Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Die Ophthalmologie 7/2009

01.07.2009 | Leitthema

Emotionale Tränen

verfasst von: PD Dr. E.M. Messmer

Erschienen in: Die Ophthalmologie | Ausgabe 7/2009

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Emotionale Tränen, ein ausschließlich menschliches Kommunikationsmittel, sind höchst komplex und wenig erforscht. Für die Produktion werden wahrscheinlich die gleichen Nerven,- Rezeptor,- und Transmitterstrukturen benutzt wie für basale und reflektorische Tränen. Jedoch müssen zunächst Stimuli in einem kognitiven/sozialen Kontext empfangen und von „Induktionszentren“ im Telencephalon detektiert werden, um an Effektorzentren weitergeleitet zu werden. Erhöhte Proteinkonzentrationen, Prolaktinwerte, Mangan-, Kalium- sowie Serotoninwerte zeichnen emotionale Tränen aus. Unterschiedliche Theorien versuchen den Sinn und Nutzen emotionaler Tränen zu erklären. Mannigfaltige Einflüsse wie ethnische Zugehörigkeit, sozialer Status, Beruf, Hormonsituation und Geschlecht sowie die individuelle Reizschwelle entscheiden, ob ein Mensch in die Gruppe der „Weiner“ oder der „Nichtweiner“ gehört. Manipulative Tränen sind eine starke Waffen, um Menschen aus dem Gleichgewicht zu bringen. Der Begriff „Krokodilstränen“ wird sowohl für manipulative Tränen als auch für Tränen im Rahmen einer aberranten gustolakrimalen Tränenproduktion benutzt. Krankhaftes Weinen tritt im Rahmen von Depressionen auf und als prolongierte Weinkrämpfe ohne Anlass und Emotion im Rahmen einer ZNS-Erkrankung. Fehlendes emotionales Weinen wird bei kongenitalen, meist syndromalen Fehlbildungen beobachtet.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Aisaka K, Mori H, Ogawa T, Kigawa T (1985) Effects of mother-infant interaction on maternal milk secretion and dynamics of maternal serum prolactin levels in puerperium. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi 37:713–720PubMed Aisaka K, Mori H, Ogawa T, Kigawa T (1985) Effects of mother-infant interaction on maternal milk secretion and dynamics of maternal serum prolactin levels in puerperium. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi 37:713–720PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Axelsson A, Laage-Hellman JE (1962) The gusto-lachrymal reflex. The syndrome of crocodile tears. Acta Otolaryngol 54:239–254PubMedCrossRef Axelsson A, Laage-Hellman JE (1962) The gusto-lachrymal reflex. The syndrome of crocodile tears. Acta Otolaryngol 54:239–254PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Becht M, Vingerhoets AJ (1997) Why we cry and how it affects mood. Psychosom Med 59:92 Becht M, Vingerhoets AJ (1997) Why we cry and how it affects mood. Psychosom Med 59:92
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Bennett MP, Lengacher C (2007) Humor and laughter may influence health IV. Humor and immune function. Evid Based Complement Altern Med Bennett MP, Lengacher C (2007) Humor and laughter may influence health IV. Humor and immune function. Evid Based Complement Altern Med
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bogorad FA (1979) The symptom of crocodile tears. F. A. Bogorad. Introduction and translation by Austin Seckersen. J Hist Med Allied Sci 34:74–79PubMedCrossRef Bogorad FA (1979) The symptom of crocodile tears. F. A. Bogorad. Introduction and translation by Austin Seckersen. J Hist Med Allied Sci 34:74–79PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Brodsky MC, Fray KJ (1998) Brainstem hypoplasia in the Wildervanck (cervico-oculo-acoustic) syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 116:383–385PubMed Brodsky MC, Fray KJ (1998) Brainstem hypoplasia in the Wildervanck (cervico-oculo-acoustic) syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 116:383–385PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunish R (1957) The protein components of human tears. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 57:554–556PubMed Brunish R (1957) The protein components of human tears. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 57:554–556PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Cantu RC, Drew JH (1966) Pathological laughing and crying associated with a tumor ventral to the pons. Case report. J Neurosurg 24:1024–1026PubMedCrossRef Cantu RC, Drew JH (1966) Pathological laughing and crying associated with a tumor ventral to the pons. Case report. J Neurosurg 24:1024–1026PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Cornelius RR (2001) Crying and catharsis. In: Vingerhoets AJ, Cornelius RR (eds) Adult Crying. Psychology Press, London, pp 199–212 Cornelius RR (2001) Crying and catharsis. In: Vingerhoets AJ, Cornelius RR (eds) Adult Crying. Psychology Press, London, pp 199–212
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahl H, Dahl C (1985) Hydrogen ion concentration of tear fluid in newborn infants. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 63:692–694 Dahl H, Dahl C (1985) Hydrogen ion concentration of tear fluid in newborn infants. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 63:692–694
