Background
Methods
Patients
Measures
Symptoms
Defense mechanisms and recovery styles
General functioning
Procedure
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the sample at intake
Socio-demographic variables
Sample (N = 352) | Women (N = 219) | Men (N = 133) | Statistics |
p
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
Age | 38.56 | 10.91 | 37.41 | 11.29 | 40.45 | 10.00 | Z = −2.69 | 0.007 |
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | |||
Living conditionsa
| ||||||||
Own flat, family, and shared accommodation | 341 | (98.00) | 214 | (61.50) | 127 | (36.50) | χ2 = 1.16 (df = 1) | 0.28 |
Sheltered housing | 7 | (2.01) | 3 | (0.86) | 4 | (1.14) | ||
Occupational statusb
| ||||||||
Employed/student | 223 | (66.35) | 139 | (41.49) | 84 | (25.07) | χ2 = 0.08 (df = 1) | 0.77 |
Unemployed | 112 | (36.65) | 68 | (20.29) | 44 | (13.13) |
Crisis context
Sample | Women | Men | Statistics |
p
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | |||
Referred by | χ2 = 7.72 (df = 5) | 0.10 | ||||||
Emergency unit | 164 | (46.59) | 109 | (30.97) | 55 | (15.63) | ||
Outpatient unit | 33 | (9.38) | 21 | (5.97) | 12 | (3.41) | ||
Private practitioner | 106 | (30.11) | 67 | (19.03) | 39 | (11.08) | ||
Psychiatric hospital | 39 | (11.08) | 17 | (4.83) | 22 | (6.25) | ||
Self-referred | 10 | (2.84) | 5 | (1.42) | 5 | (1.42) | ||
Specialized psychiatric unitsa
| 0 | (0.00) | 0 | (0.00) | 0 | (0.00) | ||
Primary problem presented | χ2 = 8.11 (df = 7) | 0.32 | ||||||
Anxiety | 50 | (14.20) | 28 | (7.95) | 22 | (6.25) | ||
Delusions/hallucinations | 13 | (3.93) | 6 | (17.04) | 7 | (1.99) | ||
Depressed mood | 112 | (31.82) | 71 | (20.17) | 41 | (11.64) | ||
Substance abuse | 7 | (1.99) | 5 | (1.42) | 2 | (0.57) | ||
Suicidal ideation or attempt | 143 | (40.63) | 92 | (26.13) | 51 | (14.49) | ||
Violence | 5 | (1.42) | 1 | (0.28) | 4 | (1.14) | ||
Not reported | 17 | (4.83) | 13 | (3.69) | 4 | (1.14) | ||
Other | 5 | (1.42) | 2 | (0.57) | 3 | (0.85) | ||
Trigger event | χ2 = 25.75 (df = 5) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Couple | 148 | (42.05) | 101 | (28.69) | 47 | (13.35) | ||
Family | 59 | (16.76) | 44 | (12.50) | 15 | (4.26) | ||
Work | 69 | (19.60) | 38 | (10.79) | 31 | (8.81) | ||
Other | 53 | (15.06) | 20 | (5.68) | 33 | (9.38) | ||
Unclear | 23 | (6.53) | 16 | (4.54) | 7 | (1.99) |
Main diagnosis and medication
Sample | Women | Men | Statistics |
p
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | |||
ICD-10 Diagnosisa
| ||||||||
F30-39: Mood (affective) disorders | 253 | (72.16) | 155 | (44.03) | 98 | (27.84) | χ2 = 5.12 (df = 4) | 0.28 |
F31: Bipolar affective disorder | 18 | (5.11) | ||||||
F32: Depressive episode | 131 | (37.22) | ||||||
F33: Recurrent depressive disorder | 104 | (29.54) | ||||||
F40-F48 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders | 76 | (21.59) | 50 | (14.20) | 26 | (7.38) | ||
F40: Phobic anxiety disorders | 4 | (1.13) | ||||||
F41: Other anxiety disorders | 9 | (2.56) | ||||||
F42: Obsessive compulsive disorder | 3 | (8.52) | ||||||
F43: Reaction to severe stress | 60 | (17.05) | ||||||
Others | 23 | (6.53) | 14 | (3.98) | 9 | (2.56) | ||
F10 Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use | 3 | (0.85) | ||||||
F20 Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders; | 5 | (1.42) | ||||||
F50 Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors | 3 | (0.56) | ||||||
F60 Specific personality disorders | 11 | (3.13) | ||||||
Z73 Problems related to life - management difficulties | 1 | (0.03) | ||||||
Medication | ||||||||
None | 32 | (9.10) | 20 | (5.68) | 12 | (3.40) | χ2 = 1.35 (df = 2) | 0.51 |
Monotherapy | 61 | (17.33) | 34 | (9.65) | 27 | (7.67) | ||
Polytherapy | 259 | (73.58) | 165 | (46.87) | 94 | (26.70) |
Clinical characteristics
Variables | Sample | Women | Men | Statistics |
p
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | ||||
Psychiatric symptoms | |||||||||
BPRS-4.0 | No illnessa
| 0 | (0.00) | 0 | (0.00) | 0 | (0.00) | χ2 = 0.65 (df = 3) | 0.89 |
Mild | 6 | (1.77) | 4 | (1.17) | 2 | (0.58) | |||
Moderate | 27 | (7.95) | 15 | (4.41) | 12 | (3.52) | |||
Severe | 71 | (20.88) | 44 | (12.94) | 27 | (7.94) | |||
Extremely severe | 236 | (69.47) | 149 | (43.82) | 87 | (25.58) | |||
SCL-90-R | No distress | 10 | (3.65) | 4 | (1.45) | 6 | (2.18) | χ2 = 5.92 (df = 4) | 0.21 |
Mild | 8 | (2.92) | 6 | (2.18) | 2 | (0.73) | |||
Moderate | 16 | (5.84) | 8 | (2.92) | 8 | (2.92) | |||
Severe | 32 | (11.67) | 24 | (8.76) | 8 | (2.92) | |||
Extremely severe | 208 | (75.91) | 132 | (48.17) | 76 | (27.73) | |||
Recovery (RSQ) | Sealing over | 54 | (19.01) | 39 | (13.73) | 15 | (5.28) | χ2 = 2.78 (df = 1) | 0.10 |
Integration | 230 | (80.98) | 138 | (48.59) | 92 | (32.39) | |||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
Defenses (DSQ-40) | Mature | 5.24 | 1.31 | 5.21 | 1.32 | 5.28 | 1.32 | Z = −0.25 | 0.80 |
Neurotic | 4.66 | 1.41 | 4.67 | 1.45 | 4.65 | 1.32 | Z = −0.11 | 0.92 | |
Immature | 4.24 | 1.07 | 4.18 | 1.04 | 4.32 | 1.11 | Z = −0.54 | 0.59 | |
Global functioning (GAF) | 52.51 | 10.99 | 52.56 | 11.21 | 52.42 | 10.64 | Z = −0.58 | 0.57 |
Crisis intervention effectiveness
Dropouts
Missing data at discharge
Intake | Discharge | Statistics Wilcoxon Z value | N |
p
| Effect size | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |||||
Psychiatric Symptoms | ||||||||
BPRS-4.0 | ||||||||
Reality distortion | 1.80 | (0.80) | 1.53 | (0.73) | −3.86 | 137 | 0.001* | 0.33 |
Activation | 1.42 | (0.68) | 1.33 | (0.56) | −1.56 | 137 | 0.119 | 0.13 |
Apathy | 1.52 | (0.55) | 1.36 | (0.45) | −3.55 | 137 | 0.004 | 0.30 |
Mood disturbance | 3.41 | (0.78) | 2.45 | (0.83) | −8.73 | 137 | < 0.001* | 0.74 |
Disorganization | 1.16 | (0.34) | 1.08 | (0.23) | −2.66 | 137 | 0.007 | 0.22 |
Somatization | 2.06 | (0.76) | 1.63 | (0.60) | −5.74 | 137 | < 0.001* | 0.49 |
SCL-90-R | ||||||||
Somatization | 1.40 | (0.89) | 0.92 | (0.94) | −6.10 | 123 | < 0.001* | 0.55 |
Obsession compulsion | 1.82 | (0.84) | 1.21 | (0.96) | −6.83 | 123 | < 0.001* | 0.62 |
Interpersonal vulnerability | 1.38 | (0.92) | 0.99 | (0.94) | −5.87 | 123 | < 0.001* | 0.53 |
Depression | 2.13 | (0.83) | 1.30 | (0.95) | −7.84 | 123 | < 0.001* | 0.71 |
Anxiety | 1.52 | (0.83) | 0.93 | (0.86) | −7.18 | 123 | < 0.001* | 0.65 |
Hostility | 0.98 | (0.87) | 0.58 | (0.69) | −5.70 | 123 | < 0.001* | 0.52 |
Phobic anxiety | 0.97 | (0.83) | 0.68 | (0.85) | −4.42 | 123 | < 0.001* | 0.40 |
Paranoid | 1.38 | (0.95) | 1.00 | (0.93) | −5.67 | 123 | < 0.001* | 0.52 |
Psychoticism | 0.82 | (0.61) | 0.58 | (0.66) | −5.32 | 123 | < 0.001* | 0.49 |
Defense mechanisms | ||||||||
DSQ-40 | ||||||||
Mature | 5.31 | (1.30) | 5.81 | (1.49) | −2.98 | 71 | 0.004 | 0.36 |
Neurotic | 4.55 | (1.41) | 4.37 | (1.14) | −1.14 | 71 | 0.260 | 0.14 |
Immature | 4.17 | (1.03) | 3.83 | (0.93) | −3.24 | 71 | 0.001* | 0.39 |
Recovery Style | ||||||||
RSQ | 63.31 | (17.15) | 70.70 | (15.44) | −4.79 | 108 | < 0.001* | 0.47 |
Global functioning | ||||||||
GAF | 52.46 | (11.07) | 63.00 | (12.74) | −6.78 | 106 | < 0.001* | 0.66 |
Length of intervention
Intake vs discharge results comparisons
Effect sizes
Reliability Change Index (RCI)
Deteriorated | Undetermined | Improved | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | |
Psychiatric symptoms | ||||||
BPRS-4.0 | ||||||
Reality distortion | 5 | (3.65) | 132 | (96.35) | 0 | (0.00) |
Activation | 5 | (3.65) | 122 | (89.05) | 10 | (7.30) |
Apathy | 3 | (2.19) | 124 | (90.51) | 10 | (7.30) |
Mood disturbance | 5 | (3.65) | 62 | (45.26) | 70 | (51.09) |
Disorganization | 11 | (8.03) | 123 | (89.78) | 3 | (2.19) |
Somatization | 3 | (2.19) | 110 | (80.29) | 24 | (17.52) |
SCL-90-R | ||||||
Somatization | 15 | (12.20) | 70 | (56.91) | 38 | (30.89) |
Obsession compulsion | 1 | (0.81) | 79 | (64.23) | 43 | (34.96) |
Interpersonal vulnerability | 5 | (4.07) | 79 | (64.23) | 39 | (31.71) |
Depression | 8 | (6.50) | 51 | (41.46) | 64 | (52.03) |
Anxiety | 3 | (2.59) | 64 | (55.17) | 49 | (42.24) |
Hostility | 2 | (1.77) | 77 | (68.14) | 34 | (30.09) |
Phobic anxiety | 7 | (5.69) | 95 | (77.24) | 21 | (17.07) |
Paranoid | 1 | (0.81) | 99 | (80.49) | 23 | (18.07) |
Psychoticism | 3 | (2.65) | 61 | (53.98) | 49 | (43.36) |
Defense mechanisms | ||||||
DSQ-40 | ||||||
Mature | 5 | (7.04) | 44 | (64.79) | 20 | (28.17) |
Neurotic | 13 | (18.31) | 46 | (67.61) | 10 | (14.08) |
Immature | 13 | (18.31) | 50 | (73.24) | 6 | (8.45) |
Recovery Style | ||||||
RSQ | 7 | (6.48) | 55 | (58.33) | 38 | (35.19) |
Global functioning | ||||||
GAF | 4 | (3.70) | 65 | (60.19) | 39 | (36.11) |