14. Endokrinologie

Zurück zum Zitat Andersen SL, Olsen J, Wu CS, Laurberg P (2014) Spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and hyperthyroidism: a danish population-based study. Eur Thyroid J 3: 164–167CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Andersen SL, Olsen J, Wu CS, Laurberg P (2014) Spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and hyperthyroidism: a danish population-based study. Eur Thyroid J 3: 164–167CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Angioni S, Sanna S, Magnini R, Melis GB, Fulghesu AM (2011) The quantitative insulin sensitivity check index is not able to detect early metabolic alterations in young patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 27: 468–474CrossRefPubMed Angioni S, Sanna S, Magnini R, Melis GB, Fulghesu AM (2011) The quantitative insulin sensitivity check index is not able to detect early metabolic alterations in young patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 27: 468–474CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Anselmo J, Cao D, Karrison T, Weiss RE, Refetoff S (2004) Fetal loss associated with excess thyroid hormone exposure. JAMA 292: 691–695CrossRefPubMed Anselmo J, Cao D, Karrison T, Weiss RE, Refetoff S (2004) Fetal loss associated with excess thyroid hormone exposure. JAMA 292: 691–695CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Artini PG, Uccelli A, Papini F, Simi G, Di Berardino OM, Ruggiero M, Cela V (2013) Infertility and pregnancy loss in euthyroid women with thyroid autoimmunity. Gynecol Endocrinol 29: 36–41CrossRefPubMed Artini PG, Uccelli A, Papini F, Simi G, Di Berardino OM, Ruggiero M, Cela V (2013) Infertility and pregnancy loss in euthyroid women with thyroid autoimmunity. Gynecol Endocrinol 29: 36–41CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Bernardi LA, Cohen RN, Stephenson MD (2013) Impact of subclinical hypothyroidism in women with recurrent early pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 100: 1326–1331CrossRefPubMed Bernardi LA, Cohen RN, Stephenson MD (2013) Impact of subclinical hypothyroidism in women with recurrent early pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 100: 1326–1331CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Bonney RC, Franks S (1990) The endocrinology of implantation and early pregnancy. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 4: 207–231CrossRefPubMed Bonney RC, Franks S (1990) The endocrinology of implantation and early pregnancy. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 4: 207–231CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Bussen S, Steck T (1995) Thyroid autoantibodies in euthyroid non-pregnant women with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Hum Reprod 10: 2938–2940PubMed Bussen S, Steck T (1995) Thyroid autoantibodies in euthyroid non-pregnant women with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Hum Reprod 10: 2938–2940PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Carp H (2015) A systematic review of dydrogesterone for the treatment of recurrent miscarriage. Gynecol Endocrinol 31: 422–430CrossRefPubMed Carp H (2015) A systematic review of dydrogesterone for the treatment of recurrent miscarriage. Gynecol Endocrinol 31: 422–430CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Christiansen OB (2006) Evidence-based investigations and treatments of recurrent pregnancy loss. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 18: 304–312CrossRefPubMed Christiansen OB (2006) Evidence-based investigations and treatments of recurrent pregnancy loss. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 18: 304–312CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Cocksedge KA, Saravelos SH, Metwally M, Li TC (2009) How common is polycystic ovary syndrome in recurrent miscarriage? Reprod Biomed Online 19: 572–576CrossRefPubMed Cocksedge KA, Saravelos SH, Metwally M, Li TC (2009) How common is polycystic ovary syndrome in recurrent miscarriage? Reprod Biomed Online 19: 572–576CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Coomarasamy A, Williams H, Truchanowicz E, Seed PT, Small R, Quenby S, Gupta P, Dawood F, Koot YE, Bender Atik R, Bloemenkamp KW, Brady R, Briley AL, Cavallaro R, Cheong YC, Chu JJ, Eapen A, Ewies A, Hoek A, Kaaijk EM, Koks CA, Li TC, MacLean M, Mol BW, Moore J, Ross JA, Sharpe L, Stewart J, Vaithilingam N, Farquharson RG, Kilby MD, Khalaf Y, Goddijn M, Regan L, Rai R (2015) A randomized trial of progesterone in women with recurrent miscarriages. N Engl J Med 373(22): 2141–2148CrossRefPubMed Coomarasamy A, Williams H, Truchanowicz E, Seed PT, Small R, Quenby S, Gupta P, Dawood F, Koot YE, Bender Atik R, Bloemenkamp KW, Brady R, Briley AL, Cavallaro R, Cheong YC, Chu JJ, Eapen A, Ewies A, Hoek A, Kaaijk EM, Koks CA, Li TC, MacLean M, Mol BW, Moore J, Ross JA, Sharpe L, Stewart J, Vaithilingam N, Farquharson RG, Kilby MD, Khalaf Y, Goddijn M, Regan L, Rai R (2015) A randomized trial of progesterone in women with recurrent miscarriages. N Engl J Med 373(22): 2141–2148CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Craig LB, Ke RW, Kutteh WH (2002) Increased prevalence of insulin