Abbott MD, Loder RT, Anglen JO (2013) Comparison of submuscular and open plating of pediatric femur fractures: a retrospective review. J Pediatr Orthop 33(5):519–523
PubMedCrossRefAitken AP (1965) Fractures of the epiphysis. Clin Orthop 41:19–23
PubMedCrossRefAllen JD, Murr K, Albitar F, Jacobs C, Moghadamian ES, Muchow R (2018) Titanium elastic nailing has superior value to plate fixation of midshaft femur fractures in children 5 to 11 years. J Pediatr Orthop 38(3):e111–e117
PubMedCrossRefAnderson M, Messner MB, Green WT (1964) Distribution of lengths of the normal femur and tibia in children from one to eighteen years of age. J Bone Joint Surg Am 46:1197–1202
PubMedCrossRefAnsorg P, Graner G (1976) Valgus deformity of the femoral neck after nailing of infantile femoral shaft fractures. Zentralbl Chir 101:968–973
PubMedArslan H, Subasy M, Kesemenli C, Ersuz H (2002) Occurrence and treatment of nonunion in long bone fractures in children. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 122:494–498
PubMedCrossRefAktekin CN, Ozturk AM, Altay M, Toprak A, Ozkurt B, Tabak AY (2007) Flexible intramedullary nailing of children. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 13:115–121
PubMedBar-On ES, Sagiv S, Porat S (1997) External fixation or flexible intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft fractures in children. A prospective randomised study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 79:975–978
PubMedCrossRefBeaty JH, Austin SM, Warner WC, Canale ST, Nichols L (1994) Interlocking intramedullary nailing of femoral-shaft fractures in adolescents: preliminary results and complications. J Pediatr Orthop 14:178–183
PubMedCrossRefBeaty JH, Kasser JR (2006) Rockwood and Wilkins’ fractures in children, 6. Aufl. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
Beck A, Kinzl L, Rueter A, Strecker W (2001) Fractures involving the distal femoral epiphysis. Long-term outcome after completion of growth in primary surgical management. Unfallchirurg 104:611–616
PubMedCrossRefBeebe KS, Sabharwal S, Behrens F (2006) Femoral shaft fractures: is rigid intramedullary nailing safe for adolescents? Am J Orthop 35:172–174
PubMedBerger L, Fischerauer S, Weiß B, Celarek A, Castellani C, Weinberg AM, Tschegg E (2014) Unlocked and locked elastic stable intramedullary nailing in a bovine tibia fracture model: a biomechanical study. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 40(9):267–274
PubMedCrossRefBienkowski P, Harvey EJ, Reindl R, Berry GK, Benaroch TE, Ouellet JA (2004) The locked flexible intramedullary humerus nail in pediatric femur and tibia shaft fractures: a feasibility study. J Pediatr Orthop 24:634–637
PubMedCrossRefBourdelat D, Sanguina M (1991) Fracture of the femoral shaft in children. Ascending or descending medullary nailing? A choice of principle or necessity? Ann Chir 45:52–57
PubMedBraun W, Zerai H, Mayr E, Ruter A (1995) Pediatric femoral shaft fracture: effect of treatment procedure on results with reference to somatic and psychological aspects. Unfallchirurg 98:449–453
PubMedBrouwer KJ (1981) Torsional deformities after fractures of the femoral shaft in childhood. A retrospective study, 27–32 years after trauma. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 195:1–167
PubMedBryant T (1876) The practice of Surgery, Bd 2. Churchill, London
Buchholz IM, Bolhuis HW, Broker FH, Gratama JW, Sakkers RJ, Bouma WH (2002) Overgrowth and correction of rotational deformity in 12 femoral shaft fractures in 3–6-year-old children treated with an external fixator. Acta Orthop Scand 73:170–174
PubMedCrossRefBuckaloo JM, Iwinski HJ, Bertrand SL (1997) Avascular necrosis of the femoral head after intramedullary nailing of a femoral shaft fracture in a male adolescent. J South Orthop Assoc 6:97–100
PubMedBuckley SL (1997) Current trends in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents. Clin Orthop Relat Res 338:60–73
Buehler KC, Thompson JD, Sponseller PD, Black BE (1995) Buckley SL und Griffin PP: A prospective study of early spica casting outcomes in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 15:30–35
PubMedCrossRefBulut S, Bulut O, Fas F, Egilmez H (2003) The measurement of the rotational deformities with computed tomography in femoral shaft fractures of the children treated with early spica cast. Eur J Radiol 47:38–42
