Acheson R (1957) The Oxford method of assessing skeletal maturity. Clin Orthop 10:19–39
PubMedAhmadi A, Kreusch-Brinker R, Mellerowicz H, Wolff R (1987) Apopohysenausriß am becken und der unteren Extremität durch Sport. Sportverletz Sportschaden 3:113–117
CrossRefAksoy B, Oztürk K, Ensenyel C, Kara A (1998) Avulsion of the iliac crest apophysis. Int J Sports Med 19:76–78
PubMedCrossRefAlbtoush O, Bani-Issa J, Zitzelsberger T, Springer F (2020) Avulsion injuries of the pelvis and hip. Fortschr Röntgenstr 192:431–440
CrossRefAmendola A, Wolcott M (2002) Bony injuries around the hip. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 10:163–167
CrossRefAtalar H, Kayaoglu E, Yavuz OY, Selek H, Uras I (2007) Avulsion fracture of the anterior inferior iliac spine. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 13(4):322–325
PubMedBachmann W (1941) Un cas d’arrachment bilateral de l'espine iliaque anteroinferiore. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 22:721–722
Barnes S, Hinds R (1972) Pseudotumor of the ischium: a late manifestation of avulsion of the ischial epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 54:645–647
PubMedCrossRefBartl R, Bartl-Vischer C, Brauner H (1997) Apophyseolysis and avulsion fractures of the anterior inferior iliac spine. A case report. Unfallchirurgie 23(2):74–77
PubMedCrossRefBencardino J, Mellado J (2005) Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 13:677–690
PubMedCrossRefBencardino J, Palmer W (2002) Imaging of hip disorders in athletes. Radiol Clin North Am 40:267–287
PubMedCrossRefBiedert R (2015) Surgical management of traumatic avulsion of the ischial tuberosity in young athletes. Clin J Sports Med 25:67–72
CrossRefBlazina M (1967) The „hip-pointer“, a term to describe a specific kind of athletic injury. Calif Med 106:450
PubMedPubMedCentralBoutin R, Russell C, Steinbach L (2002) Imaging of sports-related muscle injuries. Radiol Clin North Am 40:333–362
PubMedCrossRefBrandser E, el-Khoury G, Kathol M (1995) Adolescent hamstring avulsions that simulate tumors. Emerg Radiol 2:273–278
CrossRefBrittenden J, Robinson P (2005) Imaging of pelvic injuries in athletes. Br J Radiol 78(929):457–468
PubMedCrossRefCamp J, Cilley E (1931) Diagrammatic chart showing time of appearance of various centers of ossification and period of union. Am J Roentgenol 26:905–906
Canale S, King R (1991) Pelvic and hip fractures. In: Rockwood C Jr, Wilkings K, King R (Hrsg) Fractures in Children. J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, S 991–1046
Casabianca L, Rousseau R, Loriaut P, Massein A, Mirouse G, Gerometta A, Khiami F (2015) Iliac crest avulsion fracture in a young sprinter. Case Rep Orthop.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/302503. Epub 2015 Sep 1
Caudle R, Crawford A (1988) Avulsion fracture of the lateral acetabular margin. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 70:1568–1570
PubMedCrossRefChen L, Chan S (2008) Anterior inferior iliac spine avulsion fracture in an adolescent runner: a case report. J Emerg Crit Care Med 19(1):35–38
Colosimo A, Wyatt H, Frank K, Mangine R (2005) Hamstring avulsion injuries. Oper Techn Sports Med 13:80–88
CrossRefDavis J, Charalambides C, Bircher M (1998) Avulsion fracture of the ischium. Injury 29:632–635
PubMedCrossRefDavis K (2008) Imaging of the hamstrings. Sem Musculoskeletal Radiol 12:28–41
CrossRefDeehan DJ, Beattie TF, Knight D, Jongschaap H (1992) Avulsion fracture of the straight and reflected heads of rectus femoris. Arch Emerg Med 9(3):310–313
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefDoskocil M, Med M, Vimmer T (1987) Musculus rectus femoris. Acta Chir Orthop Traum Czech 54:99–107
Ducloyer P, Filipe G (1988) Apophyseal avulsion of the pelvis in children. Chir Pediatr 29(2–3):91–92
PubMedEberbach H, Hohloch L, Feucht M, Konstantinidis L, Südkamp N, Zwingmann J (2017) Operative versus conservative treatment of apophyseal avulsion fractures of the pelvis in the adolescents: a systematical review with meta-analysis of clinical outcome and return to sports. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 18.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-017-1527-zEngel A, Siegler H, Kristen K (2004) Chapter: Sportorthopädische Probleme. 16.2 Apophysenschädigungen der Hüfte und des Beckens. In: Wirth CJ, Zichner L, Tschauner C (Hrsg) Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, S 492–494
