Skip to main content

2015 | Endometriose | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Endometriose: Pathogenese, Symptome und Diagnostik

verfasst von : S. Mechsner

Erschienen in: Leitsymptom chronischer Unterbauchschmerz der Frau

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Zusammenfassung

Endometriose ist eine benigne, proliferative Erkrankung der Frau im reproduktivem Alter, bei der es zur Ansiedlung von Endometrium-artigem Gewebe außerhalb des Cavum uteri kommt. Die Prävalenz der Endometriose wird mit 2–20% aller Frauen im oben genannten Alter angegeben und stellt somit eine der häufigsten benignen gynäkologischen Erkrankungen dar. Die Leitsymptome Dysmenorrhoe, zyklische und/oder azyklische Unterbauchschmerzen (UBS), Dyspareunie, Dyschezie, sowie Dysurie und Fertilitätsbeeinträchtigung führen zu extremen menschlichen, klinischen und volkswirtschaftlichen Problemen. Äußerst problematisch ist, dass das Zeitintervall vom Auftreten der Symptome bis zur Diagnosestellung im Mittel 6–8 Jahre beträgt. Die häufig „unauffälligen“ körperlichen Untersuchungsbefunde erschweren die Diagnose. Daher ist die ausführliche Anamnese oftmals ausschlaggebend. Da ein Großteil der betroffenen Patientinnen über Schmerzen klagt, die die Lebensqualität signifikant einschränken, sind insbesondere Kenntnisse in diesem Bereich von essenzieller Bedeutung für die Diagnostik und die Therapie. Nach wie vor ist aber die Schmerzentstehung bei Endometriose ein in weiten Bereichen unverstandenes Gebiet. Die Symptome sind komplex, können isoliert oder in Kombination auftreten und scheinen multifaktoriell bedingt zu sein. In diesem Kapitel sind die wichtigsten klinischen Aspekte zusammengestellt, die insbesondere helfen sollen, die komplexe Problematik dieses Krankheitsbildes zu verstehen und hoffentlich dazu beitragen, dass Endometriose schneller erkannt wird.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Ahmed M, Bjurholm A, Schultzberg M, Theodorsson E, Kreicbergs A (1995) Increased levels of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat adjuvant arthritis. A combined immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay analysis. Arthritis Rheum 38:699–709PubMed Ahmed M, Bjurholm A, Schultzberg M, Theodorsson E, Kreicbergs A (1995) Increased levels of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat adjuvant arthritis. A combined immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay analysis. Arthritis Rheum 38:699–709PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Akerlund M (1987) Can primary dysmenorrhea be alleviated by a vasopressin antagonist? Results of a pilot study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 66:459–461PubMed Akerlund M (1987) Can primary dysmenorrhea be alleviated by a vasopressin antagonist? Results of a pilot study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 66:459–461PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Akerlund M (1993) The role of oxytocin and vasopressin in the initiation of preterm and term labour as well as primary dysmenorrhoea. Regul Pept 45:187–191PubMed Akerlund M (1993) The role of oxytocin and vasopressin in the initiation of preterm and term labour as well as primary dysmenorrhoea. Regul Pept 45:187–191PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Akerlund M (1994) Vascularization of human endometrium. Uterine blood flow in healthy condition and in primary dysmenorrhoea. Ann N Y Acad Sci 734:47–56PubMed Akerlund M (1994) Vascularization of human endometrium. Uterine blood flow in healthy condition and in primary dysmenorrhoea. Ann N Y Acad Sci 734:47–56PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Akerlund M (1997) Contractility in the nonpregnant uterus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 828:213–222PubMed Akerlund M (1997) Contractility in the nonpregnant uterus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 828:213–222PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Akerlund M (2002) Involvement of oxytocin and vasopressin in the pathophysiology of preterm labor and primary dysmenorrhea. Prog Brain Res 139:359–365PubMed Akerlund M (2002) Involvement of oxytocin and vasopressin in the pathophysiology of preterm labor and primary dysmenorrhea. Prog Brain Res 139:359–365PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Akerlund M, Andersson KE, Ingemarsson I (1976) Effects of terbutaline on myometrial activity, uterine blood flow, and lower abdominal pain in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 83:673–678PubMed Akerlund M, Andersson KE, Ingemarsson I (1976) Effects of terbutaline on myometrial activity, uterine blood flow, and lower abdominal pain in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 83:673–678PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Akerlund M, Bossmar T, Brouard R, Steinwall M (1998) Evidence for an involvement of vasopressin in mechanism of primary dysmenorrhea and effect of the non-peptide vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist, SR 49059, on the uterus of non-pregnant women. Adv Exp Med Biol 449:467–472PubMed Akerlund M, Bossmar T, Brouard R, Steinwall M (1998) Evidence for an involvement of vasopressin in mechanism of primary dysmenorrhea and effect of the non-peptide vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist, SR 49059, on the uterus of non-pregnant women. Adv Exp Med Biol 449:467–472PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Akerlund M, Melin P, Maggi M (1995) Potential use of oxytocin and vasopressin V1a antagonists in the treatment of preterm labour and primary dysmenorrhoea. Adv Exp Med Biol 395:595–600PubMed Akerlund M, Melin P, Maggi M (1995) Potential use of oxytocin and vasopressin V1a antagonists in the treatment of preterm labour and primary dysmenorrhoea. Adv Exp Med Biol 395:595–600PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Akerlund M, Stromberg P, Forsling ML (1979) Primary dysmenorrhoea and vasopressin. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 86:484–487PubMed Akerlund M, Stromberg P, Forsling ML (1979) Primary dysmenorrhoea and vasopressin. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 86:484–487PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Akerlund M, Stromberg P, Hauksson A et al. (1987) Inhibition of uterine contractions of premature labour with an oxytocin analogue. Results from a pilot study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94:1040–1044PubMed Akerlund M, Stromberg P, Hauksson A et al. (1987) Inhibition of uterine contractions of premature labour with an oxytocin analogue. Results from a pilot study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94:1040–1044PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Albrecht (1955) Symptomatik der Endometriose. Zentralbla Gynakol 53: 125–130 Albrecht (1955) Symptomatik der Endometriose. Zentralbla Gynakol 53: 125–130