resistance in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 78: 487–490CrossRefPubMed Craig LB, Ke RW, Kutteh WH (2002) Increased prevalence of insulin resistance in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 78: 487–490CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Glinoer D (1998) Thyroid hyperfunction during pregnancy. Thyroid 8: 859–864CrossRefPubMed Glinoer D (1998) Thyroid hyperfunction during pregnancy. Thyroid 8: 859–864CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Glueck CJ, Phillips H, Cameron D, Sieve-Smith L, Wang P (2001) Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 75: 46–52CrossRefPubMed Glueck CJ, Phillips H, Cameron D, Sieve-Smith L, Wang P (2001) Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 75: 46–52CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Glueck CJ, Wang P, Goldenberg N, Sieve-Smith L (2002) Pregnancy outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin. Hum Reprod 17: 2858–2864CrossRefPubMed Glueck CJ, Wang P, Goldenberg N, Sieve-Smith L (2002) Pregnancy outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin. Hum Reprod 17: 2858–2864CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Glueck CJ, Goldenberg N, Pranikoff J, Khan Z, Padda J, Wang P (2013) Effects of metformin-diet intervention before and throughout pregnancy on obstetric and neonatal outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Curr Med Res Opin 29: 55–62CrossRefPubMed Glueck CJ, Goldenberg N, Pranikoff J, Khan Z, Padda J, Wang P (2013) Effects of metformin-diet intervention before and throughout pregnancy on obstetric and neonatal outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Curr Med Res Opin 29: 55–62CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Greene MF, Hare JW, Cloherty JP et al. (1989) First-trimester hemoglobin A1 and risk for major malformation and spontaneous abortion in diabetic pregnancy. Teratology 39: 225–231CrossRefPubMed Greene MF, Hare JW, Cloherty JP et al. (1989) First-trimester hemoglobin A1 and risk for major malformation and spontaneous abortion in diabetic pregnancy. Teratology 39: 225–231CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Haas DM, Ramsey PS (2013) Progestogen for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10: CD003511PubMed Haas DM, Ramsey PS (2013) Progestogen for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10: CD003511PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Halasz M, Szekeres-Bartho J (2013) The role of progesterone in implantation and trophoblast invasion. J Reprod Immunol 97: 43–50CrossRefPubMed Halasz M, Szekeres-Bartho J (2013) The role of progesterone in implantation and trophoblast invasion. J Reprod Immunol 97: 43–50CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Hirahara F, Andoh N, Sawai K, Hirabuki T, Uemura T, Minaguchi H (1998) Hyperprolactinemic recurrent miscarriage and results of randomized bromocriptine treatment trials. Fertil Steril 70: 246–252CrossRefPubMed Hirahara F, Andoh N, Sawai K, Hirabuki T, Uemura T, Minaguchi H (1998) Hyperprolactinemic recurrent miscarriage and results of randomized bromocriptine treatment trials. Fertil Steril 70: 246–252CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Jakubowicz DJ, Iuorno MJ, Jakubowicz S, Roberts KA, Nestler JE (2002) Effects of metformin on early pregnancy loss in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 524–529CrossRefPubMed Jakubowicz DJ, Iuorno MJ, Jakubowicz S, Roberts KA, Nestler JE (2002) Effects of metformin on early pregnancy loss in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 524–529CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Kitzmiller JL, Wallerstein R, Correa A, Kwan S (2010) Preconception care for women with diabetes and prevention of major congenital malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 88: 791–803CrossRefPubMed Kitzmiller JL, Wallerstein R, Correa A, Kwan S (2010) Preconception care for women with diabetes and prevention of major congenital malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 88: 791–803CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Li TC, Spuijbroek MDEH, Tuckerman E, Anstie B, Loxley M, Laird SM (2000) Endocrinological and endometrial factors in recurrent miscarriage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107: 1975–1980CrossRef Li TC, Spuijbroek MDEH, Tuckerman E, Anstie B, Loxley M, Laird SM (2000) Endocrinological and endometrial factors in recurrent miscarriage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107: 1975–1980CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Matalon ST, Blank M, Ornoy A, Shoenfeld Y (2001) The association between anti-thyroid antibodies and pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 45: 72–77CrossRefPubMed Matalon ST, Blank M, Ornoy A, Shoenfeld Y (2001) The association between anti-thyroid antibodies and pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 45: 72–77CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Melamed N, Hod M (2009) Perinatal mortality in pregestational diabetes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 104 (suppl 1): 20-24CrossRef Melamed N, Hod M (2009) Perinatal mortality in pregestational diabetes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 104 (suppl 1): 20-24CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Miller E, Hare JW, Cloherty JP et al. (1981) Elevated maternal hemoglobin A1c in early pregnancy and major congenital anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers. N Engl J Med 304: 1331–1334CrossRefPubMed Miller E, Hare JW, Cloherty JP et al. (1981) Elevated maternal hemoglobin A1c in early pregnancy and major congenital anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers. N Engl J Med 304: 1331–1334CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Van Allen M, Aarons JH, Metzger B, Bieber FR, Knopp RH, Holmes LB et al. (1988) Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception. N Engl J Med 319: 1617–1623CrossRefPubMed Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Van Allen M, Aarons JH, Metzger B, Bieber FR, Knopp RH, Holmes LB et al. (1988) Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception. N Engl J Med 319: 1617–1623CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Misso ML, Costello MF, Garrubba M, Wong J, Hart R, Rombauts L, Melder AM, Norman RJ, Teede HJ (2013) Metformin versus clomiphene citrate for infertility in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 19: 2–11CrossRefPubMed Misso ML, Costello MF, Garrubba M, Wong J, Hart R, Rombauts L, Melder AM, Norman RJ, Teede HJ (2013) Metformin versus clomiphene citrate for infertility in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 19: 2–11CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Morin-Papunen L, Rantala AS, Unkila-Kallio L, Tiitinen A, Hippeläinen M, Perheentupa A, Tinkanen H, Bloigu R, Puukka K, Ruokonen A, Tapanainen JS (2012) Metformin improves pregnancy and live-birth rates in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:1492–1500CrossRefPubMed Morin-Papunen L, Rantala AS, Unkila-Kallio L, Tiitinen A, Hippeläinen M, Perheentupa A, Tinkanen H, Bloigu R, Puukka K, Ruokonen A, Tapanainen JS (2012) Metformin improves pregnancy and live-birth rates in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:1492–1500CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Negro R, Stagnaro-Green A (2014) Diagnosis and management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. BMJ 349: g4929CrossRefPubMed Negro R, Stagnaro-Green A (2014) Diagnosis and management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. BMJ 349: g4929CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Negro R, Formoso G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H (2006) Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 2587–2591CrossRefPubMed Negro R, Formoso G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H (2006) Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 2587–2591CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Okon MA, Laird SM, Tuckerman EM, Li TC (1998) Serum androgen levels in women who have recurrent miscarriages and their correlation with markers of endometrial function. Fertil Steril 69: 682–690CrossRefPubMed Okon MA, Laird SM, Tuckerman EM, Li TC (1998) Serum androgen levels in women who have recurrent miscarriages and their correlation with markers of endometrial function. Fertil Steril 69: 682–690CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Palomba S, Orio F Jr, Falbo A, Russo T, Tolino A, Zullo F (2007) Clomiphene citrate versus metformin as first-line approach for the treatment of anovulation in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 3498–3503CrossRefPubMed Palomba S, Orio F Jr, Falbo A, Russo T, Tolino A, Zullo F (2007) Clomiphene citrate versus metformin as first-line approach for the treatment of anovulation in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 3498–3503CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Palomba S, Falbo A, Orio F Jr, Zullo F (2009) Effect of preconceptional metformin on abortion risk in epolycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril 92: 1646–1658CrossRefPubMed Palomba S, Falbo A, Orio F Jr, Zullo F (2009) Effect of preconceptional metformin on abortion risk in epolycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril 92: 1646–1658CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Pluchino N, Drakopoulos P, Wenger JM, Petignat P, Streuli I, Genazzani AR (2014) Hormonal causes of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Hormones 13: 314–322CrossRefPubMed Pluchino N, Drakopoulos P, Wenger JM, Petignat P, Streuli I, Genazzani AR (2014) Hormonal causes of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Hormones 13: 314–322CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2015) Current clinical irrelevance of luteal phase deficiency: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 103: e27–32 Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2015) Current clinical irrelevance of luteal phase deficiency: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 103: e27–32

