Enhanced recovery after surgery program in Gynaecologic Oncological surgery in a minimally invasive techniques expert center

Enhanced Recovery Programs (ERP), or “fast-track” programs, are a multimodal approach of perioperative patient’s clinical pathways designed to achieve early recovery after surgery and decrease length of hospital stay (LOS). This patient-centered management was defined in the 1990’s by Kehlet et al. [1, 2], and refers to a specific organization in which an informed patient plays an active role. The key elements of ERP include preoperative counsel, optimization of nutrition, standardized analgesic and anaesthetic regimens and early mobilization. Although ERP have become an important focus of perioperative management after many type of surgeries [3], initial studies in gynaecology surgery only included hysterectomies for benign indications [4‐6] or precancerous lesions [7, 8]. Only few studies have evaluated ERP role in gynaecological oncology [9‐11], all with the same conclusion of achieving shorter LOS and enhancing recovery. Furthermore, most publications are limited to one disease or one type of procedure, and didn’t report the implementation of ERP in a established high proportion of minimally invasive techniques (MIT) context. Our institution introduced ERP in 2015 for gynaecological cancer patients (cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancers) admitted for MIT as for open surgery. MIT, which constitutes by itself one of the most important component of ERP’s clinical pathways [12], has been shown to be safe and feasible with the same oncological results than open procedures with better cosmetic results and obviously, less postoperative pain, and shorter hospital stays [13].

This study evaluated the implementation of ERP in gynaecologic oncological surgery in a MIT expert center with more than 85% of procedures done with MIT. The primary objective was to achieve a significant decrease of median LOS in the ERP group. Secondary objectives were decreases of prevalence of postoperative complications and readmissions, and increase of patients achieving a target LOS of 2 days.

The present study demonstrates that ERP implementation in gynaecologic oncological surgery is associated with LOS decrease without increases of morbidity or readmission rates, even in a high-volume cancer center where MIS is developed and routinely used since 15 years. Although ERP have become an important focus of perioperative management after many type of surgeries [3, 23], the recovery benefits following gynaecologic oncological surgery remain uncertain when MIT are already implanted. Recently, De Groot et al. published the design of a stepped strategy that aims at the nationwide implementation of the ERP in major gynaecological surgery in the Netherlands [24]. This ambitious trial is ongoing with the objective to evaluate effectiveness and costs of a stepped implementation approach that is characterized by tailoring the intensity of implementation activities to the needs of organizations and local barriers for change, in comparison with the generic breakthrough strategy that is usually applied in large-scale improvement projects. In accordance with De Groot’s hypothesis, the high proportion of MIT already established in our department could have participated to the success of our study. One of the most important difficulties observed to implement such a program is the need of collaboration between different health professionals and different specialties. ERP required a multidisciplinary team involving surgeons, anaesthesiologists and nurses to establish standardized clinical pathway, train and encourage the whole team to participate. ERP’s compliance must be evaluated during the implementation phase because the success of this program is directly linked with the percentage of adherence [19]. The selection of our ERP’s preoperative, peroperative and post-operative criteria’s has been made according to the current recommendations that are reproducible, acceptable for patients and adapted to our practices. In our series, overall compliance rate was at 90% (68 to 100% according the different criteria) and led to a significant reduction of LOS. There has been a recent widespread international ‘paradigm shift’ to new perioperative systems, based on a multidisciplinary team providing an integrated process of care. Lee et al. synthesize the evidence supporting these new systems moving to a more proactive, coordinated and team-based approach [25]. In addition, it seems that the adding of home visits to telephone interviews, as we provide in our ERP, are more effective than telephone interviews alone to prevent readmission [26]. In relation with these observations, it seems that a post-operative coordination is necessary to develop perioperative surgical at home in a safe way for our patients. There are multiple considerations in how to optimize ERP implementation. The most crucial at our institution was to invest in a dedicated nurse to oversee the process from hospitalization to home. In addition, to support this strategy we have organized an “at home” follow up with a network of care with nurses, from the day of discharge to the day 7 after discharge, to detect early perioperative complications, and to evaluate the compliance to the ERP and post-operative instructions. In a retrospective study, Shiavone et al. [27] evaluated 128,634 women who had undergone a laparoscopic hysterectomy and showed a 4.0% rate of re-evaluation within 60 days for women discharged on the same day of surgery, 3.6%, for those discharged after a 24-h stay, and 5.1% for those whose length of stay was 2 days or longer, respectively (p < 0.001). Moreover, patients discharged on post-operative day 1 were 11% less likely to require revaluation than women discharged on the day of surgery. Current constraints in France are due to the lack of availability of operating rooms and hospital beds; ERP appears to be a solution to improved healthcare system without impairing patients quality of life or satisfaction [8, 28, 29, 20]. The LAFA Study suggest that the success of patient’s centred clinical pathway is linked to the surgical approach [12]. MIT was the only independent predictive factor to reduce LOS in this study. We showed here that ERP has participated to a quiet small, but statistically significant, reduction of primary hospital stay, even with a high rate of MIS. Additionally, if the most important gain in term of LOS in subgroups analysis appears to be in open surgery, this reduction didn’t reach the significance level, probably due to the low number of patients. Complication rate was consistent with those reported in literature, in relation with surgical complications and particularly lymphatic dissections [30].

Despite careful methodology, our study has some limits, lying mainly in the small number of patients and in the retrospective analysis of the control group with potential selection bias and lack of standardization in the monitoring of post-operative complications. However, this last point would rather lead to an underestimation of the complications in the group without ERP and thus to increase the difference in favour of ERP implementation. Our study has also strengths as the matching of the two populations and the high rate of MIT procedures in both groups, which allowed us to conclude on ERP implementation in a center where the practices of MIT are already extended.

Although it is already widely accepted that MIT improves early recovery, our study shows that the addition of ERP’s clinical pathways improves surgical outcomes and patient care management. We observed a decrease of LOS in gynaecologic oncological surgery indications, without increases of morbidity or readmission rates.