12. Ernährung und Dysfunktion von Leber und Magen-Darm-Trakt

Zurück zum Zitat Bauer M, Paxian M, Kortgen A (2004) Akutes Leberversagen – Aktuelle Aspekte zur Diagnostik und Therapie. Anaesthesist 53: 511–530PubMed Bauer M, Paxian M, Kortgen A (2004) Akutes Leberversagen – Aktuelle Aspekte zur Diagnostik und Therapie. Anaesthesist 53: 511–530PubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Huffman JL, Schenker S (2010) Acute acalculous cholecystitis: a review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8: 15–822 [Die Übersichtsarbeit beschreibt die für kritisch Kranke relativ spezifische, bedrohliche und häufig nicht diagnostizierte Cholezystitis-Form!] ← Huffman JL, Schenker S (2010) Acute acalculous cholecystitis: a review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8: 15–822 [Die Übersichtsarbeit beschreibt die für kritisch Kranke relativ spezifische, bedrohliche und häufig nicht diagnostizierte Cholezystitis-Form!] ←

Zurück zum Zitat Kiefer P, Tugtekin I, Wiedeck H, Bracht H, Vogt J, Wachter U, Weiss M, Altin C, Georgieff M, Radermacher P (2001) Hepato-splanchnic metabolic effects of the stable prostacyclin analogue iloprost in patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 27: 1179–1186CrossRefPubMed Kiefer P, Tugtekin I, Wiedeck H, Bracht H, Vogt J, Wachter U, Weiss M, Altin C, Georgieff M, Radermacher P (2001) Hepato-splanchnic metabolic effects of the stable prostacyclin analogue iloprost in patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 27: 1179–1186CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Kimura S, Yoshioka T, Shibuya M, Sakano T, Tanaka R, Matsuyama S (2001) Indocyanine green elimination rate detects hepatocellular dysfunction early in septic shock and correlates with survival. Crit Care Med 29: 1159–1163CrossRefPubMed Kimura S, Yoshioka T, Shibuya M, Sakano T, Tanaka R, Matsuyama S (2001) Indocyanine green elimination rate detects hepatocellular dysfunction early in septic shock and correlates with survival. Crit Care Med 29: 1159–1163CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Kortgen A, Silomon M, Pape-Becker C, Buchinger H, Grundmann U, Bauer M (2009) Thoracic but not lumbar epidural anaesthesia increases liver blood flow after major abdominal surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 26: 111–116CrossRefPubMed Kortgen A, Silomon M, Pape-Becker C, Buchinger H, Grundmann U, Bauer M (2009) Thoracic but not lumbar epidural anaesthesia increases liver blood flow after major abdominal surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 26: 111–116CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Kortgen A, Hetz H, Morgenthaler NG, Paxian G, Hitzler P, Krenn CG, Bauer M (2010) Vasoactive mediators in patients with acute liver failure treated with albumin dialysis. Liver Int 30: 634–636CrossRefPubMed Kortgen A, Hetz H, Morgenthaler NG, Paxian G, Hitzler P, Krenn CG, Bauer M (2010) Vasoactive mediators in patients with acute liver failure treated with albumin dialysis. Liver Int 30: 634–636CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Lehmann C, Taymoorian K, Wauer H, Krausch D, Birnbaum J, Kox WJ (2000) Effects of stable prostacyclin analogue iloprost on the plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green in human septic shock. Intensive Care Med 26: 1557–1560CrossRefPubMed Lehmann C, Taymoorian K, Wauer H, Krausch D, Birnbaum J, Kox WJ (2000) Effects of stable prostacyclin analogue iloprost on the plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green in human septic shock. Intensive Care Med 26: 1557–1560CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Merli M, Lucidi C, Gianelli V, Giusto M, Riggio O, Falcone M, Ridola L, Attili AF, Venditti M (2010) Cirrhotic patients are at risk for health care-associated bacterial infections. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8: 979–985CrossRefPubMed Merli M, Lucidi C, Gianelli V, Giusto M, Riggio O, Falcone M, Ridola L, Attili AF, Venditti M (2010) Cirrhotic patients are at risk for health care-associated bacterial infections. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8: 979–985CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Recknagel P, Gonnert FA, Westermann M, Lambeck S, Lupp A et al. (2012) Liver dysfunction and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signalling in early sepsis: experimental studies in rodent models of peritonitis. PLoS Med 9 (11): e1001338. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001338 [Die prospektive Studie an Patienten mit schwerer Sepsis zeigt, dass die Einschränkung der hepatischen Indozyanin-Clearance mit der Sterblichkeit korreliert.] ← PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Recknagel P, Gonnert FA, Westermann M, Lambeck S, Lupp A et al. (2012) Liver dysfunction and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signalling in early sepsis: experimental studies in rodent models of peritonitis. PLoS Med 9 (11): e1001338. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001338 [Die prospektive Studie an Patienten mit schwerer Sepsis zeigt, dass die Einschränkung der hepatischen Indozyanin-Clearance mit der Sterblichkeit korreliert.] ← PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Sakka SG, Reinhart K, Meier-Hellmann A (2002) Prognostic value of the indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate in critically ill patients. Chest 122: 1715–1720 [Die Studie zeigt die prognostische Wertigkeit einer Leberfunktionsstörung bei kritisch Kranken.] ← Sakka SG, Reinhart K, Meier-Hellmann A (2002) Prognostic value of the indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate in critically ill patients. Chest 122: 1715–1720 [Die Studie zeigt die prognostische Wertigkeit einer Leberfunktionsstörung bei kritisch Kranken.] ←