PubMedCrossRefCaglar O, Aksoy MC, Yazici M, Surat A (2006) Comparison of compression plate and flexible intramedullary nail fixation in pediatric femoral shaft fractures. J Pediatr Orthop B 15:210–214
PubMedCrossRefCaird MS, Mueller KA, Puryear A, Farley FA (2003) Compression plating of pediatric femoral shaft fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 23:448–452
PubMedCrossRefCanale T, Beaty JF (1996) Pelvis and hip fractures. In: Rockwood C, Wilkins KE (Hrsg) Fractures in children, 4. Aufl. Lippincott Raven, Philadelphia/New York
Curtis JF, Killian JT, Alonso JE (1995) Improved treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children utilizing the pontoon spica cast: a long-term follow-up. J Pediatr Orthop 15:36–40
PubMedCrossRefDietz HG, Joppich I, Marzi I, Parsch K, Schlickewei W, Schmittenbecher PP (2001) Die Behandlung der Femurfrakturen im Kindesalter. Konsensusbericht 19. Tagung der Sektion Kindertraumatologie der DGU 23.–24. Juni 2000. Unfallchirurg 8:788–790
CrossRefDietz HG, Schmittenbecher P, Illing P (1997) Die intramedulläre Osteosynthese im Wachstumsalter. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München
Domb BG, Sponseller PD, Ain M, Miller NH (2002) Comparison of dynamic versus static external fixation for pediatric femur fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 22:428–430
PubMedCrossRefDwyer AJ, Mam MK, John B, Gosselin RA (2003) Femoral shaft fractures in children – a comparison of treatment. Int Orthop 27:141–144
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefEid AM, Hafez MA (2002) Traumatic injuries of the distal femoral physis. Retrospective study on 151 cases. Injury 33:251–255
PubMedCrossRefEnder HG (1975) Treatment of per- and subtrochanteric fractures in old age using elastic nails. Unfallheilkd 67–71
Ezzat A, Iobst C (2016) Extreme femoral valgus and patella dislocation following lateral plate fixation of a pediatric femur fracture. J Pediatr Orthop B 25(4):381–384
PubMedCrossRefFein LH, Pankovich AM, Spero CM, Baruch HM (1989) Closed flexible intramedullary nailing of adolescent femoral shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma 3:133–141
PubMedCrossRefFernandez DellÒca A (2003) External fixation. In: Ruedi T, Murphy W (Hrsg) AO-Prinzipien des Frakturmanagements. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 233–247
Ferguson J, Nicol RO (2000) Early spica treatment of pediatric femoral shaft fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 20:189–192
PubMedCrossRefFirica A, Mucichescu D, Troianescu O, Razus M (1977) Flexible metallic intramedullary nail, an ideal osteosynthesis material for femoral fractions. Rev Chir Oncol Radiol O R L Oftalmol Stomatol Chir 26:429–438
PubMedFlinck M, von Heideken J, Janarv P-M, Wåtz V, Riad J (2015) Biomechanical comparison of semi-rigid pediatric locking nail versus titanium elastic nails in a femur fracture model. J Child Orthop 9(1):77–84
PubMedCrossRefFlynn JM, Hresko T, Reynolds RA, Blasier RD, Davidson R, Kasser J (2001) Titanium elastic nails for pediatric femur fractures: a multicenter study of early results with analysis of complications. J Pediatr Orthop 21:4–8
PubMedCrossRefFlynn JM, Schwend RM (2004) Management of pediatric femoral shaft fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 12:347–359
PubMedCrossRefFrank DA, Gallo RA, Altman GT, Altman DT (2005) Osteonecrosis of the femoral head after retrograde intramedullary nailing of a femoral shaft fracture in an adolescent. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87:2080–2085
PubMedCrossRefFyodorov I, Sturm PF, Robertson WW Jr (1999) Compression-plate fixation of femoral shaft fractures in children aged 8 to 12 years. J Pediatr Orthop 19:578–581
PubMedCrossRefGalpin RD, Willis RB, Sabano N (1994) Intramedullary nailing of pediatric femoral fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 14:184–189
PubMedCrossRefGrill F, Chochole M, Schultz A (1990) Pelvic tilt and leg length discrepancy. Orthopade 19:244–262
PubMedGordon JE, Khanna N, Luhmann SJ, Dobbs MB, Ortman MR, Schoenecker PL (2004) Intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures in children through the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter using a modified rigid humeral intramedullary nail: preliminary results of a new technique in 15 children. J Orthop Trauma 18(7):416–422
PubMedCrossRefGordon JE, Mehlman CT (2017) The community orthopaedic surgeon taking trauma call: pediatric femoral shaft fracture pearls and pitfalls. J Orthop Trauma 31(Suppl 6):S16–S21