Ferlic P, Sadoghi P, Singer G, Kraus T, Eberl R (2014) Treatment for ischial tuberosity avulsion fractures in adolescent athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 22:893–897
PubMedCrossRefFernbach SK, Wilkinson RH (1981) Avulsion injuries of the pelvis and proximal femur. AJR Am J Roentgenol 137(3):581–584
PubMedCrossRefFetzer G, Fischer D (2010) Chapter 18: Hamstring injuries. In: Guanche C (Hrsg) Hip and pelvis injuries in sports medicine. Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia, S 181–191
Flecker H (1932) Roentgenografic observations of the times of appearance of epiphyses and their fusion with the diaphyses. J Anat 67:118–164
PubMedPubMedCentralFreitas A, Macedo SS (2016) Apophyseal fracture or avulsion of the greater trochanter. Acta Ortop Bras 24:164–166
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGidwani S, Jagiello J, Bircher M (2004) Avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity in adolescents – an easily missed diagnosis. BMJ 329:99–100
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGill D, Clark W (1996) Avulsion of the ischial apophysis. Aust N Z J Surg 66:564–565
PubMedCrossRefGomez JE (1996) Bilateral anterior inferior iliac spine avulsion fractures. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28(2):161–164
PubMedCrossRefHamada G, Rida A (1963) Ischial apophysiolysis (IAL). Report of a case and review of the literature. Clin Orthop 31:117–130
PubMedCrossRefHébert K, Laor T, Divine J, Emery K, Wall E (2008) MRI appearance of chronic stress injury of the iliac crest apophysis in adolescent athletes. Am J Roentgenol 190:1487–1491
CrossRefHösli P, von Laer L (1995) Traumatische Apophysenlösungen im Bereich des Beckens und des koxalen Femurendes. Orthopäde 24:429–435
PubMedHoward F, Piha R (1965) Fractures of the apophyses in adolescent athletes. JAMA 192:150–152
CrossRefHsu C, Wu C, Lin S, Cheng K (2014) Anterior superior iliac spine avulsion fracture presenting as meralgia paraesthetica in an adolescent sprinter. J Rehabil Med 46:188–190
PubMedCrossRefHuang Y, Lien F (2008) Avulsion fracture of the anterior inferior iliac spine. J Emerg Crit Care Med 19(2):57–58
Irving MH (1964) Exostosis formation after traumatic avulsion of the anterior inferior iliac spine. Report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 46:720–722
PubMedCrossRefJonasch E, Bertel E (1981) Verletzungen bei Kindern bis zum 14. Lebensjahr. Hefte Unfallheilkd, S 150
Kameyama O, Ogawa R (1996) Avulsion fracture of the iliac spine during sporting activity. J Orthop Sci 1:356–362
CrossRefKameyama O, Ogawa R, Kumamoto M (1994) Sports injuries in terms of bi-articular muscle function. Human movement Sci 13:683–695
CrossRefKarakas HM, Alicioglu B, Erdem G (2009) Bilateral anterior inferior iliac spine avulsion in an adolescent soccer player: a typical imitator of malignant bone lesions. South Med J 102(7):758–760
PubMedCrossRefKaufmann H (1964) Röntgenbefunde am kindlichen Becken bei angeborenen Skelettaffektionen und chromosomalen Aberrationen. G. Thieme, Stuttgart
Kautzner J, Trc T, Havlas V (2014) Comparison of conservative against surgical treatment of anterior-superior iliac spine avulsion fractures in children and adolescents. Int Orthop 38:1495–1498
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefKaweblum M, Wallace B, Grant A, Strongwater A (1993) Avascular necrosis of the femoral head as sequela of fracture of the greater trochanter. Clin Orthop 294:193–195
CrossRefKeats T (1984) The spectrum of musculoskeletal stress injury. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 3:7–51
Klümper A (2002) Apophysenverletzungen bei Jugendlichen und Abrißverletzungen. In Klümper A (Hrsg.) Sporttraumatologie. ECOMED-Verlag, Landsberg, S III–14, 2–7
Knobloch K, Kramer R, Sommer K, Gansslen A, Vogt PM (2007) Avulsion injuries of the anterior inferior iliac spine among soccer players – a differential diagnosis to neoplasm decades following the trauma. Sportverletz Sportschaden 21(3):152–156
PubMedCrossRefKöhler A (1939) Becken. In: Grenzen des Normalen und Anfänge des Pathologischen im Röntgenbilde, 7. Aufl. Georg Thieme Verlag, Leipzig, S 257–258
Koulouris G, Connell D (2005) Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiografics 25:571–586
Kujala U, Orava S (1993) Ischial apophysis injuries in athletes. Sports Med 16:290–294
PubMedCrossRefLaer, L. von, Kraus, R. and Linhart, W., Frakturen und Luxationen im Wachstumsalter. Thieme, Stuttgart, 2007.