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A et al (2000) Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nat Neurosci 3:1049–1056PubMedCrossRef Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A et al (2000) Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nat Neurosci 3:1049–1056PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Dartt DA (1994) Regulation of tear secretion. Adv Exp Med Biol 350:1–9PubMed Dartt DA (1994) Regulation of tear secretion. Adv Exp Med Biol 350:1–9PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Darwin C (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. John Murray, London Darwin C (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. John Murray, London
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Delp MJ, Sackeim HA (1987) Effects of mood on lacrimal flow: sex differences and asymmetry. Psychophysiology 24:550–556PubMedCrossRef Delp MJ, Sackeim HA (1987) Effects of mood on lacrimal flow: sex differences and asymmetry. Psychophysiology 24:550–556PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Ding C, Walcott B, Keyser KT (2003) Sympathetic neural control of the mouse lacrimal gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:1513–1520PubMedCrossRef Ding C, Walcott B, Keyser KT (2003) Sympathetic neural control of the mouse lacrimal gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:1513–1520PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Efran JS, Spangler TJ (1979) Why grown-ups cry: a two factor theory and evidence from The miracle worker. Motiv Emotion 3:63–72CrossRef Efran JS, Spangler TJ (1979) Why grown-ups cry: a two factor theory and evidence from The miracle worker. Motiv Emotion 3:63–72CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Feinstein A, Feinstein K, Gray T, O’Connor P (1997) Prevalence and neurobehavioral correlates of pathological laughing and crying in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 54:1116–1121PubMed Feinstein A, Feinstein K, Gray T, O’Connor P (1997) Prevalence and neurobehavioral correlates of pathological laughing and crying in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 54:1116–1121PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Frey WH (1985) Crying. The mystery of tears. Winston Press, Minneapolis Frey WH (1985) Crying. The mystery of tears. Winston Press, Minneapolis
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Frey WH, Sota-Johnson D, Hoffman C, McCall JT (1981) Effect of stimulus on the chemical composition of human tears. Am J Ophthalmol 92:559–567PubMed Frey WH, Sota-Johnson D, Hoffman C, McCall JT (1981) Effect of stimulus on the chemical composition of human tears. Am J Ophthalmol 92:559–567PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Fullard RJ (1988) Identification of proteins in small tear volumes with and without size exclusion HPLC fractionation. Curr Eye Res 7:163–179PubMedCrossRef Fullard RJ (1988) Identification of proteins in small tear volumes with and without size exclusion HPLC fractionation. Curr Eye Res 7:163–179PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Fullard RJ, Snyder C (1990) Protein levels in nonstimulated and stimulated tears of normal human subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:1119–1126PubMed Fullard RJ, Snyder C (1990) Protein levels in nonstimulated and stimulated tears of normal human subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:1119–1126PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Fullard RJ, Tucker DL (1991) Changes in human tear protein levels with progressively increasing stimulus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:2290–2301PubMed Fullard RJ, Tucker DL (1991) Changes in human tear protein levels with progressively increasing stimulus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32:2290–2301PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Gachon AM, Richard J, Dastugue B (1982) Human tears: normal protein pattern and individual protein determinations in adults. Curr Eye Res 2:301–308PubMedCrossRef Gachon AM, Richard J, Dastugue B (1982) Human tears: normal protein pattern and individual protein determinations in adults. Curr Eye Res 2:301–308PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbard JP, Rossi SR, Heyda KG, Dartt DA (1990) Stimulation of tear secretion by topical agents that increase cyclic nucleotide levels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:1381–1388PubMed Gilbard JP, Rossi SR, Heyda KG, Dartt DA (1990) Stimulation of tear secretion by topical agents that increase cyclic nucleotide levels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:1381–1388PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Gross JJ, Frederickson BL, Levenson RW (1994) The psychophysiology of crying. Psychophysiology 