PubMedCrossRefGordon JE, Swenning TA, Burd TA, Szymanski DA, Schoenecker PL (2003) Proximal femoral radiographic changes after lateral transtrochanteric intramedullary nail placement in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85-A(7):1295–1301
CrossRefGoulding A, Gold E, Cannan R, Williams S, Lewis-Barned NJ (1996) Changing femoral geometry in growing girls: a cross-sectional DEXA study. Bone 19:645–649
PubMedCrossRefGoyal N, Aggarwal AN, Mishra P, Jain A (2014) Randomized controlled trial comparing stabilization of fresh close femoral shaft fractures in children with titanium elastic nail system versus stainless steel elastic nail system. Acta Orthop Belg 80(1):69–75
PubMedGracilla RV, Diaz HM, Penaranda NR, Pagsisilgan JM, Spiegel DA (2003) Quirapas D und Reyes ER: traction spica cast for femoral-shaft fractures in children. Int Orthop 27:145–148
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGregory P, Pevny T, Teague D (1996) Early complications with external fixation of pediatric femoral shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma 10:191–198
PubMedCrossRefGustillo RB (1976) Prevention of infection in the treatment of 1125 open long bone fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 58:453–458
Hampton M, Maripuri N, Khandekar S, Giles S, Fernandes J, Jones S (2017) Locked rigid antegrade intramedullary nailing of adolescent femoral fractures using a lateral trochanteric entry point. Acta Orthop Belg 82(4):829–853
Hasler CC, Laer L v (2000) Pathophysiologie posttraumatischer Deformitäten der unteren Extremität im Wachstumsalter. Orthopade 29:757–765
PubMedCrossRefHedlund R, Lindgren U (1986) The incidence of femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 6:47–50
PubMedCrossRefHeffernan MJ, Gordon JE, Sabatini CS, Keeler KA, Lehmann CL, O'Donnell JC, Seehausen DA, Luhmann SJ, Arkader A (2015) Treatment of femur fractures in young children: a multicenter comparison of flexible intramedullary nails to spica casting in young children aged 2 to 6 years. J Pediatr Orthop 35(2):126–129
PubMedCrossRefHeinrich SD, Drvaric DM, Darr K, MacEwen GD (1994) The operative stabilization of pediatric diaphyseal femur fractures with flexible intramedullary nails: a prospective analysis. J Pediatr Orthop 14:501–507
PubMedCrossRefHerrmann B, Dettmeyer R, Banaschak S, Thyen U (2008) Kindesmisshandlung. Springer Verlag, Berlin
Heyworth BE, Galano GJ, Vitale MA, Vitale MG (2004) Management of closed femoral shaft fractures in children, ages 6 to 10: national practice patterns and emerging trends. J Pediatr Orthop 24:455–459
PubMedCrossRefHo CA, Skaggs DL, Tang CW, Kay RM (2006) Use of flexible intramedullary nails in pediatric femur fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 26:497–504
PubMedCrossRefHolmes JF, Sokolove PE, Brant WE, Kuppermann N (2002a) A clinical decision rule for identifying children with thoracic injuries after blunt torso trauma. Ann Emerg Med 39:492–499
PubMedCrossRefHolmes JF, Sokolove PE, Brant WE, Palchak MJ, Vance CW, Owings JT, Kummermann N (2002b) Identification of children with intra-abdominal injuries after blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med 39:500–509
PubMedCrossRefHuber RI, Keller HW, Huber PM, Rehm KE (1996) Flexible intramedullary nailing as fracture treatment in children. J Pediatr Orthop 16:602–605
PubMedCrossRefHubner U, Schlicht W, Outzen S, Barthel M, Halsband H (2000) Ultrasound in the diagnosis of fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 82:1170–1173
PubMedCrossRefJawadi AH, Letts M (2003) Injuries associated with fracture of the femur secondary to motor vehicle accidents in children. Am J Orthop 32:459–462. (discussion 462)
PubMedJubel A, Andermahr J, Prokop A, Bergmann H, Isenberg J, Rehm KE (2004) Pitfalls and complications of elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) of femoral fractures in infancy. Unfallchirurg 107:744–749
PubMedCrossRefKaiser MM, Wessel LM, Kraus R, Rapp M (2011a) Alte und neue Konzepte in der Kindertraumatologie: Abschied von der Extensionsbehandlung. PÄD (17):98–108
Kaiser MM, Wessel LM, Zachert G, Stratmann C, Eggert R, Gros N, Schulze-Hessing M, Kienast B, Rapp M (2011b) Biomechanical analysis of a synthetic femur spiral fracture model: Influence of different materials on the stiffness in flexible intramedullary nailing. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 26(6):592–597
CrossRefKaiser MM, Zachert G, Wendlandt R, Rapp M, Eggert R, Stratmann C, Wessel LM, Schulz AP, Kienast BJ (2011c) Biomechanical analysis of a synthetic femoral spiral fracture model: Do end caps improve retrograde flexible intramedullary nail fixation? J Orthop Surg Res 6:46
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefKaiser MM, Zachert G, Wendlandt R, Eggert R, Stratmann C, Gros N, Schulze-Hessing M, Rapp M (2012) Increasing stability by pre-bending the nails in elastic stable intramedullary nailing: a biomechanical analysis of a synthetic femoral spiral fracture model. J Bone Joint Surg Br 94(5):713–718
PubMedCrossRefKaiser MM, Stratmann C, Zachert G, Schulze-Hessing M, Gros N, Eggert R, Rapp M (2014) Modification of elastic stable intramedullary nailing with a 3rd nail in a femoral spiral fracture model - results of biomechanical testing and a prospective clinical study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 15:3
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefKamphaus A, Rapp M, Wessel LM, Buchholz M, Massalme E, Schneidmüller D, Roeder C, Kaiser MM (2015) LiLa classification for paediatric long bone fractures. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability. Unfallchirurg 118(4):326–335
PubMedCrossRefKasser JR (1996) Femoral shaft fractures. In: Roockwood CA, Beaty KE (Hrsg) Fractures in children, 4. Aufl. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, S 1195–1230
Keeler KA, Dart B, Luhmann SJ, Schoenecker PL, Ortman MR, Dobbs MB, Gordon JE (2009) Antegrade intramedullary nailing of pediatric femoral fractures using an interlocking pediatric femoral nail and a lateral trochanteric entry point. J Pediatr Orthop 29(4):345–351
PubMedCrossRefKelly B, Heyworth B, Yen YM, Hedequist D (2013) Adverse sequelae due to plate retention following submuscular plating for pediatric femur fractures. J Orthop Trauma 27(12):726–729
PubMedCrossRefKeppler PS, Kinzl WL (1999) Die CT Bestimmung der Beinlängen und der Torsion bei Kinder und Jugendlichen. Unfallchirurg 102:936–941
PubMedKeppler P, Strecker W, Kinzl L (1999a) CT determination of leg length and torsion in children and adolescents. Unfallchirurg 102:936–941
PubMedKeppler P, Strecker W, Kinzl L, Simmacher M, Claes L (1999b) Sonographic imaging of leg geometry. Orthopaede 28:1015–1022
Kirby RM, Winquist RA, Hansen ST Jr (1981) Femoral shaft fractures in adolescents: a comparison between traction plus cast treatment and closed intramedullary nailing. J Pediatr Orthop 1:193–197
PubMedCrossRefKirschenbaum D, Albert MC, Robertson WW Jr, Davidson RS (1990) Complex femur fractures in children: treatment with external fixation. J Pediatr Orthop 10:588–591
PubMedCrossRefKluger Y, Gonze MD, Paul DB et al (1994) Blunt vascular injury associated with closed mid-shaft femur fracture: a plea for concern. J Trauma 36:222–225
PubMedCrossRefKong LB, Lekawa M, Navarro RA, McGrath J, Cohen M, Margulies DR, Hiatt JR (1996) Pedestrian-motor vehicle trauma: an analysis of injury profiles by age. J Am Coll Surg 182:17–23
PubMedKraus R, Meyer C, Heiss C, Stahl JP, Schnettler R (2007) Intraoperative radiation exposure in elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) during the growth period. Observations in 162 long bone shaft fractures. Unfallchirurg 110:28–32
PubMedCrossRefKraus R, Schiefer U, Schafer C, Meyer C, Schnettler R (2008) Elastic stable intramedullary nailing in pediatric femur and lower leg shaft fractures: intraoperative radiation load. J Pediatr Orthop 28:14–16
PubMedCrossRefKretteck C (2003) Marknagelung. In: Ruedi T, Murphy W (Hrsg) AO-Prinzipien des Frakturmanagement. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 195–219
Krettek C, Haas N, Walker J, Tscherne H (1991) Treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children by external fixation. Injury 22:263–266
PubMedCrossRefKuner EH (1991) Die Plattenosteosynthese zur Behandlung der Femurschaftfrakturen bei Kindern. Operat Orthop Traumatol 3:227
CrossRefKuntscher G (1950) Progress in the field of intramedullary nailing. Langenbecks Arch Klin Chir Ver Dtsch Z Chir 264:547–551
PubMedKuremsky MA, Frick SL (2007) Advances in the surgical management of pediatric femoral shaft fractures. Curr Opin Pediatr 19:51–57
PubMedCrossRefLaer L v (1977) Overgrowth (of the femoral shaft) and rotational deformities following femoral shaft fractures in childhood (author’s transl). Arch Orthop Unfallchir 89:121–137