Lagier R, Jarret G (1975) Apophysiolysis of the anterior inferior iliac spine. A histological, clinical and radiological study. Arch Orthop Unfallchir 83(1):81–89
PubMedCrossRefLambert M, Fligner D (1993) Avulsion of the iliac crest apophysis: a rare fracture in adolescent athletes. Ann Emerg Med 22:1218–1220
PubMedCrossRefLau L, Mahadev A, Hui J (2008) Common lower limb sports-related overuse injuries in young athletes. Ann Acad Med Singapore 37:315–319
PubMedLi X, Xu S, Lin X, Wang Q, Pan J (2014) Results of operative treatment of avulsion fractures of the iliac crest apophysis in adolescents. Injury 45:721–724
PubMedCrossRefLinni K, Mayr J, Hollwarth ME (2000) Apophyseal fractures of the pelvis and trochanter minor in 20 adolescents and 2 young children. Unfallchirurg 103(11):961–964
PubMedCrossRefLombardo S, Retting A, Kerlan R (1983) Radiografic abnormalities of the iliac apophysis in adolescent athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 65:444–446
PubMedCrossRefMade A van der, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs G, Kleipool R, Engebretsen L, van Dijk C, Golanó P (2015) The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23:2115–2122
Mader TJ (1990) Avulsion of the rectus femoris tendon: an unusual type of pelvic fracture. Pediatr Emerg Care 6(3):198–199
PubMedCrossRefMbubaegbu C, O’Doherty D, Shenolikar A (1998) Traumatic apophyseal avulsion of the greater trochanter: case report and review of the literature. Injury 29:647–649
PubMedCrossRefMcKinney BI, Nelson C, Carrion W (2009) Apophyseal avulsion fractures of the hip and pelvis. Orthopedics 32(1):42
PubMedCrossRefMetzmaker J, Pappas A (1985) Avulsion fractures of the pelvis. Am J Sports Med 13:349–357
PubMedCrossRefMeyer NJ, Schwab JP, Orton D (2001) Traumatic unilateral avulsion of the anterior superior and inferior iliac spines with anterior dislocation of the hip: a case report. J Orthop Trauma 15(2):137–140
PubMedCrossRefMilch H (1939) Avulsion fracture of the great trochanter. Arch Surg 38:334–350
CrossRefMiller A, Stedman G, Beisaw N, Gross P (1987) Sciatica caused by an avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 69:143–145
PubMedCrossRefMiller S, Webb G (2008) The proximal origin of the hamstrings and surrounding anatomy encountered during repair. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am 90(Suppl. 2):108–116
PubMedCrossRefMiller S, Gill J, Webb G (2007) The proximal origin of the hamstrings and surrounding anatomy encountered during repair. A cadaveric study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89:44–48
PubMedCrossRefMoeller J (2003) Pelvic and hip apophyseal avulsion injuries in young athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2:110–115
PubMedCrossRefMorelli V, Smith V (2001) Groin injuries in athletes. Am Fam Physician 64(8):1405–1414
PubMedMorelli V, Weaver V (2005) Groin injuries and groin pain in athletes: part 1. Prim Care 32(1):163–183
PubMedCrossRefMorscher E, Desaulles P (1964) Die Festigkeit des Wachstumsknorpels in Abhängigkeit von Aler und Geschlecht, Bd 17. Schweiz Med Wschr, S 582
Nanka O, Havranek P, Pesl T, Dutka J (2003) Avulsion fracture of the pelvis: separation of the secondary ossification center in the superior margin of the acetabulum. Clin Anat 16(5):458–460
PubMedCrossRefO’Rourke M, Weinstein S (2003) Osteonecrosis following isolated avulsion fracture of the greater trochanter in children. A report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85:2000–2005