31:460–468PubMedCrossRef Gross JJ, Frederickson BL, Levenson RW (1994) The psychophysiology of crying. Psychophysiology 31:460–468PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Guirgis MF, Wong AM, Tychsen L (2002) Congenital restrictive external ophthalmoplegia and gustatory epiphora associated with fetal isotretinoin toxicity. Arch Ophthalmol 120:1094–1095PubMed Guirgis MF, Wong AM, Tychsen L (2002) Congenital restrictive external ophthalmoplegia and gustatory epiphora associated with fetal isotretinoin toxicity. Arch Ophthalmol 120:1094–1095PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Hastrup JL, Baker JG, Kraemer DL, Bornstein RF (1986) Crying and depression among older adults. Gerontologist 26:91–96PubMed Hastrup JL, Baker JG, Kraemer DL, Bornstein RF (1986) Crying and depression among older adults. Gerontologist 26:91–96PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Heiligenhaus A (2007) Anatomie und Physiologie der Tränendrüse. In: Messmer EM (Hrsg) Diagnose und Therapie des Trockenen Auges. UNI-MED, Bremen, S 13–18 Heiligenhaus A (2007) Anatomie und Physiologie der Tränendrüse. In: Messmer EM (Hrsg) Diagnose und Therapie des Trockenen Auges. UNI-MED, Bremen, S 13–18
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Holzberg N (2000) Ovid „Liebeskunst. Ars Amatoria“. Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf Holzberg N (2000) Ovid „Liebeskunst. Ars Amatoria“. Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Horsten M, Becht M, Vingerhoets A (1997) Crying and menstrual cycle. Psychosom Med 59:102–103 Horsten M, Becht M, Vingerhoets A (1997) Crying and menstrual cycle. Psychosom Med 59:102–103
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Ishii H, Nagashima M, Tanno M et al (2003) Does being easily moved to tears as a response to psychological stress reflect response to treatment and the general prognosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Clin Exp Rheumatol 21:611–616PubMed Ishii H, Nagashima M, Tanno M et al (2003) Does being easily moved to tears as a response to psychological stress reflect response to treatment and the general prognosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Clin Exp Rheumatol 21:611–616PubMed
32.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Kimata H (2006) Emotion with tears decreases allergic responses to latex in atopic eczema patients with latex allergy. J Psychosom Res 61:67–69PubMedCrossRef Kimata H (2006) Emotion with tears decreases allergic responses to latex in atopic eczema patients with latex allergy. J Psychosom Res 61:67–69PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Kottler JA (1997) Die Sprache der Tränen. Diana, München Kottler JA (1997) Die Sprache der Tränen. Diana, München
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Kraemer DL, Hastrup JL (1986) Crying in natural settings: global estimates, self-monitored frequencies, depression and sex differences in an undergraduate population. Behav Res Ther 24:371–373PubMedCrossRef Kraemer DL, Hastrup JL (1986) Crying in natural settings: global estimates, self-monitored frequencies, depression and sex differences in an undergraduate population. Behav Res Ther 24:371–373PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Kropiunigg U (2003) Indianer weinen nicht. Kösel, München Kropiunigg U (2003) Indianer weinen nicht. Kösel, München
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Labott SM, Ahleman S, Wolever ME, Martin RB (1990) The physiological and psychological effects of the expression and inhibition of emotion. Behav Med 16:182–189PubMed Labott SM, Ahleman S, Wolever ME, Martin RB (1990) The physiological and psychological effects of the expression and inhibition of emotion. Behav Med 16:182–189PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Lawrenson JG, Birhah R, Murphy PJ (2005) Tear-film lipid layer morphology and corneal sensation in the development of blinking in neonates and infants. J Anat 206:265–270PubMedCrossRef Lawrenson JG, Birhah R, Murphy PJ (2005) Tear-film lipid layer morphology and corneal sensation in the development of blinking in neonates and infants. J Anat 206:265–270PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Lovell DM, Hemmings G, Hill AB (1993) Bereavement reactions of female Scots and Swazis: a preliminary comparison. Br J Med Psychol 66(Pt 3):259–274PubMed Lovell DM, Hemmings G, Hill AB (1993) Bereavement reactions of female Scots and Swazis: a preliminary comparison. Br J Med Psychol 66(Pt 3):259–274PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Lutz T (2000) Tränen vergiessen. Über die Kunst zu weinen. Europa, Hamburg Lutz T (2000) Tränen vergiessen. Über die Kunst zu weinen. Europa, Hamburg