CrossRefLaer L v (2007) Frakturen und Luxationen im Kindesalter. Thieme, Stuttgart/New York
Laer L v, Kaelin L, Girad T (1989) Late results following shaft fractures of the lower extremities in the growth period. Z Unfallchir Versicherungsmed Berufskr 82:209–215
Landin LA (1983) Fracture patterns in children. Analysis of 8,682 fractures with special reference to incidence, etiology and secular changes in a Swedish urban population 1950–1979. Acta Orthop Scand 202:1–109
Lascombes P, Haumont T, Journeau P (2006) Use and abuse of flexible intramedullary nailing in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 26:827–834
PubMedCrossRefLeitlinie Femurfraktur (2014) S1 Leitlinie Femurschaftfraktur im Kindesalter 006-016, Stand: 30.09.2014, gültig bis 29.09.2019
Leitlinie VTE (2015) S3-Leitlinie Prophylaxe der venösen Thromboembolie (VTE) 2., komplett überarb Auf. Stand 15:10
Ligier JN, Metaizeau J-P (1985) Prevot J und Lascombes P. Elastic stable intramedullary pinning of long bone shaft fractures in children Z Kinderchir 40:209–212
PubMedLuhmann SJ, Sheridan JJ, Capelli AM, Schoenecker PL (1998) Management of lower-extremity deformities in osteogenesis imperfecta with extensible intramedullary rod technique: a 20year experience. J Pediatr Orthop 18:88–94
PubMedCrossRefLuhmann SJ, Schootman M, Schoenecker PL, Dobbs MB, Gordon JE (2003) Complications of titanium elastic nails for pediatric femoral shaft fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 23:443–447
PubMedCrossRefMadhuri V, Dutt V, Gahukamble AD, Tharyan P (2014) Interventions for treating femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7 Evid Based Child Health. 9(4):753–826
Mahar AT, Lee SS, Lalonde FD, Impelluso T, Newton PO (2004) Biomechanical comparison of stainless steel and titanium nails for fixation of simulated femoral fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 24:638–641
PubMedCrossRefMazda K, Khairouni A, Pennecot GF, Bensahel H (1997) Closed flexible intramedullary nailing of the femoral shaft fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop B 6:198–202
PubMedCrossRefMohamed A, Rajeev AS (2017) Clinical outcomes and complications of titanium versus stainless steel elastic nail in management of paediatric femoral fractures-a systematic review. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 27(2):157–167
PubMedCrossRefMaier M, Maier-Heidkamp P, Lehnert M, Wirbel R, Marzi I (2003) Results of femoral shaft fractures in childhood in relation to different treatment modalities. Unfallchirurg 106:48–54
PubMedCrossRefMann DC, Weddington J, Davenport K (1986) Closed Ender nailing of femoral shaft fractures in adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 6:651–655
PubMedCrossRefMetaizeau J-P (1988) Osteosynthese chez l’ enfant par E.C.M.E.S. Sauramps Medical Montpellier
Mileski RA, Garvin KL, Crosby LA (1994) Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in an adolescent following intramedullary nailing of the femur. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 76:1706–1708
PubMedCrossRefMomberger N, Stevens P, Smith J, Santora S, Scott S, Anderson J (2000) Intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures in adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 20:482–484
PubMedCrossRefMoroz LA, Launay F, Kocher MS, Newton PO, Frick SL, Sponseller PD, Flynn JM (2006) Titanium elastic nailing of fractures of the femur in children. Predictors of complications and poor outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88:1361–1366
PubMedCrossRefMubarak SJ, Frick S, Sink E (2006) Rathjen K und Noonan KJ: Volkmann contracture and compartment syndromes after femur fractures in children treated with 90/90 spica casts. J Pediatr Orthop 26:567–572
PubMedCrossRefMucichescu D, Firica A (1978) The flexible metallic intramedullary nail (Mechanical model and theoretical analysis). Rev Chir Oncol Radiol O R L Oftalmol Stomatol Chir 27:41–45
PubMedMuller K und Valentine-Thon E (2006) Hypersensitivity to titanium: clinical and laboratory evidence. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 27(Suppl 1):31–35
Müller ME, Allgöwer M, Schneider R, Willenegger H (1992) Manual der Osteosynthese. Springer Verlag, Berlin
CrossRefMutimer J, Hammett RD, Eldridge JD (2007) Assessing leg length discrepancy following elastic stable intramedullary nailing for paediatric femoral diaphyseal fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 127:325–330