Zurück zum Zitat Praprotnik S, Agmon-Levin N, Porat-Katz BS, Blank M, Meroni PL, Cervera R, Miesbach W, Stojanovich L, Szyper-Kravitz M, Rozman B, Tomsic M, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Prolactin′s role in the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 19: 1515–1519CrossRefPubMed Praprotnik S, Agmon-Levin N, Porat-Katz BS, Blank M, Meroni PL, Cervera R, Miesbach W, Stojanovich L, Szyper-Kravitz M, Rozman B, Tomsic M, Shoenfeld Y (2010) Prolactin′s role in the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 19: 1515–1519CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Rai R, Backos M, Rushworth F, Regan L (2000) Polycystic ovaries and recurrent miscarriage - a reappraisal. Hum Reprod 15: 612–615CrossRefPubMed Rai R, Backos M, Rushworth F, Regan L (2000) Polycystic ovaries and recurrent miscarriage - a reappraisal. Hum Reprod 15: 612–615CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Sibai BM (2000) Risk factors, pregnancy complications, and prevention of hypertensive disorders in women with pregravid diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Med 9: 62–65CrossRefPubMed Sibai BM (2000) Risk factors, pregnancy complications, and prevention of hypertensive disorders in women with pregravid diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Med 9: 62–65CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Smith ML, Schust DJ (2011) Endocrinology and recurrent early pregnancy loss. Semin Reprod Med 29: 482–490CrossRefPubMed Smith ML, Schust DJ (2011) Endocrinology and recurrent early pregnancy loss. Semin Reprod Med 29: 482–490CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Stagnaro-Green A, Glinoer D (2004) Thyroid autoimmunity and the risk of miscarriage. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 18: 167–181CrossRefPubMed Stagnaro-Green A, Glinoer D (2004) Thyroid autoimmunity and the risk of miscarriage. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 18: 167–181CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Stagnaro-Green A, Roman SH, Cobin RH, el-Harazy E, Alvarez-Marfany M, Davies TF (1990) Detection of at-risk pregnancy by means of highly sensitive assays for thyroid autoantibodies. JAMA 264: 1422–1425CrossRefPubMed Stagnaro-Green A, Roman SH, Cobin RH, el-Harazy E, Alvarez-Marfany M, Davies TF (1990) Detection of at-risk pregnancy by means of highly sensitive assays for thyroid autoantibodies. JAMA 264: 1422–1425CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Taylor PN, Minassian C, Rehman A, Iqbal A, Draman MS, Hamilton W, Dunlop D, Robinson A, Vaidya B, Lazarus JH, Thomas S, Dayan CM, Okosieme OE (2014) TSH levels and risk of miscarriage in women on long-term levothyroxine: a community-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99: 3895–3902CrossRefPubMed Taylor PN, Minassian C, Rehman A, Iqbal A, Draman MS, Hamilton W, Dunlop D, Robinson A, Vaidya B, Lazarus JH, Thomas S, Dayan CM, Okosieme OE (2014) TSH levels and risk of miscarriage in women on long-term levothyroxine: a community-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99: 3895–3902CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Thatcher SS, Jackson EM (2006) Pregnancy outcome in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome who were treated with metformin. Fertil Steril 85: 1002–1009CrossRefPubMed Thatcher SS, Jackson EM (2006) Pregnancy outcome in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome who were treated with metformin. Fertil Steril 85: 1002–1009CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2004) Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 81: 19–25 The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2004) Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 81: 19–25

Zurück zum Zitat Tulandi T, Al-Fozan HM (2015) Definition and etiology of recurrent pregnancy loss. Up to date, Version 20.0 Wolters Kluwer 2016 Tulandi T, Al-Fozan HM (2015) Definition and etiology of recurrent pregnancy loss. Up to date, Version 20.0 Wolters Kluwer 2016

Zurück zum Zitat Vissenberg R, van den Boogaard E, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Fliers E, Bisschop PH, Goddijn M (2012) Treatment of thyroid disorders before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 18: 360–373CrossRefPubMed Vissenberg R, van den Boogaard E, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Fliers E, Bisschop PH, Goddijn M (2012) Treatment of thyroid disorders before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 18: 360–373CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Wang JX, Davies MJ, Norman RJ (2002) Obesity increases the risk of spontaneous abortion during infertility treatment. Obes Res 10: 551–554CrossRefPubMed Wang JX, Davies MJ, Norman RJ (2002) Obesity increases the risk of spontaneous abortion during infertility treatment. Obes Res 10: 551–554CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Ylinen K, Aula P, Stenman UH, Kesäniemi-Kuokkanen T, Teramo K (1984) Risk of minor and major fetal malformations in diabetics with high haemoglobin A1c values in early pregnancy. Br Med J 289: 345–346CrossRef Ylinen K, Aula P, Stenman UH, Kesäniemi-Kuokkanen T, Teramo K (1984) Risk of minor and major fetal malformations in diabetics with high haemoglobin A1c values in early pregnancy. Br Med J 289: 345–346CrossRef