Zurück zum Zitat Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Castellote J, Adamuz J, Verdaguer R, Dorca J, Manresa F, Gudiol F, Carratalà J (2011) Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with liver cirrhosis: clinical features, outcomes, and usefulness of severity scores. Medicine (Baltimore) 90: 110–118CrossRef Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Castellote J, Adamuz J, Verdaguer R, Dorca J, Manresa F, Gudiol F, Carratalà J (2011) Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with liver cirrhosis: clinical features, outcomes, and usefulness of severity scores. Medicine (Baltimore) 90: 110–118CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Zollner G, Trauner M (2008) Mechanisms of cholestasis. Clin Liver Dis: 12: 1–26CrossRefPubMed Zollner G, Trauner M (2008) Mechanisms of cholestasis. Clin Liver Dis: 12: 1–26CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Reintam Blaser A Parm P Redlich U Tooding LM Starkopf J Köhler F Spies C Kern H (2006) Gastrointestinal failure in intensive care: a retrospective clinical study in three different intensive care units in Germany and Estonia. BMC Gastroenterology 6: 19 [Eine der wenigen qualitativ hochwertigen Studien zu Störungen des Gastrointestinaltrakts bei kritisch kranken Patienten.] ← Reintam Blaser A Parm P Redlich U Tooding LM Starkopf J Köhler F Spies C Kern H (2006) Gastrointestinal failure in intensive care: a retrospective clinical study in three different intensive care units in Germany and Estonia. BMC Gastroenterology 6: 19 [Eine der wenigen qualitativ hochwertigen Studien zu Störungen des Gastrointestinaltrakts bei kritisch kranken Patienten.] ←