PubMedCrossRefNarayanan UG, Hyman JE, Wainwright AM, Rang M, Alman BA (2004) Complications of elastic stable intramedullary nail fixation of pediatric femoral fractures, and how to avoid them. J Pediatr Orthop 24:363–369
PubMedCrossRefNectoux E, Giacomelli MC, Karger C, Gicquel P, Clavert JM (2008) Use of end caps in elastic stable intramedullary nailing of femoral and tibial unstable fractures in children: preliminary results in 11 fractures. J Child Orthop 2(4):309–314
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefNerlich M, Berger A (Hrsg) (2003) Weichteilverletzungen und Infektionen. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo (Tscherne Unfallchirurgie)
Oberhammer J (1980) Degree and frequency of rotational deformities after infant femoral fractures and their spontaneous correction. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 97:249–255
PubMedCrossRefOestern HJ, Tscherne H (1983) Pathophysiologie und Klassifikation des Weichteilschadens. Hefte Unfallheilkd 162:1–10
PubMedOgden J (1995) Skeletal injury in the child. Springer, New York J Pediatr Orthop 15(1):1–2
Oh CW, Song HR, Jeon IH, Min WK, Park BC (2007) Nail-assisted percutaneous plating of pediatric femoral fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 456:176–181
O’Malley DE, Mazur JM, Cummings RJ (1995) Femoral head avascular necrosis associated with intramedullary nailing in an adolescent. J Pediatr Orthop 15(1):21–23
PubMedCrossRefOrler R, Hersche O, Helfet DL, Mayo KA, Ward T, Ganz R (1998) Avascular femur head necrosis as severe complication after femoral intramedullary nailing in children and adolescents. Unfallchirurg 101:495–499
PubMedCrossRefPankovich AM, Goldflies ML, Pearson RL (1979) Closed Ender nailing of femoral-shaft fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 61:222–232
PubMedCrossRefParsch K (1997) Modern trends in internal fixation of femoral shaft fractures in children. A critical review« J Pediatr Orthop B 6:117–125
PubMedCrossRefPerez A, Mahar A, Negus C, Newton P Impelluso T (2007) A computational evaluation of the effect of intramedullary nail material properties on the stabilization of simulated femoral shaft fractures. Med Eng Phys 30(6):755–60
Perez A, Mahar A, Negus C, Newton P, Impelluso T (2008) A computational evaluation of the effect of intramedullary nail material properties on the stabilization of simulated femoral shaft fractures. Med Eng Phys 30:755–760
PubMedCrossRefPoole GV, Miller JD, Agnew SG, Griswold JA (1992) Lower extremity fracture fixation in head-injured patients. J Trauma 32:654–659
PubMedCrossRefPrevot J, Lascombes P, Ligier JN (1993) The ECMES (Centro-Medullary Elastic Stabilising Wiring) osteosynthesis method in limb fractures in children. Principle, application on the femur. Apropos of 250 fractures followed-up since 1979. Chirurgie 119:473–476
PubMedProbe R, Lindsey RW, Hadley NA, Barnes DA (1993) Refracture of adolescent femoral shaft fractures: a complication of external fixation. A report of two cases. J Pediatr Orthop 13:102–105
PubMedCrossRefRaney EM, Ogden JA, Grogan DP (1993) Premature greater trochanteric epiphysiodesis secondary to intramedullary femoral rodding. J Pediatr Orthop 13:516–520
PubMedCrossRefRapp M, Albers K, Kaiser MM (2011a) Korrektureingriffe nach Operationen bei Femurschaftfrakturen im Kindesalter [Corrective procedures after operation of femoral shaft fractures in children.]. Chir Praxis 73:499–512
Rapp M, Svoboda D, Wessel LM, Kaiser MM (2011b) Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing (ESIN), Orthoss® and Gravitational Platelet Separation – System (GPS®): an effective method of treatment for pathologic fractures of bone cysts in children. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 12:45
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefRapp M, Gros N, Zachert G, Schulze-Hessing M, Stratmann C, Wendlandt R, Kaiser MM (2015) Improving stability of elastic stable intramedullary nailing in a transverse midshaft femur fracture model: biomechanical analysis of using end caps or a third nail. J Orthop Surg Res 10:96
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefRapp M, Kaiser MM, Grauel F, Gielok C, Illing P (2016) Femoral shaft fractures in young children (<5 years of age): operative and non-operative treatments in clinical practice. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 42(6):719–724
PubMedCrossRefRapp M, Kraus R, Illing P, Sommerfeldt DW, Kaiser MM (2018) Treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents ≥50 kg: a retrospective multicenter trial. Unfallchirurg 121(1):47–57
PubMedCrossRefRathjen KE, Riccio AI, De La Garza D (2007) Stainless steel flexible intramedullary fixation of unstable femoral shaft fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 27:432–441
PubMedCrossRefReeves RB, Ballard RI, Hughes JL (1990) Internal fixation versus traction and casting of adolescent femoral shaft fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 10:592–595
PubMedCrossRefRether JR (2005) Intramedulläre Stablisierung von Schaftfrakturen im Wachstumsalter. Trauma Berufskranh 7:112–117
CrossRefRuedi T, Murphy W (2003) AO-Prinzipien des Frakturmanagements. Thieme, Stuttgart/New York
Rush J (1970) The Kuntscher rod in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures: the question of early versus delayed operation. Aust N Z J Surg 40:44–52
PubMedCrossRefSamora WP, Guerriero M, Willis L, Klingele KE (2013) Submuscular bridge plating for length-unstable, pediatric femur fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 33(8):797–802
PubMedCrossRefSanders JO, Browne RH, Mooney JF, Raney EM, Horn BD, Anderson DJ (2001) Hennrikus WL und Robertson WW: treatment of femoral fractures in children by pediatric orthopedists: results of a 1998 survey. J Pediatr Orthop 21:436–441
PubMedCrossRefSalter RB, Harris WR (1963) Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate. J Bone Joint Surg Am 45:587–622
CrossRefSaxer U (1978) Femurschaftfrakturen. In: Weber B (Hrsg) Die Frakturbehandlung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, S 130–142
Schickedanz H, Zwacka G (1967) Case contributions on osteogenesis imperfecta (Heredity, occurrence of fractures, history of accident). Zentralbl Chir 92:2570–2579
PubMedSchmittenbecher PP (2001) Complications and errors in use of intramedullary nailing in shaft fractures in childhood. Kongressbd Dtsch Ges Chir Kongr 118:435–437
PubMedSchmittenbecher PP, Dietz HG, Linhart WE, Slongo T (2000) Complication and problems in intramedullary nailing of children’s fractures. Eur J Trauma 26:287–293
CrossRefSicilia A, Cuesta S, Coma G, Arregui I, Guisasola C, Ruiz E, Maestro A (2008) Titanium allergy in dental implant patients: a clinical study on 1500 consecutive patients. Clin Oral Implants Res 19:823–835
Siffert RS (1981) Patterns of deformity of the developing hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res 160:14–29
CrossRefSiguier T, Glorion C, Langlais J, Rouvreau P, Pouliquen JC (1995) External fixation in fractures of the lower limb in children. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 81:157–162
PubMedSilvermann FN (1987) Radiological aspects of battered child syndrome. In: Helfer R, Kempe C (Hrsg) The battered child, 4. Aufl. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, S 214–246
Sink EL, Gralla J, Repine M (2005) Complications of pediatric femur fractures treated with titanium elastic nails: a comparison of fracture types. J Pediatr Orthop 25:577–580
PubMedCrossRefSink EL, Hedequist D, Morgan SJ, Hresko T (2006) Results and technique of unstable pediatric femoral fractures treated with submuscular bridge plating. J Pediatr Orthop 26:177–181
PubMedCrossRefSkaggs DL, Leet AI, Money MD, Shaw BA, Hale JM, Tolo VT (1999) Secondary fractures associated with external fixation in pediatric femur fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 19:582–586
PubMedCrossRefSlongo T, Audige L, Clavert JM, Lutz N, Frick S, Hunter J (2007) The AO comprehensive classification of pediatric long-bone fractures: a web-based multicenter agreement study. J Pediatr Orthop 27:171–180
PubMedCrossRefSlongo TF (2005) Complications and failures of the ESIN technique. Injury 36(Suppl 1):A78–A85
PubMedCrossRefSlongo T, Audigé L, Hunter JB, Berger SM (2011) Clinical evaluation of end caps in elastic stable intramedullary nailing of femoral and tibial shaft fractures in children. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 37(3):305
PubMedCrossRefSnearly WN, Kaplan PA, Dussault RG (1996) Lateral-compartment bone contusions in adolescents with intact anterior cruciate ligaments. Radiology 198:205–208
PubMedCrossRefSola J, Schoenecker PL, Gordon JE (1999) External fixation of femoral shaft fractures in children: enhanced stability with the use of an auxiliary pin. J Pediatr Orthop 19:587–591