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin XD, Brennan MC (1994) Serotonin in human tears. Eur J Ophthalmol 4:159–165PubMed Martin XD, Brennan MC (1994) Serotonin in human tears. Eur J Ophthalmol 4:159–165PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathers WD, Lane JA, Zimmerman MB (1996) Tear film changes associated with normal aging. Cornea 15:229–234PubMedCrossRef Mathers WD, Lane JA, Zimmerman MB (1996) Tear film changes associated with normal aging. Cornea 15:229–234PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat McCoy FJ, Goodman RC (1979) The crocodile tear syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 63:58–62PubMed McCoy FJ, Goodman RC (1979) The crocodile tear syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 63:58–62PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller MT, Stromland K, Ventura L (2008) Congenital aberrant tearing: a re-look. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 106:100–115PubMed Miller MT, Stromland K, Ventura L (2008) Congenital aberrant tearing: a re-look. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 106:100–115PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller NR (1985) Anatomy, Physiology and Testing of normal lacrimal secretion. In: Tansill BC (ed) Walsh and Hoyt’s clinical neuro-ophthalmology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 458–556 Miller NR (1985) Anatomy, Physiology and Testing of normal lacrimal secretion. In: Tansill BC (ed) Walsh and Hoyt’s clinical neuro-ophthalmology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 458–556
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Minn D, Christmann D, De Saint-Martin A et al (2002) Further clinical and sensorial delineation of Schinzel-Giedion syndrome: report of two cases. Am J Med Genet A 109:211–217CrossRef Minn D, Christmann D, De Saint-Martin A et al (2002) Further clinical and sensorial delineation of Schinzel-Giedion syndrome: report of two cases. Am J Med Genet A 109:211–217CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Mircheff AK (1989) Lacrimal fluid and electrolyte secretion: a review. Curr Eye Res 8:607–617PubMedCrossRef Mircheff AK (1989) Lacrimal fluid and electrolyte secretion: a review. Curr Eye Res 8:607–617PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Montagu A (1959) Natural selection and the origin and evolution of weeping in man. Science 130:1572–1573PubMedCrossRef Montagu A (1959) Natural selection and the origin and evolution of weeping in man. Science 130:1572–1573PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Mori H, Mori K (2007) A test of the passive facial feedback hypothesis: we feel sorry because we cry. Percept Mot Skills 105:1242–1244PubMedCrossRef Mori H, Mori K (2007) A test of the passive facial feedback hypothesis: we feel sorry because we cry. Percept Mot Skills 105:1242–1244PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Morley JK (1937) Some things I believe. Macmillan Publishers, London Morley JK (1937) Some things I believe. Macmillan Publishers, London
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Moss H, Damasio AR (2001) Emotion, cognition and the human brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 935:98–100PubMedCrossRef Moss H, Damasio AR (2001) Emotion, cognition and the human brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 935:98–100PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Murube J, Murube L, Murube A (1999) Origin and types of emotional tearing. Eur J Ophthalmol 9:77–84PubMed Murube J, Murube L, Murube A (1999) Origin and types of emotional tearing. Eur J Ophthalmol 9:77–84PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Parvizi J, Anderson SW, Martin CO et al (2001) Pathological laughter and crying: a link to the cerebellum. Brain 124:1708–1719PubMedCrossRef Parvizi J, Anderson SW, Martin CO et al (2001) Pathological laughter and crying: a link to the cerebellum. Brain 124:1708–1719PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel V (1993) Crying behavior and psychiatric disorder in adults: a review. Compr Psychiatry 34:206–211PubMedCrossRef Patel V (1993) Crying behavior and psychiatric disorder in adults: a review. Compr Psychiatry 34:206–211PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Phan KL, Wager TD, Taylor SF, Liberzon I (2004) Functional neuroimaging studies of human emotions. CNS Spectr 9:258–266PubMed Phan KL, Wager TD, Taylor SF, Liberzon I (2004) Functional neuroimaging studies of human emotions. CNS Spectr 9:258–266PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Rohatgi J, Gupta VP, Mittal S, Faridi MM (2005) Onset and pattern of tear secretions in full-term neonates. Orbit 24:231–238PubMedCrossRef Rohatgi J, Gupta VP, Mittal S, Faridi MM (2005) Onset and pattern of tear secretions in full-term neonates. Orbit 24:231–238PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Sack RA, Beaton A, Sathe S et al (2000) Towards a closed eye model of the pre-ocular tear layer. Prog Retin Eye Res 19:649–668PubMedCrossRef Sack RA, Beaton A, Sathe S et al (2000) Towards a closed eye model of the pre-ocular tear layer. Prog Retin Eye Res 19:649–668PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Sariri R, Ghafoori H (2008) Tear proteins in health, disease and contact lens wear. Biochemistry (Mosc) 73:381–392 Sariri R, Ghafoori H (2008) Tear proteins in health, disease and contact lens wear. Biochemistry (Mosc) 73:381–392
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Snir M, xer-Siegel R, Bourla D et al (2002) Tactile corneal reflex development in full-term babies. Ophthalmology 109:526–529PubMedCrossRef Snir M, xer-Siegel R, Bourla D et al (2002) Tactile corneal reflex development in full-term babies. Ophthalmology 109:526–529PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Solter AJ (1998) Warum Babys weinen. Kösel, München Solter AJ (1998) Warum Babys weinen. Kösel, München
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Stern ME, Gao J, Siemasko KF et al (2004) The role of the lacrimal functional unit in the pathophysiology of dry eye. Exp Eye Res 78:409–416PubMedCrossRef Stern ME, Gao J, Siemasko KF et al (2004) The role of the lacrimal functional unit in the pathophysiology of dry eye. Exp Eye Res 78:409–416PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Toker E, Yenice O, Ogut MS et al (2002) Tear production during the neonatal period. Am J Ophthalmol 133:746–749PubMedCrossRef Toker E, Yenice O, Ogut MS et al (2002) Tear production during the neonatal period. Am J Ophthalmol 133:746–749PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat van Haeringen NJ, Glasius E (1976) The origin of some enzymes in tear fluid, determined by comparative investigation with two collection methods. Exp Eye Res 22:267–272CrossRef van Haeringen NJ, Glasius E (1976) The origin of some enzymes in tear fluid, determined by comparative investigation with two collection methods. Exp Eye Res 22:267–272CrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat van Tilburg MA, Becht MC, Vingerhoets AJ (2003) Self-reported crying during the menstrual cycle: sign of discomfort and emotional turmoil or erroneous beliefs? J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 24:247–255CrossRef van Tilburg MA, Becht MC, Vingerhoets AJ (2003) Self-reported crying during the menstrual cycle: sign of discomfort and emotional turmoil or erroneous beliefs? J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 24:247–255CrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Vingerhoets AJ, Assies J, Poppelaars K (1992) Prolactin and weeping. Int J Psychoanal 39:81–82 Vingerhoets AJ, Assies J, Poppelaars K (1992) Prolactin and weeping. Int J Psychoanal 39:81–82
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Vingerhoets AJ, Cornelius RR, van Heck GL, Becht ML (2000) Adult crying: A model and review of the literature. Rev Gen Psychol 4:354–377CrossRef Vingerhoets AJ, Cornelius RR, van Heck GL, Becht ML (2000) Adult crying: A model and review of the literature. Rev Gen Psychol 4:354–377CrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Vucicevic-Boras V, Juras D, Gruden-Pokupec JS, Vidovic A (2003) Oral manifestations of triple A syndrome. Eur J Med Res 8:318–320PubMed Vucicevic-Boras V, Juras D, Gruden-Pokupec JS, Vidovic A (2003) Oral manifestations of triple A syndrome. Eur J Med Res 8:318–320PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Wagner RE, Hexel M, Bauer WW, Kropiunigg U (1997) Crying in hospitals: a survey of doctors’, nurses‘ and medical students‘ experience and attitudes. Med J Aust 166:13–16PubMed Wagner RE, Hexel M, Bauer WW, Kropiunigg U (1997) Crying in hospitals: a survey of doctors’, nurses‘ and medical students‘ experience and attitudes. Med J Aust 166:13–16PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Walter S, Behrens-Baumann W (2007) Zusammensetzung des Tränenfilms. In: Messmer EM (Hrsg) Diagnose und Therapie des Trockenen Auges. UNI-MED, Bremen, S 32–37 Walter S, Behrens-Baumann W (2007) Zusammensetzung des Tränenfilms. In: Messmer EM (Hrsg) Diagnose und Therapie des Trockenen Auges. UNI-MED, Bremen, S 32–37
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood EC, Wood CD (1984) Tearfulness: a psychoanalytic interpretation. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 32:117–136PubMedCrossRef Wood EC, Wood CD (1984) Tearfulness: a psychoanalytic interpretation. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 32:117–136PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Emotionale Tränen
verfasst von
PD Dr. E.M. Messmer
Publikationsdatum
01.07.2009
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Die Ophthalmologie / Ausgabe 7/2009
Print ISSN: 2731-720X
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7218
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-009-1966-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2009

Die Ophthalmologie 7/2009 Zur Ausgabe

Einführung zum Thema

Die Wissenschaft vom Weinen

Neu im Fachgebiet Augenheilkunde

Update Augenheilkunde

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.