Zurück zum Zitat Alicea C, Belkowski S, Eisenstein TK, Adler MW, Rogers TJ (1996) Inhibition of primary murine macrophage cytokine production in vitro following treatment with the kappa-opioid agonist U50,488H. J Neuroimmunol 64:83–90PubMed Alicea C, Belkowski S, Eisenstein TK, Adler MW, Rogers TJ (1996) Inhibition of primary murine macrophage cytokine production in vitro following treatment with the kappa-opioid agonist U50,488H. J Neuroimmunol 64:83–90PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat American Society for Reproductive Medicine (A.S.f.R) (1997). Revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine classification of endometriosis: 1996. Fertil Steril 67:817–821 American Society for Reproductive Medicine (A.S.f.R) (1997). Revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine classification of endometriosis: 1996. Fertil Steril 67:817–821
Zurück zum Zitat Anaf V, Chapron C, El Nakadi I, De Moor V, Simonart T, Noel JC (2006) Pain, mast cells, and nerves in peritoneal, ovarian, and deep infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 86:1336–1343PubMed Anaf V, Chapron C, El Nakadi I, De Moor V, Simonart T, Noel JC (2006) Pain, mast cells, and nerves in peritoneal, ovarian, and deep infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 86:1336–1343PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Anaf V, Simon P, El Nakadi I et al. (2000a) Relationship between endometriotic foci and nerves in rectovaginal endometriotic nodules. Hum Reprod 15:1744–1750PubMed Anaf V, Simon P, El Nakadi I et al. (2000a) Relationship between endometriotic foci and nerves in rectovaginal endometriotic nodules. Hum Reprod 15:1744–1750PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Anaf V, Simon P, El Nakadi I et al. (2002) Hyperalgesia, nerve infiltration and nerve growth factor expression in deep adenomyotic nodules, peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis. Hum Reprod 17:1895–1900PubMed Anaf V, Simon P, El Nakadi I et al. (2002) Hyperalgesia, nerve infiltration and nerve growth factor expression in deep adenomyotic nodules, peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis. Hum Reprod 17:1895–1900PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Anaf V, Simon P, Fayt I, Noel J (2000b) Smooth muscles are frequent components of endometriotic lesions. Hum Reprod 15:767–771PubMed Anaf V, Simon P, Fayt I, Noel J (2000b) Smooth muscles are frequent components of endometriotic lesions. Hum Reprod 15:767–771PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Arnold J, Barcena de Arellano ML, Ruster C et al. (2012) Imbalance between sympathetic and sensory innervation in peritoneal endometriosis. Brain Behav Immun 26:132–141PubMed Arnold J, Barcena de Arellano ML, Ruster C et al. (2012) Imbalance between sympathetic and sensory innervation in peritoneal endometriosis. Brain Behav Immun 26:132–141PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Arnold J, Vercellino G, Chiantera V, Schneider A, Mechsner S, Barcena de Arellano M.L (2013) Neuroimmunomodulatory alterations in non-lesional peritoneum close to peritoneal Endometriosis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2013; 20(1): 9–18PubMed Arnold J, Vercellino G, Chiantera V, Schneider A, Mechsner S, Barcena de Arellano M.L (2013) Neuroimmunomodulatory alterations in non-lesional peritoneum close to peritoneal Endometriosis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2013; 20(1): 9–18PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Baerwald C, Graefe C, von Wichert P, Krause A (1992) Decreased density of beta-adrenergic receptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 19:204–210PubMed Baerwald C, Graefe C, von Wichert P, Krause A (1992) Decreased density of beta-adrenergic receptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 19:204–210PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bajaj P, Bajaj P, Madsen H, Arendt-Nielsen L (2003) Endometriosis is associated with central sensitization: a psychophysical controlled study. J Pain 4:372–380PubMed Bajaj P, Bajaj P, Madsen H, Arendt-Nielsen L (2003) Endometriosis is associated with central sensitization: a psychophysical controlled study. J Pain 4:372–380PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Barcena de Arellano ML, Arnold J, Vercellino F, Chiantera V, Schneider A, Mechsner S, (2011a) Overexpression of nerve growth factor in peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis may promote neurite outgrowth in endometriotic lesions. Fertil Steril 95:1123–1126PubMed Barcena de Arellano ML, Arnold J, Vercellino F, Chiantera V, Schneider A, Mechsner S, (2011a) Overexpression of nerve growth factor in peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis may promote neurite outgrowth in endometriotic lesions. Fertil Steril 95:1123–1126PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Barcena de Arellano ML, Arnold J, Vercellino GF et al. (2011b) Influence of nerve growth factor in endometriosis-associated symptoms. Reprod Sci 18:1202–1210 Barcena de Arellano ML, Arnold J, Vercellino GF et al. (2011b) Influence of nerve growth factor in endometriosis-associated symptoms. Reprod Sci 18:1202–1210
Zurück zum Zitat Bergqvist A, Bruse C, Carlberg M, Carlstrom K (2001) Interleukin 1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in endometriotic tissue and in endometrium. Fertil Steril 75:489–495PubMed Bergqvist A, Bruse C, Carlberg M, Carlstrom K (2001) Interleukin 1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in endometriotic tissue and in endometrium. Fertil Steril 75:489–495PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bouma MG, Stad RK, van den Wildenberg FA, Buurman WA (1994) Differential regulatory effects of adenosine on cytokine release by activated human monocytes. J Immunol 153:4159–4168PubMed Bouma MG, Stad RK, van den Wildenberg FA, Buurman WA (1994) Differential regulatory effects of adenosine on cytokine release by activated human monocytes. J Immunol 153:4159–4168PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Brosens IA (1998) Endometriosis. Current issues in diagnosis and medical management. J Reprod Med 43:281–286PubMed Brosens IA (1998) Endometriosis. Current issues in diagnosis and medical management. J Reprod Med 43:281–286PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bulletti C, de Ziegler D, Polli V, Diotallevi L, Del Ferro E, Flamigni C (2000) Uterine contractility during the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod 15 Suppl 1:81–89PubMed Bulletti C, de Ziegler D, Polli V, Diotallevi L, Del Ferro E, Flamigni C (2000) Uterine contractility during the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod 15 Suppl 1:81–89PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chapron C, Fauconnier A, Dubuisson JB, Barakat H, Vieira M, Breart G (2003) Deep infiltrating endometriosis: relation between severity of dysmenorrhoea and extent of disease. Hum Reprod 18:760–766PubMed Chapron C, Fauconnier A, Dubuisson JB, Barakat H, Vieira M, Breart G (2003) Deep infiltrating endometriosis: relation between severity of dysmenorrhoea and extent of disease. Hum Reprod 18:760–766PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cramer DW, Missmer SA (2002) The epidemiology of endometriosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 955:11–22; discussion 34-16:396–406 Cramer DW, Missmer SA (2002) The epidemiology of endometriosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 955:11–22; discussion 34-16:396–406
Zurück zum Zitat Cramer DW (2002) The epidemiology of endometriosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 955:11–22PubMed Cramer DW (2002) The epidemiology of endometriosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 955:11–22PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Drake TS, O'Brien WF, Ramwell PW, Metz SA (1981) Peritoneal fluid thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha in endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 140:401–404PubMed Drake TS, O'Brien WF, Ramwell PW, Metz SA (1981) Peritoneal fluid thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha in endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 140:401–404PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ekstrom P, Akerlund M, Forsling M, Kindahl H, Laudanski T, Mrugacz G (1992). Stimulation of vasopressin release in women with primary dysmenorrhoea and after oral contraceptive treatment–effect on uterine contractility. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 99:680–684PubMed Ekstrom P, Akerlund M, Forsling M, Kindahl H, Laudanski T, Mrugacz G (1992). Stimulation of vasopressin release in women with primary dysmenorrhoea and after oral contraceptive treatment–effect on uterine contractility. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 99:680–684PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Fauconnier A, Chapron C (2005) Endometriosis and pelvic pain: epidemiological evidence of the relationship and implications. Hum Reprod Update 11:595–606PubMed Fauconnier A, Chapron C (2005) Endometriosis and pelvic pain: epidemiological evidence of the relationship and implications. Hum Reprod Update 11:595–606PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Fauconnier A, Chapron C, Dubuisson JB, Vieira M, Dousset B, Breart G (2002) Relation between pain symptoms and the anatomic location of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 78:719–726PubMed Fauconnier A, Chapron C, Dubuisson JB, Vieira M, Dousset B, Breart G (2002) Relation between pain symptoms and the anatomic location of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 78:719–726PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Fedele L, Bianchi S, Bocciolone L, Di Nola G, Parazzini F (1992) Pain symptoms associated with endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 79:767–769PubMed Fedele L, Bianchi S, Bocciolone L, Di Nola G, Parazzini F (1992) Pain symptoms associated with endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 79:767–769PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Fujii S, Konishi I, Mori T (1989) Smooth muscle differentiation at endometrio-myometrial junction. An ultrastructural study. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 414:105–112PubMed Fujii S, Konishi I, Mori T (1989) Smooth muscle differentiation at endometrio-myometrial junction. An ultrastructural study. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 414:105–112PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gao X, Outley J, Botteman M, Spalding J, Simon JA, Pashos CL (2006) Economic burden of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 86:1561–1572PubMed Gao X, Outley J, Botteman M, Spalding J, Simon JA, Pashos CL (2006) Economic burden of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 86:1561–1572PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Giudice LC, Kao LC (2004) Endometriosis. Lancet 364:1789–1799PubMed Giudice LC, Kao LC (2004) Endometriosis. Lancet 364:1789–1799PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Goode T, O'Connell J, Anton P et al. (2000) Neurokinin-1 receptor expression in inflammatory bowel disease: molecular quantitation and localisation. Gut 47:387–396PubMedCentralPubMed Goode T, O'Connell J, Anton P et al. (2000) Neurokinin-1 receptor expression in inflammatory bowel disease: molecular quantitation and localisation. Gut 47:387–396PubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Greene R, Stratton P, Cleary SD, Ballweg ML, Sinaii N (2009) Diagnostic experience among 4,334 women reporting surgically diagnosed endometriosis. Fertil Steril 91:32–39PubMed Greene R, Stratton P, Cleary SD, Ballweg ML, Sinaii N (2009) Diagnostic experience among 4,334 women reporting surgically diagnosed endometriosis. Fertil Steril 91:32–39PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio d.E (2001) Relationship between stage, site and morphological characteristics of pelvic endometriosis and pain. Hum Reprod 16:2668–2671 Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio d.E (2001) Relationship between stage, site and morphological characteristics of pelvic endometriosis and pain. Hum Reprod 16:2668–2671
Zurück zum Zitat Haas D, Shebl O, Shamiyeh A, Oppelt P (2013) The rASRM score and the Enzian classification for endometriosis: their strengths and weaknesses. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 92:3–7PubMed Haas D, Shebl O, Shamiyeh A, Oppelt P (2013) The rASRM score and the Enzian classification for endometriosis: their strengths and weaknesses. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 92:3–7PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hammoud A, Gago LA, Diamond MP (2004) Adhesions in patients with chronic pelvic pain: a role for adhesiolysis? Fertil Steril 82:1483–1491PubMed Hammoud A, Gago LA, Diamond MP (2004) Adhesions in patients with chronic pelvic pain: a role for adhesiolysis? Fertil Steril 82:1483–1491PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Harle P, Mobius D, Carr DJ, Scholmerich J, Straub RH (2005) An opposing time-dependent immune-modulating effect of the sympathetic nervous system conferred by altering the cytokine profile in the local lymph nodes and spleen of mice with type II collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 52:1305–1313PubMed Harle P, Mobius D, Carr DJ, Scholmerich J, Straub RH (2005) An opposing time-dependent immune-modulating effect of the sympathetic nervous system conferred by altering the cytokine profile in the local lymph nodes and spleen of mice with type II collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 52:1305–1313PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat He W, Liu X, Zhang Y, Guo SW (2010) Generalized hyperalgesia in women with endometriosis and its resolution following a successful surgery. Reprod Sci 17:1099–1111PubMed He W, Liu X, Zhang Y, Guo SW (2010) Generalized hyperalgesia in women with endometriosis and its resolution following a successful surgery. Reprod Sci 17:1099–1111PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Heijnen CJ, Rouppe van der Voort C, Wulffraat N, van der Net J, Kuis W, Kavelaars A (1996) Functional alpha 1-adrenergic receptors on leukocytes of patients with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Neuroimmunol 71:223–226PubMed Heijnen CJ, Rouppe van der Voort C, Wulffraat N, van der Net J, Kuis W, Kavelaars A (1996) Functional alpha 1-adrenergic receptors on leukocytes of patients with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Neuroimmunol 71:223–226PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Jancsó N, Jancsó-Gabor A, Szolcsányi J (1967) Direct evidence for neurogenic inflammation and its prevention by denervation and by pretreatment with capsaicin. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 31:138–151PubMedCentralPubMed Jancsó N, Jancsó-Gabor A, Szolcsányi J (1967) Direct evidence for neurogenic inflammation and its prevention by denervation and by pretreatment with capsaicin. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 31:138–151PubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kavelaars A, Broeke D, Jeurissen F et al. (1994) Activation of human monocytes via a non-neurokinin substance P receptor that is coupled to Gi protein, calcium, phospholipase D, MAP kinase, and IL-6 production. J Immunol 153:3691–3699PubMed Kavelaars A, Broeke D, Jeurissen F et al. (1994) Activation of human monocytes via a non-neurokinin substance P receptor that is coupled to Gi protein, calcium, phospholipase D, MAP kinase, and IL-6 production. J Immunol 153:3691–3699PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Knapp VJ (1999) How old is endometriosis? Late 17th- and 18th-century European descriptions of the disease. Fertil Steril 72:10–14PubMed Knapp VJ (1999) How old is endometriosis? Late 17th- and 18th-century European descriptions of the disease. Fertil Steril 72:10–14PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kohm AP, Sanders VM (2000) Norepinephrine: a messenger from the brain to the immune system. Immunol Today 21:539–542PubMed Kohm AP, Sanders VM (2000) Norepinephrine: a messenger from the brain to the immune system. Immunol Today 21:539–542PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Koninckx PR, Meuleman C, Demeyere S, Lesaffre E, Cornillie FJ (1991) Suggestive evidence that pelvic endometriosis is a progressive disease, whereas deeply infiltrating endometriosis is associated with pelvic pain. Fertil Steril 55:759–765PubMed Koninckx PR, Meuleman C, Demeyere S, Lesaffre E, Cornillie FJ (1991) Suggestive evidence that pelvic endometriosis is a progressive disease, whereas deeply infiltrating endometriosis is associated with pelvic pain. Fertil Steril 55:759–765PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kunz G, Beil D, Huppert P, Noe M, Kissler S, Leyendecker G (2005) Adenomyosis in endometriosis–prevalence and impact on fertility. Evidence from magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Reprod 20:2309–2316PubMed Kunz G, Beil D, Huppert P, Noe M, Kissler S, Leyendecker G (2005) Adenomyosis in endometriosis–prevalence and impact on fertility. Evidence from magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Reprod 20:2309–2316PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kuohung W, Jones GL, Vitonis AF et al. (2002). Characteristics of patients with endometriosis in the United States and the United Kingdom. Fertil Steril 78:767–772PubMed