Background
Methods
Study design, period and setting
Sample size calculation and sampling procedure
Data collection instrument and techniques
Operational definition
Data analysis and interpretation
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of children and adolescents on HAART in public hospitals of west Gojjam zone
Variables | Categories | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Ages (in years) | 5–9 | 110 | 26.8 |
10–14 | 211 | 51.3 | |
Sex | Male | 246 | 59.9 |
Female | 165 | 40.1 | |
Religion | Orthodox | 352 | 85.6 |
Protestant | 42 | 10.2 | |
Muslim | 17 | 4.1 | |
Residency | Urban | 276 | 67.2 |
Rural | 135 | 32.8 | |
School attendance | Yes | 335 | 81.5 |
No | 76 | 18.5 | |
Family size | 1–3 | 232 | 56.4 |
4–6 | 156 | 38.0 | |
> 6 | 23 | 5.6 | |
Family monthly income | < 1660.34 | 264 | 59.9 |
> 1660.34 | 165 | 40.1 |
Clinical related characteristics
Variables | Categories | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Duration of ART treatment | 1–6 months | 64 | 15.6 |
> 6 months | 347 | 84.4 | |
Self Disclosure of HIV sero-status | Disclosed | 288 | 70.1 |
Not disclosed | 123 | 29.9 | |
Recent CD4 count | < 200 cells/mm3 | 6 | 1.5 |
200–349 cells/mm3 | 29 | 7.1 | |
350–500 cells/mm3 | 66 | 16.1 | |
> 500 cells/mm3 | 310 | 75.4 |
Care-giver related characteristics
Distributions of symptoms of behavioral and emotional problems
Symptoms | Responses | ||
---|---|---|---|
Never(0) N/% | Sometimes(1)N/% | Often(2)N/% | |
Complains of aches and pains | 315/76.6% | 37/9% | 59/14.4% |
Spends more time alone | 359/87.3% | 29/7% | 23/5.7% |
Tires easily, has little energy | 341/83% | 57/13.8% | 13/3.2% |
Fidgety, unable to sit still | 318/77.4% | 35/8.5% | 58/14.1% |
Has trouble with teacher | 309/75.1% | 67/16.3% | 35/8.6% |
Less interested in school | 293/71.2% | 89/21.6% | 29/7.2% |
Acts as if driven by a motor | 397/96.5% | 11/2.7% | 3/0.8%% |
Daydreams to much | 380/92.4% | 20/4.8% | 11/2.8% |
Distracted easily | 243/59.1% | 112/27.2% | 56/13.7% |
Is afraid of new situations | 293/71.2% | 95/23.1% | 23/5.7% |
Feels sad, unhappy | 225/54.7% | 125/30.4% | 61/14.9% |
Is irritable, angry | 215/52.3% | 84/20.4% | 112/27.3% |
Feels hopeless | 345/83.9% | 34/8.2% | 32/7.9% |
Has trouble concentrating | 276/67.1% | 54/13.1% | 81/19.8% |
Less interested in friends | 338/82.2% | 17/4.1% | 56/13.8% |
Fights with other children | 189/45.9% | 151/36.7% | 71/17.4% |
Absent from school | 316/76.8 | 53/12.8% | 42/10.4% |
School grades dropping | 32/7.7% | 257/62.5% | 122/29.8% |
Is down on him or herself | 376/91.4% | 23/5.6% | 12/3% |
Visits the doctor with nothing wrong | 284/69% | 51/12.4% | 76/18.6% |
Has trouble sleeping | 300/72.9% | 72/17.5% | 39/9.6% |
Worries a lot | 379/92.2% | 21/5.1% | 11/2.7% |
Wants to be with you more than before | 372/90.5% | 9/2.1% | 30/8.4% |
Feels he or she is bad | 359/87.3% | 23/5.5% | 29/7.2% |
Takes unnecessary risks | 401/97.5% | 7/1.7% | 3/0.8% |
Gets hurt frequently | 334/81.2% | 26/6.3% | 51/12.5% |
Seems to be having less fun | 121/29.4% | 138/33.5% | 152/31.1% |
Acts younger than children his or her age | 403/98% | 5/1.2% | 3/0.8% |
Does not listen to rules | 303/73.7 | 63/15.3% | 45/11% |
Does not show feelings | 399/97% | 5/1.2% | 7/1.7% |
Does not understand other’s feelings | 318/77.3% | 12/2.9% | 81/19.8% |
Teases other | 382/92.9% | 7/1.7% | 22/5.4% |
Blames others for his or her troubles | 262/63.7% | 132/32.2% | 17/4.1% |
Takes things that do not belong to him/her | 325/79% | 32/7.7% | 54/13.3% |
Refuses to share | 63/15.3% | 121/29.4% | 7/1.7% |
Prevalence and factors associated with emotional and behavioral problems
Variables | Categories | EBPs status | COR(95%CI) | AOR(95%CI) | P-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive N (%) | Negative N (%) | |||||
Age in years | 5–9 | 70 (63.6) | 40 (36.4) | 3.88 (2.14–7.00) | 5.33 (2.56,11.04)*** | 0.00 |
10–14 | 81 (38.4) | 130 (61.6) | 1.38 (0.82–2.33) | 1.95 (1.08–3.55* | 0.03 | |
15–18 | 28 (31.1) | 62 (68.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
School attendance | Attended | 137 (40.9) | 198 (59.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Non attended | 42 (55.3) | 34 (44.7) | 1.79 (1.08–2.95) | 0.61 (0.31–1.18) | 0.14 | |
Caregiver’s educational level | College | 95 (47.5) | 105 (52.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Secondary | 14 (63.6) | 8 (36.4) | 1.93 (0.78–4.81) | 0.81 (0.26–2.48) | 0.71 | |
Primary | 13 (40.6) | 19 (59.4) | 0.76 (0.35–1.61) | 0.99 (0.43–2.33) | 0.99 | |
Illiterate | 57 (36.3) | 100 (63.7) | 0.63 (0.41–0.97) | 0.64 (0.40–1.04) | 0.07 | |
Caregiver’s relationship | Parent | 135 (39.6) | 206 (60.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Relative | 35 (61.4) | 22 (38.6) | 2.43 (1.37–4.32) | 1.95 (0.93–4.07) | 0.08 | |
Non-kin | 9 (69.2) | 4 (30.8) | 3.43 (1.04,11.37) | 4.64 (1.20–17.90)* | 0.03 | |
Parental loss | Both alive | 56 (33.9) | 109 (66.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Single | 84 (46.4) | 97 (53.6) | 1.69 (1.09–2.60) | 1.73 (1.07–2.81)* | 0.03 | |
Both died | 39 (60.0) | 26 (40.0) | 2.92 (1.62–5.28) | 2.15 (1.03–4.49)* | 0.04 | |
HIV self disclosure status | Disclosed | 104 (36.1) | 184 (63.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Non disclosed | 75 (60.98) | 48 (39.02) | 2.76 (1.79–4.27) | 1.99 (1.16–3.41)** | 0.01 | |
Care-giver’s mental distress | Distressed | 87 (50.6) | 85 (49.4) | 1.64 (1.10–2.43) | 1.64 (1.04–2.57)* | 0.03 |
Not distressed | 92 (38.5) | 147 (61.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |