Background
Study objectives
Methods
Study design and setting
Subjects
Sociodemographic data and physical characteristics
Assessment instruments
The European Organization for Research and Treatment of cancer (EORTC) Core quality of life questionnaire (QLQ-C30)
Somatic symptom severity scale of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-15)
Depression scale of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Anxiety scale (GAD-7)
Health-related anxiety (WI-7)
The brief illness perception questionnaire (BIPQ)
Sense of coherence (SOC-9)
Statistical analyses
Results
Study sample
Sociodemographic characteristics
Variable | Total
N = 254 | EORTC global score Pearson correlation | t-value (df) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
Mean, years (SD) | 49.84 (10.10) | .105 | 1.66 (247) | .098 |
Variable | Total N (%) | EORTC global score Mean (SD) | F-value (df) | p-value |
Health insurance | ||||
Yes | 215 (86.7%) | 56.61 (25.61) | 0.075 | .785 |
No | 33 (13.3%) | 55.30 (25.67) | (1.244) | |
Residence | ||||
Urban | 213 (85.9%) | 56.57 (25.21) | 0.035 | .852 |
Rural | 35 (14.1%) | 55.71 (25.23) | (1.246) | |
Marital status | ||||
Single | 8 (3.2%) | 60.42 (25.49) | 1.283 | .277 |
Married | 229 (90.9%) | 56.15 (25.28) | (5.247) | |
Married but separated | 3 (1.2%) | 77.78 (20.97) | ||
Divorced | 7 (2.8%) | 44.05 (25.78) | ||
Widowed | 5 (2.0%) | 68.33 (29.11) | ||
Life situation | ||||
Alone | 13 (5.2%) | 51.92 (27.04) | 2.774b
| .028 |
With partner | 72 (28.6%) | 61.23 (22.95) | (4.245) | |
Alone with children | 15 (6.0%) | 70.56 (27.61) | ||
With partner and children | 134 (53.2%) | 53.67 (24.85) | ||
With parents | 16 (6.3%) | 48.96 (28.03) | ||
Other | 2 (0.8%) | 54.17 (64.82) | ||
Family Income (monthly) | ||||
Low (under 4000 RMBa)
| 131 (53.0%) | 55.41 (26.67) | 3.804 | .024 |
Middle (4000–8000 RMB) | 80 (32.4%) | 62.19 (23.83) | (2.244) | |
High (above 8000 RMB) | 36 (14.6%) | 48.84 (22.81) | ||
Employment | ||||
Employed | 87 (35.4%) | 47.99 (26.53) | 5.600b
| .001* |
Unemployed | 31 (12.6%) | 61.02 (20.79) | (3.240) | |
Retired | 113 (45.9%) | 61.80 (24.13) | ||
Homemaker | 13 (5.3%) | 58.33 (22.82) | ||
Student | 1 (0.4%) | 83.33 (−) | ||
Other | 1 (0.4%) | 0.00 (−) | ||
Education | ||||
Elementary school | 14 (5.7%) | 51.79 (25.36) | 2.284 | .080 |
Middle school | 53 (21.5%) | 59.75 (27.09) | (3.243) | |
High school | 89 (36.0%) | 60.49 (24.41) | ||
University degree | 91 (36.4%) | 51.74 (24.74) |
EORTC descriptive statistics
Effective N | M (SD) | Pearson correlation with EORTC global score | |
---|---|---|---|
EORTC | |||
Global Score | 253 | 56.32 (25.42) | |
Role Functioning Score | 247 | 68.92 (31.44) | .424*** |
Social Functioning Score | 251 | 60.05 (31.71) | .521*** |
Cognitive Functioning Score | 244 | 73.37 (22.02) | .391*** |
Emotional Functioning Score | 251 | 74.66 (21.71) | .443*** |
Physical Functioning Score | 252 | 72.82 (21.62) | .411*** |
Fatigue Score | 242 | 40.50 (24.58) | −.614*** |
Pain Score | 245 | 29.86 (25.08) | −.478*** |
Nausea & Vomiting Score | 252 | 16.07 (24.28) | −.425*** |
Item dyspnea | 250 | 20.00 (23.14) | −.307*** |
Item insomnia | 248 | 33.60 (30.88) | −.266*** |
Item appetite loss | 252 | 26.72 (31.77) | −.468*** |
Item constipation | 254 | 24.02 (30.16) | −.325*** |
Item diarrhea | 251 | 11.02 (21.25) | −.107 |
Item financial difficulties | 254 | 48.16 (39.25) | −.199** |
Clinical data and the EORTC global score
N (%) | M (SD) | F (df1, df2) |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer stage | ||||