Kuohung W, Jones GL, Vitonis AF et al. (2002). Characteristics of patients with endometriosis in the United States and the United Kingdom. Fertil Steril 78:767–772PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lee KH, Khan-Dawood FS, Dawood MY (1998) Oxytocin receptor and its messenger ribonucleic acid in human leiomyoma and myometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179:620–627PubMed Lee KH, Khan-Dawood FS, Dawood MY (1998) Oxytocin receptor and its messenger ribonucleic acid in human leiomyoma and myometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179:620–627PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lessey BA, Higdon HL, 3rd, Miller SE, Price TA (2012) Intraoperative detection of subtle endometriosis: a novel paradigm for detection and treatment of pelvic pain associated with the loss of peritoneal integrity. J Vis Exp. 70:92–93 Lessey BA, Higdon HL, 3rd, Miller SE, Price TA (2012) Intraoperative detection of subtle endometriosis: a novel paradigm for detection and treatment of pelvic pain associated with the loss of peritoneal integrity. J Vis Exp. 70:92–93
Zurück zum Zitat Levine JD, Clark R, Devor M, Helms C, Moskowitz MA, Basbaum AI (1984) Intraneuronal substance P contributes to the severity of experimental arthritis. Science 226:547–549PubMed Levine JD, Clark R, Devor M, Helms C, Moskowitz MA, Basbaum AI (1984) Intraneuronal substance P contributes to the severity of experimental arthritis. Science 226:547–549PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Levine JD, Collier DH, Basbaum AI, Moskowitz MA, Helms CA (1985) Hypothesis: the nervous system may contribute to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 12:406–411PubMed Levine JD, Collier DH, Basbaum AI, Moskowitz MA, Helms CA (1985) Hypothesis: the nervous system may contribute to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 12:406–411PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Leyendecker G, Herbertz M, Kunz G, Mall G (2002) Endometriosis results from the dislocation of basal endometrium. Hum Reprod 17:2725–2736PubMed Leyendecker G, Herbertz M, Kunz G, Mall G (2002) Endometriosis results from the dislocation of basal endometrium. Hum Reprod 17:2725–2736PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Leyendecker G, Kunz G (2005) [Endometriosis and adenomyosis]. Zentralbl Gynakol 127: 288–294PubMed Leyendecker G, Kunz G (2005) [Endometriosis and adenomyosis]. Zentralbl Gynakol 127: 288–294PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Leyendecker G, Kunz G, Noe M, Herbertz M, Mall G (1998) Endometriosis: a dysfunction and disease of the archimetra. Hum Reprod Update 4:752–762PubMed Leyendecker G, Kunz G, Noe M, Herbertz M, Mall G (1998) Endometriosis: a dysfunction and disease of the archimetra. Hum Reprod Update 4:752–762PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Leyendecker G, Wildt L, Mall G (2009) The pathophysiology of endometriosis and adenomyosis: tissue injury and repair. Arch Gynecol Obstet 280:529–538PubMedCentralPubMed Leyendecker G, Wildt L, Mall G (2009) The pathophysiology of endometriosis and adenomyosis: tissue injury and repair. Arch Gynecol Obstet 280:529–538PubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Leyendecker G, Bilgicyildirim A, Inacker M et al. (2014) Adenomyosis and endometriosis. Re-visiting their association and further insights into the mechanisms of auto-traumatisation. An MRI study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014 Sep 21. [Epub ahead of print] Leyendecker G, Bilgicyildirim A, Inacker M et al. (2014) Adenomyosis and endometriosis. Re-visiting their association and further insights into the mechanisms of auto-traumatisation. An MRI study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014 Sep 21. [Epub ahead of print]
Zurück zum Zitat Liddle RA, Nathan JD (2004) Neurogenic inflammation and pancreatitis. Pancreatology 4: 551–559; discussion 559-560PubMed Liddle RA, Nathan JD (2004) Neurogenic inflammation and pancreatitis. Pancreatology 4: 551–559; discussion 559-560PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lotz M, Vaughan JH, Carson DA (1988) Effect of neuropeptides on production of inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes. Science 241:1218–1221PubMed Lotz M, Vaughan JH, Carson DA (1988) Effect of neuropeptides on production of inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes. Science 241:1218–1221PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Maggi M, Magini A, Fiscella A et al. (1992) Sex steroid modulation of neurohypophysial hormone receptors in human nonpregnant myometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:385–392PubMed Maggi M, Magini A, Fiscella A et al. (1992) Sex steroid modulation of neurohypophysial hormone receptors in human nonpregnant myometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:385–392PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mantyh PW (2002) Neurobiology of substance P and the NK1 receptor. J Clin Psychiatry 63 Suppl 11:6–10PubMed Mantyh PW (2002) Neurobiology of substance P and the NK1 receptor. J Clin Psychiatry 63 Suppl 11:6–10PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mapp PI, Walsh DA, Garrett NE et al. (1994) Effect of three animal models of inflammation on nerve fibres in the synovium. Ann Rheum Dis 53:240–246PubMedCentralPubMed Mapp PI, Walsh DA, Garrett NE et al. (1994) Effect of three animal models of inflammation on nerve fibres in the synovium. Ann Rheum Dis 53:240–246PubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Marchini M, Manfredi B, Tozzi L, Sacerdote P, Panerai A, Fedele L (1995) Mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and peripheral blood mononuclear cell beta-endorphin concentrations in primary dysmenorrhoea. Hum Reprod 10:815–817PubMed Marchini M, Manfredi B, Tozzi L, Sacerdote P, Panerai A, Fedele L (1995) Mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and peripheral blood mononuclear cell beta-endorphin concentrations in primary dysmenorrhoea. Hum Reprod 10:815–817PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat McKinnon B, Bersinger NA, Wotzkow C, Mueller MD (2012) Endometriosis-associated nerve fibers, peritoneal fluid cytokine concentrations, and pain in endometriotic lesions from different locations. Fertil Steril 97:373–380PubMed McKinnon B, Bersinger NA, Wotzkow C, Mueller MD (2012) Endometriosis-associated nerve fibers, peritoneal fluid cytokine concentrations, and pain in endometriotic lesions from different locations. Fertil Steril 97:373–380PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mechsner S, Bartley J, Loddenkemper C, Salomon DS, Starzinski-Powitz A, Ebert AD (2005) Oxytocin receptor expression in smooth muscle cells of peritoneal endometriotic lesions and ovarian endometriotic cysts. Fertil Steril 83 Suppl 1:1220–1231PubMed Mechsner S, Bartley J, Loddenkemper C, Salomon DS, Starzinski-Powitz A, Ebert AD (2005) Oxytocin receptor expression in smooth muscle cells of peritoneal endometriotic lesions and ovarian endometriotic cysts. Fertil Steril 83 Suppl 1:1220–1231PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mechsner S, Grum B, Gericke C, Loddenkemper C, Dudenhausen JW, Ebert AD (2010) Possible roles of oxytocin receptor and vasopressin-1alpha receptor in the pathomechanism of dysperistalsis and dysmenorrhea in patients with adenomyosis uteri. Fertil Steril 94:2541–2546PubMed Mechsner S, Grum B, Gericke C, Loddenkemper C, Dudenhausen JW, Ebert AD (2010) Possible roles of oxytocin receptor and vasopressin-1alpha receptor in the pathomechanism of dysperistalsis and dysmenorrhea in patients with adenomyosis uteri. Fertil Steril 94:2541–2546PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mechsner S, Kaiser A, Kopf A, Gericke C, Ebert A, Bartley J (2009) A pilot study to evaluate the clinical relevance of endometriosis-associated nerve fibers in peritoneal endometriotic lesions. Fertil Steril 92:1856–1861PubMed Mechsner S, Kaiser A, Kopf A, Gericke C, Ebert A, Bartley J (2009) A pilot study to evaluate the clinical relevance of endometriosis-associated nerve fibers in peritoneal endometriotic lesions. Fertil Steril 92:1856–1861PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mechsner S, Schwarz J, Thode J, Loddenkemper C, Salomon DS, Ebert AD (2007) Growth-associated protein 43-positive sensory nerve fibers accompanied by immature vessels are located in or near peritoneal endometriotic lesions. Fertil Steril 88:581–587PubMed Mechsner S, Schwarz J, Thode J, Loddenkemper C, Salomon DS, Ebert AD (2007) Growth-associated protein 43-positive sensory nerve fibers accompanied by immature vessels are located in or near peritoneal endometriotic lesions. Fertil Steril 88:581–587PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mechsner S, Weichbrodt M, Riedlinger WF et al. (2008) Estrogen and progestogen receptor positive endometriotic lesions and disseminated cells in pelvic sentinel lymph nodes of patients with deep infiltrating rectovaginal endometriosis: a pilot study. Hum Reprod 23:2202–2209PubMed Mechsner S, Weichbrodt M, Riedlinger WF et al. (2008) Estrogen and progestogen receptor positive endometriotic lesions and disseminated cells in pelvic sentinel lymph nodes of patients with deep infiltrating rectovaginal endometriosis: a pilot study. Hum Reprod 23:2202–2209PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mettler L (2000) Endometriose 2000. pmi Verlag AG, Kiel Mettler L (2000) Endometriose 2000. pmi Verlag AG, Kiel
Zurück zum Zitat Moon YS, Leung PC, Yuen BH, Gomel V (1981) Prostaglandin F in human endometriotic tissue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 141:344–345PubMed Moon YS, Leung PC, Yuen BH, Gomel V (1981) Prostaglandin F in human endometriotic tissue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 141:344–345PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nance DM, Sanders VM (2007) Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987-2007). Brain Behav Immun 21:736–745PubMedCentralPubMed Nance DM, Sanders VM (2007) Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987-2007). Brain Behav Immun 21:736–745PubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Olive DL, Pritts EA (2001) Treatment of endometriosis. N Engl J Med 345:266–275PubMed Olive DL, Pritts EA (2001) Treatment of endometriosis. N Engl J Med 345:266–275PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ota H, Igarashi S, Sasaki M, Tanaka T (2001) Distribution of cyclooxygenase-2 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in endometriosis and adenomyosis. Hum Reprod 16:561–566PubMed Ota H, Igarashi S, Sasaki M, Tanaka T (2001) Distribution of cyclooxygenase-2 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in endometriosis and adenomyosis. Hum Reprod 16:561–566PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Parker JD, Leondires M, Sinaii N, Premkumar A, Nieman LK, Stratton P (2006) Persistence of dysmenorrhea and nonmenstrual pain after optimal endometriosis surgery may indicate adenomyosis. Fertil Steril 86:711–715PubMed Parker JD, Leondires M, Sinaii N, Premkumar A, Nieman LK, Stratton P (2006) Persistence of dysmenorrhea and nonmenstrual pain after optimal endometriosis surgery may indicate adenomyosis. Fertil Steril 86:711–715PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Perper MM, Nezhat F, Goldstein H, Nezhat CH, Nezhat C (1995) Dysmenorrhea is related to the number of implants in endometriosis patients. Fertil Steril 63:500–503PubMed Perper MM, Nezhat F, Goldstein H, Nezhat CH, Nezhat C (1995) Dysmenorrhea is related to the number of implants in endometriosis patients. Fertil Steril 63:500–503PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Quinn M (2004) Endometriosis: the consequence of neurological dysfunction? Med Hypotheses 63:602–608PubMed Quinn M (2004) Endometriosis: the consequence of neurological dysfunction? Med Hypotheses 63:602–608PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Quinn M, Armstrong G (2004) Uterine nerve fibre proliferation in advanced endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol 24:932–933PubMed Quinn M, Armstrong G (2004) Uterine nerve fibre proliferation in advanced endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol 24:932–933PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Quinn MJ, Kirk N (2002) Differences in uterine innervation at hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187:1515–1519; discussion 1519-1520.PubMed Quinn MJ, Kirk N (2002) Differences in uterine innervation at hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187:1515–1519; discussion 1519-1520.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sampson J (1927) Peritoneal endometriosis due to menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 14:422–469 Sampson J (1927) Peritoneal endometriosis due to menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 14:422–469
