Background
Materials and methods
Bone marrow harvesting
Cell-rich concentrate preparation
Growth plate chondrocyte isolation
Scaffold preparation
Cartilage damage induction and scaffold implantation
Morphological and histological evaluations
Statistical analysis
Results
1L | 2P | 3L | 5P | 6P | 7P | 8P | 9P | 10P | 1P | 2L | 3P | 5L | 6L | 7L | 8L | 9L | 10L | |
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Degree of defect repair | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Integration of border zone | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Macroscopic appearance | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Overall assessment | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 |
Scaffold with cells—CELLS | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |||||||||
Scaffold without cells—CTRL | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
1L | 2P | 3L | 5P | 6P | 7P | 8P | 9P | 10P | 1P | 2L | 3P | 5L | 6L | 7L | 8L | 9L | 10L | |
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Tissue morphology | 68 | 65 | 62 | 71 | 50.5 | 40 | 52 | 52 | 60 | 88 | 88 | 84 | 82.5 | 45 | 39 | 55 | 80 | 65 |
Matrix staining | 79 | 53 | 55 | 75.5 | 32 | 59 | 34 | 47 | 25 | 90 | 89 | 90 | 94 | 30 | 59 | 61 | 68 | 45 |
Cell morphology | 80 | 55 | 80 | 70 | 26.5 | 75 | 36 | 54 | 52 | 84 | 79 | 86.5 | 91.5 | 44 | 56 | 61.5 | 62 | 57 |
Chondrocyte clustering | 40 | 48 | 55 | 65 | 56 | 62 | 60 | 55 | 65 | 45 | 50 | 65 | 55 | 52 | 55 | 52 | 55 | 56 |
Surface architecture | 90 | 79 | 78 | 51.5 | 79.5 | 96 | 79 | 89 | 79 | 96 | 89 | 88 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 90 | 96 | 90 |
Basal integration. | 90 | 88 | 89 | 75 | 77.5 | 85 | 82 | 73 | 82 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 85 | 81 | 84 | 92 | 91 | 85 |
Formation of tidemark | 25 | 24 | 30 | 36 | 18 | 22 | 21 | 25 | 21 | 35 | 44 | 42 | 44 | 20 | 34 | 30 | 44 | 38 |
Subchondral bone abnormalities | 84 | 55 | 89 | 48 | 47 | 70 | 90 | 65 | 88 | 93.5 | 95 | 95.5 | 89 | 76.5 | 65 | 91.5 | 95 | 96 |
Inflammation | 100 | 100 | 100 | 62.5 | 82 | 100 | 82 | 75 | 97 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 77 | 80.5 | 92 | 89 | 95 | 100 |
Abnormal calcification/ossification | 100 | 100 | 100 | 87 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Vascularization | 86 | 20 | 95 | 70 | 52 | 50 | 42 | 45 | 70 | 100 | 92.5 | 96 | 94 | 50 | 48 | 55 | 95 | 75 |
Superficial assessment | 81 | 60 | 72.5 | 70 | 45 | 72 | 62 | 62 | 80 | 92 | 91.5 | 91.5 | 91.5 | 38 | 67 | 60 | 72 | 75 |
Mid/deep zone assessment | 80 | 62 | 75 | 75.5 | 61 | 75 | 71 | 66 | 76 | 89 | 92 | 89 | 82 | 75 | 50 | 83 | 84 | 85 |
Overall assessment | 84 | 65 | 75 | 64 | 61 | 71 | 69 | 74 | 71 | 90 | 93 | 91.5 | 80 | 68 | 60 | 78 | 80 | 76 |
Scaffold with cells—CELLS |
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Scaffold without cells—CTRL |
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| BF10 |
Z
| Cohen’s d | 95% CI for Cohen’s d | CELLS | CTRL | ||||||
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Lower | Upper | M | SD | SE | M | SD | SE | |||||