Stage 0 | 2 (0.8%) | 83.33 (23.57) | 1.287 (5.247) | .270 |
Stage 1 | 38 (15.0%) | 57.24 (26.44) | ||
Stage 2 | 105 (41.5%) | 56.35 (25.59) | ||
Stage 3 | 28 (11.1%) | 53.27 (22.71) | ||
Stage 4 | 24 (9.5%) | 47.92 (26.72) | ||
Stage unknown | 56 (22.1%) | 59.82 (24.77) | ||
Chemo | ||||
No | 27 (10.7%) | 66.67 (28.50) | 5.086 (1.251) | .025 |
Yes | 226 (89.3%) | 55.09 (24.81) | ||
Radiology | ||||
No | 151 (59.7%) | 57.73 (25.82) | 1.140 (1.251) | .287 |
Yes | 102 (40.3%) | 54.25 (24.79) | ||
Surgery | ||||
No | 26 (10.3%) | 56.09 (24.22) | 0,002 (1.2651) | .961 |
Yes | 227 (89.7%) | 56.35 (25.42) |
Effective N | Mean (SD) | Pearson correlation with EORTC global score | |
---|---|---|---|
Depression (PHQ-9) | 252 | 7.39 (5.80) | −.488*** |
Anxiety (GAD-7) | 252 | 4.87 (4.77) | −.439*** |
Health-related anxiety (WI-7) | 253 | 4.29 (2.07) | −.398*** |
Brief IPQ (total score) | 251 | 37.00 (12.46) | −.411*** |
PHQ-15 | 253 | 8.40 (4.97) | −.391*** |
Sense of coherence (SOC) | 253 | 45.55 (9.73) | .371 *** |
Karnofsky index | 234 | 90.95 (7.55) | .211** |
Canonical correlation
Variable EORTC | Coefficient (SE) | t-value (p) | Other variable | Coefficient (SE) | t-value (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension 1 CC = .7802 | |||||
Global Score | −0.005 (0.003) | −1.65 (.101) |
PHQ-15
|
0.085 (0.013)
|
6.77 (<.001)
|
Physical Functioning | −0.004 (0.004) | −1.13 (.260) | PHQ-9 | 0.009 (0.013) | 0.70 (.486) |
Role Functioning | −0.003 (0.003) | −1.08 (.281) | GAD-7 | −0.010 (0.013) | −0.73 (.466) |
Emotional Functioning
|
−0.016 (0.003)
|
−4.88 (<.001)
| WI-7 | 0.040 (.035) | 1.15 (.250) |
Cognitive Functioning | −0.002 (0.003) | −0.61 (.543) |
BIPQ
|
0.036 (0.006)
|
6.41 (<.001)
|
Social Functioning
|
−0.008 (0.002)
|
−3.23 (.001)
|
SOC-9
|
−0.035 (0.007)
|
−5.23 (<.001)
|
Fatigue | 0.006(0.004) | 1.49 (.138) | Karnofsky | −0.000 (0.000) | −1.15 (.251) |
Pain | 0.004 (0.003) | 1.39 (.165) | |||
Nausea/vomiting
|
0.008 (0.003)
|
2.68 (.008)
| |||
Dimension 2 CC = .5627 | |||||
Global Score | 0.009 (0.006) | 1.60 (.110) |
PHQ-15
|
0.065 (0.023)
|
2.81 (.005)
|
Physical Functioning | −0.006 (0.007) | −0.89 (.373) |
PHQ-9
|
0.186 (0.024)
|
7.74 (<.001)
|
Role Functioning | 0.009 (0.005) | 1.95 (.052) |
GAD-7
|
−0.185 (0.024)
|
−7.67 (<.001)
|
Emotional Functioning
|
0.046 (0.006)
|
7.51 (<.001)
| WI-7 | −0.006 (.063) | −0.10 (.919) |
Cognitive Functioning | −0.010 (0.006) | −1.58 (.115) | BIPQ | −0.011 (0.010) | −1.10 (.274) |
Social Functioning | −0.006 (0.004) | −1.32 (.188) |
SOC-9
|
0.041 (0.012)
|
3.36 (.001)
|
Fatigue
|
0.029 (0.007)
|
4.14 (<.001)
| Karnofsky | −0.000 (0.000) | 1.08 (.281) |
Pain | 0.006 (0.005) | 1.15 (.250) | |||
Nausea/vomiting
| 0.008 (0.005) | 1.45 (.149) | |||
Dimension 3 CC = .4476 | |||||
Global Score | −0.003 (0.008) | −0.39 (.699) |
PHQ-15
|
0.148 (0.031)
|
4.70 (<.001)
|
Physical Functioning
|
0.025 (0.010)
|
2.60 (.010)
|
PHQ-9
|
−0.100 (0.033)
|
−3.07 (.002)
|
Role Functioning | 0.007 (0.006) | 1.14 (.256) |
GAD-7
|
0.103 (0.033)
|
3.13 (.002)
|
Emotional Functioning | −0.003 (0.008) | −0.34 (.735) | WI-7 | 0.167 (.086) | 1.94 (.054) |
Cognitive Functioning | −0.009 (0.008) | −1.06 (.291) |
BIPQ
|
−0.067 (0.014)
|
−4.82 (<.001)
|
Social Functioning
|
0.026 (0.006)
|
4.44 (<.001)
| SOC-9 | −0.014 (0.016) | −0.83 (.406) |
Fatigue | 0.003 (0.010) | 0.26 (.795) | Karnofsky | 0.000 (0.001) | 0.51 (.608) |
Pain
|
0.029 (0.007)
|
4.06 (<.001)
| |||
Nausea/vomiting
|
0.022 (0.007)
|
3.11 (.002)
|