6 | 0.35 | 4.57 | 0.01 | −0.33 | 0.24 |