Background
Methods
Study population and study design
Statistical analysis
Results
Socio-demographic and sexual behaviour characteristics
Category | Total | Vaccinated | Unvaccinated | OR (95% CI) for being vaccinated | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
2989 (100) | 1938 (65) | 1051 (35) | |||
Age
|
ref
| ||||
Median (range) | 17 (16–17) | 17 (16–17) | 17 (16–17) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.45 |
Ethnicity (n=2988) | |||||
Dutch | 2849 (95) | 1852 (96) | 997 (95) |
ref
| |
Non–Dutch | 139 (5) | 86 (4) | 53 (5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.45 |
Degree of urbanisation (n=2971) | |||||
Low (1–1000 inhabitants) | 1514 (51) | 1019 (53) | 495 (47) |
ref
| |
High (>1000 inhabitants) | 1457 (49) | 908 (47) | 549 (53) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.004 |
Socio economic status
a
(n=2962) | |||||
Mean (95% CI) | −0.01(−0.03–0.03) | −0.02 (−0.06–0.02) | 0.02 (−0.03–0.07) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.20 |
Religion (n=2898) | |||||
No religion | 1532 (53) | 1050 (56) | 482 (48) |
ref
| |
Catholics | 708 (24) | 511 (27) | 197 (19) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | |
Protestant Christian | 642 (22) | 317 (17) | 325 (32) | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | |
Other | 16 (1) | 6 (0.3) | 10 (1) | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | <0.001 |
Education
b
| |||||
Low | 221 (7) | 148 (8) | 73 (7) |
ref
| |
Middle | 992 (33) | 631 (33) | 361 (34) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | |
High | 1776 (59) | 1159 (60) | 617 (59) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.54 |
Education of parents
b
(n=2787) | |||||
Low | 49 (2) | 28 (2) | 21(2) |
ref
| |
Middle | 1162 (42) | 749 (41) | 413 (42) | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | |
High | 1576 (57) | 1031 (57) | 545 (56) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | 0.45 |
Alcohol use (n=2983) | |||||
No | 723 (24) | 425 (22) | 298 (28) |
ref
| |
Yes | 2260 (76) | 1509 (78) | 751 (72) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | <0.001 |
Smoking (n=2984) | |||||
No | 2280 (76) | 1492 (77) | 788 (75) |
ref
| |
Current smoker | 476 (16) | 299 (15) | 177 (17) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | |
Former smoker | 228 (8) | 144 (7) | 84 (8) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.47 |
Contraception (n=2910) | |||||
No | 902 (31) | 533 (28) | 369 (37) |
ref
| |
Yes | 2008 (69) | 1371 (72) | 637 (63) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | <0.001 |
Type of contraception (n=2003) | |||||
Pill | 1253 (63) | 848 (62) | 405 (64) |
ref
| |
Condom | 160 (8) | 100 (7) | 60 (9) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | |
Pill and condom | 544 (27) | 385 (28) | 159 (25) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | |
Other | 46 (2) | 34 (2) | 12 (2) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 0.18 |
Ever had sex (n=2898) | |||||
No | 1303 (45) | 826 (44) | 477 (48) |
ref
| |
Yes | 1595 (55) | 1070 (56) | 525 (52) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 0.04 |
Category | Total | Vaccinated | Unvaccinated | OR (95% CI) for being vaccinated | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
1595 (100) | 1070 (67) | 525 (33) | |||
Steady partner (n=1588) | |||||
No | 510 (32) | 336 (32) | 174 (33) |
ref
| |
Yes | 1078 (68) | 729 (68) | 349 (67) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 0.49 |
Number of casual partners (n=1589) | |||||
0 | 806 (51) | 553 (52) | 253 (48) |
ref
| |
1 | 602 (38) | 402 (38) | 200 (38) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | |
2 | 125 (8) | 75 (7) | 50 (10) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | |
>2 | 56 (4) | 35 (3) | 21 (4) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | 0.24 |
Condom use steady partner (n=1078) | |||||
Always | 193 (18) | 126 (17) | 67 (19) |
ref
| |
Not always | 885 (82) | 603 (83) | 282 (81) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.44 |
Condom use casual partner (n=778) | |||||
Always | 219 (28) | 144 (28) | 75 (28) |
ref
| |
Not always | 559 (72) | 364 (72) | 195 (72) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.87 |
STI (n=780) | |||||
No | 641 (82) | 423 (83) | 218 (80) |
ref
| |
Yes | 139 (18) | 86 (17) | 53 (20) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.36 |
Sex of partner (n=1589) | |||||
Male | 1560 (98) | 1051 (99) | 509 (97) |