PubMedCrossRefPaletta GJ, Andrish J (1995) Injuries about the hip and pelvis in the young athlete. Clin Sports Med 14:591–628
PubMedCrossRefPan H, Kawanabe K, Akiyama H, Goto K, Onishi E, Nakamura T (2008) Operative treatment of hip impingement caused by hypertrophy of the anterior inferior iliac spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br 90(5):677–679
PubMedCrossRefParvaresh K, Upasani V, Bomar J, Pennock A (2016) Secondary ossification center appearance and closure in the pelvis and proximal femur. J Pediatr Orthop. [Epub ahead of print]
Pavlov H (1987) Roentgen examination of groin and hip pain in the athlete. Clin Sports Med 6:829–843
PubMedCrossRefPisacano RM, Miller TT (2003) Comparing sonography with MR imaging of apophyseal injuries of the pelvis in four boys. AJR Am J Roentgenol 181(1):223–230
PubMedCrossRefPogliacomi F, Calderazzi F, Paterlini M, Ceccarelli F (2014) Surgical treatment of anterior iliac spines fractures: our experience. Acta Biomed 85(Supplement 2):52–58
PubMedPohlemann T, Gänsslen A, Partenheimer A (2006) Becken und Acetabulumverletzungen. In: Weinberg A, Tscherne H (Hrsg) Unfallchirurgie im Kindesalter. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, S 579–602
Porr J, Lucaciu C, Birkett S (2011) Avulsion fractures of the pelvis – a qualitative systematic review of the literature. J Can Chiropr Assoc 55:247–255
PubMedPubMedCentralPutz R, Milz S (2016) Makroskopische und funktionelle Anatomie der Apophysenfugen. Orthopäde 45:199–205
PubMedCrossRefRajasekhar C, Kumar KS, Bhamra MS (2001) Avulsion fractures of the anterior inferior iliac spine: the case for surgical intervention. Int Orthop 24(6):364–365
PubMedCrossRefReggiori A, Brugo G (2008) Traumatic anterior hip dislocation associated with anterior and inferior iliac spines avulsions and a capsular-labral lesion. Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr 3(1):39–43
CrossRefReina N, Accadbled F, de Gauzy JS (2010) Anterior inferior iliac spine avulsion fracture: a case report in soccer playing adolescent twins. J Pediatr Orthop B 19(2):158–160
PubMedCrossRefResnick JM, Carrasco CH, Edeiken J, Yasko AW, Ro JY, Ayala AG (1996) Avulsion fracture of the anterior inferior iliac spine with abundant reactive ossification in the soft tissue. Skeletal Radiol 25(6):580–584
PubMedCrossRefRisser J (1958) The iliac apophysis; an invaluable sign in the management of scoliosis. Clin Orthop 11:111–119
PubMedRossi F, Dragoni S (2001) Acute avulsion fractures of the pelvis in adolescent competitive athletes: prevalence, location and sportsdistribution of 203 cases collected. Skeletal Radiol 30:127–131
PubMedCrossRefRuffing T, Danko T, Muhm M, Arend G, Winkler H (2012) Traumatische Apophysenlösung des Trochanter minor. Unfallchirurg 115:653–655
PubMedCrossRefSanders TG, Zlatkin MB (2008) Avulsion injuries of the pelvis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 12(1):42–53
PubMedCrossRefSchuett D, Bomar J, Pennock A (2015) Pelvic apophyseal avulsion fractures: a retrospective review of 228 cases. J Pediatr Orthop 35:617–623
PubMedCrossRefSchwab S (1977) Epiphyseal injuries in the growing athlete. Can Med Assoc J 117:626–630
PubMedPubMedCentralSchwobel MG (1985) Apophyseal fractures in adolescents. Chirurg 56(11):699–704
PubMedServant C, Jones C (1998) Displaced avulsion of the ischial apophysis: a hamstring injury requiring internal fixation. Br J Sports Med 32:255–257
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefSinger G, Eberl R, Wegmann H, Marterer R, Kraus T, Sorantin E (2014) Diagnosis and treatment of apophyseal injuries of the pelvis in adolescents. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 18:498–504
PubMedCrossRefSinikumpu J, Hetsroni I, Schilders E, Lempainen L, Serlo W, Orava S (2018) Operative treatment of pelvic apophyseal avulsions in adolescent and young adult athletes: a follow-up study. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 28:423–429
PubMedCrossRefSomville F, Vriends D, Feyen J (2011) Traumatic avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity in an elderly patient. Acta Orthop Belg 77:122–124
PubMedStancak A, Kautzner J, Trc T, Havlas V (2017) Treatment of pelvic avulsion fractures in children and adolescents. Rozhl Chir 96:156–165
PubMedSteinbrück K, Krahl H (1987) Apophysäre Frakturen am Becken beim Jugendlichen. In: Pförringer W, Rosemeyer B (Hrsg) Die Epiphysenfugen. perimed Fachbuch-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Erlangen, München, S 182–194
Stevens MA, El-Khoury GY, Kathol MH, Brandser EA, Chow S (1999) Imaging features of avulsion injuries. Radiografics 19(3):655–672
Sundar M, Carty H (1994) Avulsion fractures of the pelvis in children: a report of 32 fractures and their outcome. Skeletal Radiol 23(2):85–90
PubMedCrossRefSwischuk LE (2004) Wrestling: pain in the thigh. Avulsion fracture of the anterior inferior iliac spine. Pediatr Emerg Care 20(4):259–260
PubMedCrossRefTehranzadeh J (1987) The spectrum of avulsion and avulsion-like injuries of the musculoskeletal system. Radiografics 7(5):945–974
Tillmanns H (1905) Die Verletzungen und chirurgischen Krankheiten des Beckens. Deutsche Chirurgie, Verlag Enke, Stuttgart, S 65
Tubbs R, Stetler W, Savage A, Shoja M, Shakeri A, Loukas M, Salter E, Oakes W (2006) Does a third head of the rectus femoris muscle exist? Folia Morphol 65(4):377–380
Valdés M, Molins J, Acebes O (2000) Avulsion fracture of the iliac crest in a football player. Scand J Med Sci Sports 10:178–180
PubMedCrossRefVandervliet EJ, Vanhoenacker FM, Snoeckx A, Gielen JL, Van Dyck P, Parizel PM (2007) Sports-related acute and chronic avulsion injuries in children and adolescents with special emphasis on tennis. Br J Sports Med 41(11):827–831
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefWarwick R, Williams PL (Hrsg) (1973) Gray, Gray’s anatomy, 35. Aufl. Longmon, Edinburgh
Waters P, Millis M (1988) Hip and pelvic injuries in the young athlete. Clin Sports Med 7:513–522
PubMedCrossRefWeitzner I (1935) Fracture of the anterior superior spine of the ilium in one case, and anterior inferior in another case. AJR Am J Roentgenol 33:39–40
Wirth T (2016) Avulsionsverletzungen der Hüftregion des Jugendlichen. Orthopäde 45:213–218
PubMedCrossRefWood J, Rajputb R, Ward A (2005) Avulsion fracture of the greater trochanter of the femur: recommendations for closed reduction of the apophyseal injury. Injury Extra 36:255–258
CrossRefYildiz C, Aydin T, Yildiz Y, Kalyon TA, Basbozkurt M (2003) Anterior inferior iliac spine apophyseal avulsion fracture. J South Orthop Assoc 12(1):38–40
PubMedYildiz C, Yildiz Y, Ozdemir MT, Green D, Aydin T (2005) Sequential avulsion of the anterior inferior iliac spine in an adolescent long jumper. Br J Sports Med 39(7):e31
PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefZhang K, Dong X, Chen X, Zhang L, Deng Z (2014) The ossification of the ischial tuberosity for forensic age diagnostics in conventional radiography. Austr J For Sci 46:455–462