Zurück zum Zitat Sanders VM, Kasprowicz DJ, Kohm AP, Swanson MA (2001) Neurotransmitter receptors on lymphocytes and other lymphoid cells. 2. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Sanders VM, Kasprowicz DJ, Kohm AP, Swanson MA (2001) Neurotransmitter receptors on lymphocytes and other lymphoid cells. 2. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Zurück zum Zitat Schweppe KW (2002) Therapie der Endometriose unter Berücksichtigung der Aktivitätsgrade. Der Gynäkologe 35:255–260 Schweppe KW (2002) Therapie der Endometriose unter Berücksichtigung der Aktivitätsgrade. Der Gynäkologe 35:255–260
Zurück zum Zitat Sepulcri Rde P, do Amaral VF (2009) Depressive symptoms, anxiety, and quality of life in women with pelvic endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 142:53–56PubMed Sepulcri Rde P, do Amaral VF (2009) Depressive symptoms, anxiety, and quality of life in women with pelvic endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 142:53–56PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Serra MC, Calzetti F, Ceska M, Cassatella MA (1994) Effect of substance P on superoxide anion and IL-8 production by human PMNL. Immunology 82:63–69PubMedCentralPubMed Serra MC, Calzetti F, Ceska M, Cassatella MA (1994) Effect of substance P on superoxide anion and IL-8 production by human PMNL. Immunology 82:63–69PubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Spengler RN, Chensue SW, Giacherio DA, Blenk N, Kunkel SL (1994) Endogenous norepinephrine regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from macrophages in vitro. J Immunol 152:3024–3031PubMed Spengler RN, Chensue SW, Giacherio DA, Blenk N, Kunkel SL (1994) Endogenous norepinephrine regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from macrophages in vitro. J Immunol 152:3024–3031PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Steinwall M, Akerlund M, Bossmar T, Nishii M, Wright M (2004a) ONO-8815Ly, an EP2 agonist that markedly inhibits uterine contractions in women. Bjog 111:120–124PubMed Steinwall M, Akerlund M, Bossmar T, Nishii M, Wright M (2004a) ONO-8815Ly, an EP2 agonist that markedly inhibits uterine contractions in women. Bjog 111:120–124PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Steinwall M, Bossmar T, Gaud C, Akerlund M (2004b) Inhibitory effects of SR 49059 on oxytocin-and vasopressin-induced uterine contractions in non-pregnant women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83:12–18PubMed Steinwall M, Bossmar T, Gaud C, Akerlund M (2004b) Inhibitory effects of SR 49059 on oxytocin-and vasopressin-induced uterine contractions in non-pregnant women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83:12–18PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Straub RH (2007) Autoimmune disease and innervation. Brain Behav Immun 21:528–534PubMed Straub RH (2007) Autoimmune disease and innervation. Brain Behav Immun 21:528–534PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Stromberg P, Akerlund M, Forsling ML, Granstrom E, Kindahl H (1984) Vasopressin and prostaglandins in premenstrual pain and primary dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 63:533–538PubMed Stromberg P, Akerlund M, Forsling ML, Granstrom E, Kindahl H (1984) Vasopressin and prostaglandins in premenstrual pain and primary dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 63:533–538PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sulaiman H, Gabella G, Davis MC et al. (2001) Presence and distribution of sensory nerve fibers in human peritoneal adhesions. Ann Surg 234:256–261PubMedCentralPubMed Sulaiman H, Gabella G, Davis MC et al. (2001) Presence and distribution of sensory nerve fibers in human peritoneal adhesions. Ann Surg 234:256–261PubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Swank DJ, Swank-Bordewijk SC, Hop WC et al. (2003) Laparoscopic adhesiolysis in patients with chronic abdominal pain: a blinded randomised controlled multi-centre trial. Lancet 361: 1247–1251PubMed Swank DJ, Swank-Bordewijk SC, Hop WC et al. (2003) Laparoscopic adhesiolysis in patients with chronic abdominal pain: a blinded randomised controlled multi-centre trial. Lancet 361: 1247–1251PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tokushige N, Markham R, Russell P, Fraser IS (2006a) High density of small nerve fibres in the functional layer of the endometrium in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 21:782–787PubMed Tokushige N, Markham R, Russell P, Fraser IS (2006a) High density of small nerve fibres in the functional layer of the endometrium in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 21:782–787PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tokushige N, Markham R, Russell P, Fraser IS (2006b) Nerve fibres in peritoneal endometriosis. Hum Reprod 21:3001–3007PubMed Tokushige N, Markham R, Russell P, Fraser IS (2006b) Nerve fibres in peritoneal endometriosis. Hum Reprod 21:3001–3007PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tran LV, Tokushige N, Berbic M, Markham R, Fraser IS (2009) Macrophages and nerve fibres in peritoneal endometriosis. Hum Reprod 24:835–841PubMed Tran LV, Tokushige N, Berbic M, Markham R, Fraser IS (2009) Macrophages and nerve fibres in peritoneal endometriosis. Hum Reprod 24:835–841PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tulandi T, Chen MF, Al-Took S, Watkin