Tissue morphology | 2.97** | 4.04 | − 2.134* | 0.99 | 0.16 | 1.78 | 69.56 | 19.11 | 6.37 | 57.78 | 9.98 | 3.33 |
Cell morphology | 2.23 | 2.23 | − 1.96 | 0.74 | − 0.02 | 1.47 | 69.56 | 22.82 | 7.61 | 51.11 | 18.82 | 6.27 |
Chondrocytes clustering | − 1.00 | − 1.00 | − 0.91 | − 033 | − 1.00 | 0.35 | 69.11 | 16.50 | 5.50 | 58.67 | 19.25 | 6.42 |
Surface architecture | 2.11 | 2.11 | − 1.72 | 0.70 | − 0.05 | 1.42 | 53.89 | 5.40 | 1.80 | 56.22 | 8.18 | 2.73 |
Basal integration | 3.63** | 3.64 | − 2.55* | 1.21 | 0.32 | 2.07 | 88.11 | 5.82 | 1.94 | 75.56 | 18.78 | 6.26 |
Formation of tidemark | 6.29*** | 6.29 | − 2.67*** | 2.10 | 0.88 | 3.28 | 89.11 | 5.37 | 1.79 | 82.44 | 6.15 | 2.05 |
Subchondral bone abnormalities | 3.15* | 3.15 | − 2.43** | 1.05 | 0.21 | 1.86 | 36.78 | 8.09 | 2.70 | 24.67 | 5.43 | 1.81 |
Inflammation | 1.33 | 1,33 | − 1.15 | 0.44 | − 0.26 | 1.12 | 88.67 | 10.89 | 3.63 | 70.67 | 17.82 | 5.94 |
Abnormal calcification/ossification | 1.00 | – | − 1.00 | – | – | – | 92.56 | 8.95 | 2.98 | 88.67 | 14.01 | 4.67 |
Vascularisation | 2.28 | 2.28 | − 2.08* | 0.76 | − 0.01 | 1.49 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 98.56 | 4.33 | 1.44 |
Surface/superficial assessment | 1.80 | 1.80 | − 1.48 | 0.60 | − 0.13 | 1.30 | 78.33 | 21.71 | 7.24 | 58.89 | 23.46 | 7.82 |
Middle/deep zone assessment | 1.97 | 1.97 | − 1.72 | 0.66 | − 0.09 | 1.36 | 75.56 | 18.78 | 6.26 | 67.11 | 11.22 | 3.74 |
Matrix staining | 4.07** | 4.07 | − 2.38* | 1.36 | 0.41 | 2.26 | 79.67 | 11.05 | 3.68 | 70.44 | 6.89 | 2.30 |
Overall assessment | 2.59* | 2.59 | − 1.96* | 0.86 | 0.07 | 1.62 | 81.00 | 12.63 | 4.21 | 71.33 | 6.78 | 2.26 |
Overall rating | 3.388** | 6.606 | − 2.310* | 1.129 | 0.259 | 1.959 | 76.55 | 9.83 | 328 | 66.91 | 6.76 | 2.25 |
1P | 1L | 2P | 2L | 3P | 3L | 4L | 4P | 5P | 5L | 6L | 6P | 7L | 7P | 8L | 8P | 9P | 9L | 10L | 10P | |
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Clusters—superficial zone | +++ (90) | ++ (82) | + (60) | +++ (90) | +++ (92) | + (20) | − | − | + (10) | +++ (89) | + (10) | + (10) | + (10) | − (10) | − (0) | − (0) | + (5) | + (20) | − (0) | − (0) |
Clusters—middle zone | + (60) | + (40) | + (20) | + (50) | +++ (85) | + (40) | − | − | + (10) | + (60) | + (20) | + (10) | + (20) | + (40) | + (20) | + (20) | + (10) | + (30) | + (30) | + (10) |
Clusters—deep zone | ++ (80) | + (20) | + (20) | +++ (90) | ++ (80) | + (35) | − | − | + (25) | ++ (75) | + (55) | + (45) | ++ (80) | + (20) | + (55) | ++ (65) | +++ (90) | + (80) | + (75) | + (35) |
t
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Z
| Cohen’s d | 95% CI for Cohen’s d | CELLS | CTRL | ||||||
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Lower | Upper | M | SD | SE | M | SD | SE | |||||
Clusters superficial zone | 2.15 | 1.53 | − 2.023* | 0.72 | − 0.04 | 1.44 | 44.56 | 43.76 | 14.59 | 21.89 | 29.02 | 9.67 |
Clusters middle zone | 2.704* | 2.93 | − 2.056* | 0.90 | 0.10 | 1.67 | 41.67 | 23.18 | 7.73 | 22.22 | 13.94 | 4.65 |
Clusters deep zone | 3.429** | 6.94 | − 2.201* | 1.14 | 0.27 | 1.98 | 74.44 | 11.84 | 3.95 | 39.44 | 24.04 | 8.01 |