Constituent cells of the BBB adhere to vascular basal lamina proteins such as laminin, collagen IV, fibronectin, and heparin sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) predominantly via cell surface receptors of the integrin family [
13,
37]. These interactions between ECM proteins and their cognate receptors regulate not just cell adhesion but also many aspects of cell behavior including survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and stability, via well-defined integrin-mediated intracellular signaling pathways [
39,
40]. Endothelial cells form the inner layer of blood vessels and, as such, represent the first layer of resistance to the passage of cells (e.g., inflammatory leukocytes) or substances attempting to pass through the BBB into the cerebral parenchyma. Current evidence now suggests that the molecular basis of the BBB depends on three main factors: (i) inter-endothelial tight junction proteins, (ii) endothelial adhesion to the ECM proteins of the underlying vascular basal lamina, and (iii) the influence of astrocyte end-feet and pericytes [
11‐
14]. Thus far, most attention has focused on the role of tight junction proteins in establishing and maintaining this barrier, while relatively few studies have examined the role of cell adhesion mechanisms in regulating BBB formation and integrity. However, a growing number of studies suggest that ECM-integrin interactions are not just essential for vascular formation and remodeling, but also play an important role in mediating BBB integrity. While it has been known for some time that laminin imparts an important differentiation and stabilizing influence on endothelial cells [
15‐
19], more recent studies show that it is also required for vascular integrity, as genetic deletion of laminin in astrocytes or pericytes results in defective BBB integrity [
20,
21]. In support of this important role for laminin in stabilizing the BBB, a number of studies have shown that loss of the astrocyte laminin receptor, dystroglycan, accompanies vascular leakage at the BBB and that prevention of this loss ameliorates BBB breakdown [
41‐
43]. Furthermore, several years ago, we showed that pharmacological inhibition of the β1 class of integrins leads to increased microvascular permeability in the brain as well as an in vitro endothelial permeability system and that increased vascular permeability correlates with reduced endothelial expression of the tight junction protein claudin-5 [
14]. The findings of our current study extend these findings by providing more support for a critical role for laminin and its cellular receptors in maintaining BBB properties in cerebral blood vessels. To our knowledge, these studies are the first to demonstrate an active upregulation of an adhesive mechanism (α6β4 integrin) in response to a potential threat of BBB breakdown.