K (1998) A study of nerve fibers and histopathology of postsurgical, postinfectious, and endometriosis-related adhesions. Obstet Gynecol 92:766–768PubMed Tulandi T, Chen MF, Al-Took S, Watkin K (1998) A study of nerve fibers and histopathology of postsurgical, postinfectious, and endometriosis-related adhesions. Obstet Gynecol 92:766–768PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tuttlies F, Keckstein J, Ulrich U et al. (2005) [ENZIAN-score, a classification of deep infiltrating endometriosis]. Zentralbl Gynakol 127:275–281PubMed Tuttlies F, Keckstein J, Ulrich U et al. (2005) [ENZIAN-score, a classification of deep infiltrating endometriosis]. Zentralbl Gynakol 127:275–281PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ulrich U, Buchweitz O, Greb R et al. (2013) Interdisciplinary S2k Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometriosis: Short Version - AWMF Registry No. 015-045, August 2013. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 73:890–898PubMedCentralPubMed Ulrich U, Buchweitz O, Greb R et al. (2013) Interdisciplinary S2k Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometriosis: Short Version - AWMF Registry No. 015-045, August 2013. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 73:890–898PubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Vercellini P (1997) Endometriosis: what a pain it is. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 15:251–261PubMed Vercellini P (1997) Endometriosis: what a pain it is. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 15:251–261PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Vercellini P, Sacerdote P, Panerai AE, Manfredi B, Bocciolone L, Crosignani G (1992) Mononuclear cell beta-endorphin concentration in women with and without endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 79:743–746PubMed Vercellini P, Sacerdote P, Panerai AE, Manfredi B, Bocciolone L, Crosignani G (1992) Mononuclear cell beta-endorphin concentration in women with and without endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 79:743–746PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Vercellini P, Somigliana E, Vigano P, Abbiati A, Barbara G, Fedele L (2009) Chronic pelvic pain in women: etiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic approach. Gynecol Endocrinol 25:149–158PubMed Vercellini P, Somigliana E, Vigano P, Abbiati A, Barbara G, Fedele L (2009) Chronic pelvic pain in women: etiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic approach. Gynecol Endocrinol 25:149–158PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Vercellini P, Trespidi L, De Giorgi O, Cortesi I, Parazzini F, Crosignani PG (1996a) Endometriosis and pelvic pain: relation to disease stage and localization. Fertil Steril 65:299–304PubMed Vercellini P, Trespidi L, De Giorgi O, Cortesi I, Parazzini F, Crosignani PG (1996a) Endometriosis and pelvic pain: relation to disease stage and localization. Fertil Steril 65:299–304PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Vercellini P, Trespidi L, Panazza S, Bramante T, Mauro F, Crosignani PG (1996b) Laparoscopic uterine biopsy for diagnosing diffuse adenomyosis. J Reprod Med 41:220–224PubMed Vercellini P, Trespidi L, Panazza S, Bramante T, Mauro F, Crosignani PG (1996b) Laparoscopic uterine biopsy for diagnosing diffuse adenomyosis. J Reprod Med 41:220–224PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Vernon MW, Beard JS, Graves K, Wilson EA (1986) Classification of endometriotic implants by morphologic appearance and capacity to synthesize prostaglandin F. Fertil Steril 46:801–806PubMed Vernon MW, Beard JS, Graves K, Wilson EA (1986) Classification of endometriotic implants by morphologic appearance and capacity to synthesize prostaglandin F. Fertil Steril 46:801–806PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wu MH, Sun HS, Lin CC et al. (2002) Distinct mechanisms regulate cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in peritoneal macrophages of women with and without endometriosis. Mol Hum Reprod 8:1103–1110PubMed Wu MH, Sun HS, Lin CC et al. (2002) Distinct mechanisms regulate cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in peritoneal macrophages of women with and without endometriosis. Mol Hum Reprod 8:1103–1110PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wu YL, Wiltbank MC (2002) Transcriptional regulation of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene changes from protein kinase (PK) A- to PKC-dependence after luteinization of granulosa cells. Biol Reprod 66:1505–1514PubMed Wu YL, Wiltbank MC (2002) Transcriptional regulation of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene changes from protein kinase (PK) A- to PKC-dependence after luteinization of granulosa cells. Biol Reprod 66:1505–1514PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ylikorkala O, Viinikka L (1983) Prostaglandins and endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 113:105–107PubMed Ylikorkala O, Viinikka L (1983) Prostaglandins and endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 113:105–107PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang X, Lu B, Huang X, Xu H, Zhou C, Lin (2010) Innervation of endometrium and myometrium in women with painful adenomyosis and uterine fibroids. Fertil Steril 94:730–737 Zhang X, Lu B, Huang X, Xu H, Zhou C, Lin (2010) Innervation of endometrium and myometrium in women with painful adenomyosis and uterine fibroids. Fertil Steril 94:730–737
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang X, Yao H, Huang X, Lu B, Xu H, Zhou C (2010) Nerve fibres in ovarian endometriotic lesions in women with ovarian endometriosis. Hum Reprod 25:392–397PubMed Zhang X, Yao H, Huang X, Lu B, Xu H, Zhou C (2010) Nerve fibres in ovarian endometriotic lesions in women with ovarian endometriosis. Hum Reprod 25:392–397PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Endometriose: Pathogenese, Symptome und Diagnostik
verfasst von
S. Mechsner
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43669-1_5

Update Gynäkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.