ref
| |
Female | 29 (2) | 15 (1) | 14 (3) | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 0.08 |
Age of sexual debut (n=1579) | |||||
Mean (95% CI) | 15.5 (15.4–15.6) | 15.5 (15.5–15.6) | 15.4 (15.3–15.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 0.74 |
Total number of lifetime sexual partners (n=1584) | |||||
Mean (95% CI) | 2.0 (1.9–2.1) | 1.9 (1.8–2.0) | 2.2 (2.0–2.4) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | <0.001 |
Sexual behaviour and views associated with HPV vaccination
General knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccination
Category | Total | Vaccinated | Unvaccinated | OR (95% CI) for being vaccinated | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
2989 (100) | 1938 (65) | 1051 (35) | |||
HPV vaccination protects against all HPV types (n=2910) | |||||
No | 1811 (62) | 1110 (58) | 701 (70) |
ref
| |
Yes | 373 (13) | 291 (15) | 82 (8) | 2.2 (1.7–2.9) | |
Don’t know | 726 (25) | 505 (27) | 221 (22) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | <0.001 |
HPV vaccination protects against all STIs (n=2909) | |||||
No | 2567 (88) | 1702 (89) | 865 (86) |
ref
| |
Yes | 52 (2) | 33 (2) | 19 (2) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | |
Don’t know | 290 (10) | 170 (9) | 120 (12) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.03 |
An HPV infection always leads to cervical cancer (n=2930) | |||||
No | 1984 (68) | 1294 (68) | 690 (68) |
ref
| |
Yes | 121 (4) | 80 (4) | 41 (4) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | |
Don’t know | 825 (28) | 541 (28) | 284 (28) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.97 |
Cervical cancer is always fatal (n=2930) | |||||
No | 2414 (82) | 1579 (82) | 835 (82) |
ref
| |
Yes | 141 (5) | 98 (5) | 43 (4) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | |
Don’t know | 375 (13) | 238 (12) | 137 (14) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.43 |
If you have unprotected sex, you are at high risk of an HPV infection (n=2930) | |||||
No | 311 (11) | 193 (10) | 118 (12) |
ref
| |
Yes | 2143 (73) | 1411 (74) | 732 (72) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | |
Don’t know | 476 (16) | 311 (16) | 165 (16) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.42 |
An HPV infection is a risk for cervical cancer (n=2930) | |||||
No | 215 (7) | 144 (8) | 71 (7) |
ref
| |
Yes | 2370 (81) | 1555 (81) | 815 (80) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | |
Don’t know | 345 (12) | 216 (11) | 129 (13) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.48 |
An HPV infection can cause genital warts (n=2929) | |||||
No | 537 (18) | 354 (18) | 183 (18) |
ref
| |
Yes | 582 (20) | 389 (20) | 193 (19) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | |
Don’t know | 1810 (62) | 1172 (61) | 638 (63) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.63 |
An HPV infection usually disappears on its own (n=2930) | |||||
No | 1969 (67) | 1301 (68) | 668 (66) |
ref
| |
Yes | 136 (5) | 80 (4) | 56 (6) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | |
Don’t know | 825 (28) | 534 (28) | 291 (29) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.21 |
Awareness of CC screening program (n=2910) | |||||
No | 1421 (49) | 984(52) | 437 (43) |
ref
| |
Yes | 1489 (51) | 921 (48) | 568 (57) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <0.001 |
Participation of mother in CC screening program (n=2910) | |||||
No | 670 (23) | 410 (22) | 260 (26) |
ref
| |
Yes | 1192 (41) | 798 (42) | 394 (39) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | |
Don’t know | 1048 (36) | 697 (37) | 351 (35) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 0.03 |
Need to participate in the CC screening program after vaccination (n=2910) | |||||
No | 174 (6) | 115 (6) | 59 (6) |
ref
| |
Yes | 2013 (69) | 1346 (71) | 667 (66) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | |
Don’t know | 723 (25) | 444 (23) | 279 (28) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.03 |
Condoms are not needed anymore once vaccinated (n=2909) | |||||
No | 2781 (96) | 1842 (97) | 939 (94) |
ref
| |
Yes | 22 (1) | 15 (1) | 7 (1) | 1.1 (0.5–2.9) | |
Don’t know | 106 (3) | 48 (3) | 58 (6) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | <0.001 |
Girls will use less condoms once vaccinated (n=2909) | |||||
No | 1526 (52) | 1076 (56) | 450 (45) |
ref
| |
Yes | 574 (20) | 317 (17) | 257 (26) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | |
Don’t know | 809 (28) | 512 (27) | 297 (30) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | <0.001 |
General knowledge score
| |||||
mean (95% CI) | 5.52 (5.48–5.56) | 5.51 (5.47–5.56) | 5.53 (5.47–5.59) | 0.62 |
Cervical screening
Knowledge on HPV infectiousness
Category | Total | Vaccinated | Unvaccinated | OR (95% CI) for being vaccinated | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
2989 (100) | 1938 (65) | 1051 (35) | |||
HPV can be transmitted via;
| |||||
Holding hands (no) (n=2924)
| |||||
No | 2884 (99) | 1882 (99) | 1002 (99) |
ref
| |
Yes | 40 (1) | 28 (1) | 12 (1) | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 0.53 |
Deep throat kissing (no) (n=2927)
| |||||
No | 2622 (90) | 1711 (89) | 911 (90) |
ref
| |
Yes | 305 (10) | 202 (11) | 103 (10) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.74 |
Skin to skin contact (yes) (n=2926)
| |||||
No | 2646 (90) | 1727 (90) | 919 (91) |
ref
| |
Yes | 280 (10) | 185 (10) | 95 (9) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.79 |
Stroking partner at genitals (yes) (n=2927)
| |||||
No | 2000 (68) | 1326 (69) | 674 (66) |
ref
| |
Yes | 927 (32) | 587 (31) | 340 (34) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.12 |
Public toilet (no) (n=2926)
| |||||
No | 2411 (82) | 1575 (82) | 836 (83) |
ref
| |
Yes | 515 (18) | 338 (18) | 177 (17) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.89 |
Unprotected oral sex (yes) (n=2928)
| |||||
No | 1078 (37) | 695 (36) | 383 (38) |
ref
| |
Yes | 1850 (63) | 1219 (64) | 631 (62) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 0.44 |
Unprotected vaginal sex (yes) (n=2929)
| |||||
No | 144 (5) | 96 (5) | 48 (5) |
ref
| |
Yes | 2785 (95) | 1818 (95) | 967 (95) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.73 |
Unprotected anal sex (yes) (n=2928)
| |||||
No | 865 (30) | 568 (30) | 297 (29) |
ref
| |
Yes | 2063 (70) | 1345 (70) | 718 (71) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.81 |
Sex with a condom (n=2927)
| |||||
No | 2533 (87) | 1674 (88) | 859 (85) |
ref
| |
Yes | 394 (12) | 238 (12) | 156 (15) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.03 |
Sharing a spoon or cup (no) (n=2925)
| |||||
No | 2739 (94) | 1777 (93) | 962 (95) |
ref
| |
Yes | 186 (6) | 134 (7) | 52 (5) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 0.05 |
Sneezing/coughing (no) (n=2924)
| |||||
No | 2753 (94) | 1794 (94) | 959 (95) |
ref
| |
Yes | 171 (6) | 116 (6) | 55 (5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.48 |
Transmission knowledge score
| |||||
Mean (95% CI) | 7.24 (7.19–7.28) | 7.24 (7.16–7.31) | 7.24 (7.18–7.29) | 0.99 |
Multivariable analysis of predictors for vaccine receipt
Risk factor | Univariablea
| Multivariableb,c
| P-value |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
Degree of urbanisation
| |||
Low (1–1000 inhabitants) |
ref
|
ref
| |
High (>1000 inhabitants) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.02 |
Religion
| |||
No religion |
ref
|
ref
| |
Catholics | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 0.15 |
Protestant Christian | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | <0.001 |
Other | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | 0.03 |
Alcohol use
| |||
No |
ref
|
ref
| |
Yes | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 0.01 |
Contraception
| |||
No |
ref
|
ref
| |
Yes | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | <0.001 |
Ever had sex
| |||
No |
ref
|
ref
| |
Yes | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.04 |
Awareness of CC screening program
| |||
No |
ref
|
ref
| |
Yes | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <0.001 |
Participation of mother to CC screening program
| |||
No |
ref
|
ref
| |
Yes | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | <0.001 |
Don’t know | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 0.03 |
HPV vaccination protects against all HPV types
| |||
No |
ref
|
ref
| |
Yes | 2.2 (1.7–2.9) | 2.4 (1.8–3.2) | <0.001 |
Don’t know | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | <0.001 |
Girls will use less condoms once vaccinated
| |||
No |
ref
|
ref
| |
Yes | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | <0.001 |
Don’t know | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 0.002 |
Condom use is not needed anymore once vaccinated
| |||
No |
ref
|
ref
| |
Yes | 1.1 (0.5–2.9) | 1.5 (0.5–5.6) | 0.5 |
Don’t know | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | <0.001 |