PubMedCrossRefSong HR, Oh CW, Shin HD, Kim SJ, Kyung HS, Baek SH, Park BC, Ihn JC (2004) Treatment of femoral shaft fractures in young children: comparison between conservative treatment and retrograde flexible nailing. J Pediatr Orthop B 13:275–280
PubMedCrossRefStans AA, Morrissy RT, Renwick SE (1999) Femoral shaft fracture treatment in patients age 6 to 16 years. J Pediatr Orthop 19:222–228
PubMedCrossRefSultan A, Bhat MR, Khursheed O, Maqbool Wani M, Ahmad Kawoosa A, Kotwal HA (2017) Manzoor QW:evaluation of complications from stainless-steel flexible intramedullary nailing in children’s femoral shaft fractures and recommendations for continued use. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil 19(3):263–271
PubMedCrossRefSutphen SA, Mendoza JD, Mundy AC, Yang JG, Beebe AC, Samora WP 3rd, Klingele KE (2016) Pediatric diaphyseal femur fractures: submuscular plating compared with intramedullary nailing. Orthopedics 39(6):353–358
Townsend DR, Hoffinger S (2000) Intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures in children via the trochanter tip. Clin Orthop Relat Res:113–118
Verbeek HO (1979) Does rotation deformity, following femur shaft fracture, correct during growth? Reconstr Surg Traumatol 17:75–81
PubMedVolpon JB, Perina MM, Okubo R, Maranho DA (2012) Biomechanical performance of flexible intramedullary nails with end caps tested in distal segmental defects of pediatric femur models. J Pediatr Orthop 32(5):461–466
PubMedCrossRefWall EJ, Jain V, Vora V, Mehlman CT, Crawford AH (2008) Complications of titanium and stainless steel elastic nail fixation of pediatric femoral fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 90:1305–1313
PubMedCrossRefWallace ME, Hoffman EB (1992) Remodelling of angular deformity after femoral shaft fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 74:765–769
PubMedCrossRefWeber BG (1961) Inwieweit sind isolierte extreme Torsionsvarianten der unteren Extremität als Deformität aufzufassen und welche klinische Bedeutung kommt ihnen zu? Z Orthop 94:279
Weber BG, Brunner C, Freuler F (1979) Die Frakturenbehandlung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Springer Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York
Wedin R (2001) Surgical treatment for pathologic fracture. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 72:1–29
CrossRefWeinberg AM, Reilmann H, Lampert C, Laer L v (1994) Experience with external fixation in treatment of shaft fractures in childhood. Unfallchirurg 97:107–113
PubMedWeinberg AM, Hasler C, Leitner A, Lampert C, Laer L v (2000) External fixation of femoral shaft fractures. Eur J Trauma 1:25–32
CrossRefWeinberg AM, Castellani C, Werner C, Mayr J (2002) Growth prognosis after para-epiphyseal tangential epiphysial injuries of the lower extremity exemplified by the distal femur: outcome after injuries of epiphyses of the distal femur. Kongressband DGCH 119:695–698
Wenger DR, Pring ME (2005) Rang’s childen’s fractures. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia USA
Wessel L, Seyfriedt C (1996) Leg length inequality after childhood femoral fractures – permanent or temporary phenomenon? Unfallchirurg 99:275–282
PubMedWindolf M, Fischer MF, Popp AW, Matthys R, Schwieger K, Gueorguiev B, Hunter JB, Slongo TF (2015) End caps prevent nail migration in elastic stable intramedullary nailing in paediatric femoral fractures: a biomechanical study using synthetic and cadaveric bones. Bone Joint J 97-B(4):558–563
PubMedCrossRefWittner BH, Holz U (2003) Platten. In: Ruedi T, Murphy W (Hrsg) AO-Prinzipien des Frakturmanagements. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 169–185
Wright JG, Wang EE, Owen JL, Stephens D, Graham HK, Hanlon M, Nattrass GR, Reynolds RA, Coyte P (2005) Treatments for paediatric femoral fractures: a randomised trial. Lancet 365:1153–1158
PubMedCrossRefXu Y, Bian J, Shen K, Xue B (2018) Titanium elastic nailing versus locking compression plating in school-aged pediatric subtrochanteric femur fractures. Medicine (Baltimore) 97(29):e11568
CrossRefZachert G, Rapp M, Eggert R, Schulze-Hessing M, Gros N, Stratmann C, Wendlandt R, Kaiser MM (2015) Additional tension screws improve stability in elastic stable intramedullary nailing: biomechanical analysis of a femur spiral fracture model. Eur J Pediatr Surg 25(4):365–372
PubMedCrossRef