Zurück zum Zitat Reintam Blaser A Malbrain ML Starkopf J Fruhwald S Jakob SM De Waele J Braun J-P Poeze M Spies C (2012) Gastrointestinal function in intensive care patients: terminology, definitions and management. Recommendations of the ESICM Working Group on Abdominal Problems. Intensive Care Med 38: 384–394 [http://download-v2.springer.com/static/pdf/247/art%253A10.1007 % 252Fs00134-011-2459-y.pdf?token2=exp = 1430809777~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F247 % 2Fart%25253A10.1007 % 25252Fs00134-011-2459-y.pdf*~hmac = 46591cbf9e51e1d45ffb688534086ede93af76f692bee171c5053760bfff6a79] [Sehr wichtige Arbeit mit Empfehlungen zum Vorgehen bei Störungen des Magen-Darm-Funktion kritisch kranker Patienten.] ← Reintam Blaser A Malbrain ML Starkopf J Fruhwald S Jakob SM De Waele J Braun J-P Poeze M Spies C (2012) Gastrointestinal function in intensive care patients: terminology, definitions and management. Recommendations of the ESICM Working Group on Abdominal Problems. Intensive Care Med 38: 384–394 [http://​download-v2.​springer.​com/​static/​pdf/​247/​art%253A10.​1007 % 252Fs00134-011-2459-y.pdf?token2=exp = 1430809777~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F247 % 2Fart%25253A10.1007 % 25252Fs00134-011-2459-y.pdf*~hmac = 46591cbf9e51e1d45ffb688534086ede93af76f692bee171c5053760bfff6a79] [Sehr wichtige Arbeit mit Empfehlungen zum Vorgehen bei Störungen des Magen-Darm-Funktion kritisch kranker Patienten.] ←

Zurück zum Zitat Alberda C, Gramlich L, Jones N, Jeejeebhoy K, Day AG, Dhaliwal R, Heyland DK (2009) The relationship between nutritional intake and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: results of an international multicenter observational study. Intensive Care Med 35: 1728–1737CrossRefPubMed Alberda C, Gramlich L, Jones N, Jeejeebhoy K, Day AG, Dhaliwal R, Heyland DK (2009) The relationship between nutritional intake and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: results of an international multicenter observational study. Intensive Care Med 35: 1728–1737CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Andrews PJ, Avenell A, Noble DW, Campbell MK, Croal BL, Simpson WG, Vale LD, Battison CG, Jenkinson DJ, Cook JA (2011) Randomised trial of glutamine, selenium, or both, to supplement parenteral nutrition for critically ill patients. BMJ 342: d1542 [Die SIGNET-Studie fand keinen Vorteil einer intravenösen Glutamingabe.] ← Andrews PJ, Avenell A, Noble DW, Campbell MK, Croal BL, Simpson WG, Vale LD, Battison CG, Jenkinson DJ, Cook JA (2011) Randomised trial of glutamine, selenium, or both, to supplement parenteral nutrition for critically ill patients. BMJ 342: d1542 [Die SIGNET-Studie fand keinen Vorteil einer intravenösen Glutamingabe.] ←

Zurück zum Zitat Annane D, Cariou A, Maxime V, Azoulay E, D'Honneur G, Timsit JF, Cohen Y, Wolf M, Fartoukh M, Adrie C, Santre C, Bollaert PE, Mathonet A, Amathieu R, Tabah A, Clec'h C, Mayaux J, Lejeune J, Chevret S (2010) Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303: 341–348CrossRefPubMed Annane D, Cariou A, Maxime V, Azoulay E, D'Honneur G, Timsit JF, Cohen Y, Wolf M, Fartoukh M, Adrie C, Santre C, Bollaert PE, Mathonet A, Amathieu R, Tabah A, Clec'h C, Mayaux J, Lejeune J, Chevret S (2010) Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303: 341–348CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Artinian V, Krayem H, DiGiovine B (2006) Effects of early enteral feeding on the outcome of critically ill mechanically ventilated medical patients. Chest 129: 960–967 [Die Arbeit zeigt die prognostische Bedeutung der frühen enteralen Ernährung bei beatmeten Patienten.] ← Artinian V, Krayem H, DiGiovine B (2006) Effects of early enteral feeding on the outcome of critically ill mechanically ventilated medical patients. Chest 129: 960–967 [Die Arbeit zeigt die prognostische Bedeutung der frühen enteralen Ernährung bei beatmeten Patienten.] ←

Zurück zum Zitat Barraud D, Blard C, Hein F, Marcon O, Cravoisy A, Nace L, Alla F, Bollaert PE, Gibot S (2010) Probiotics in the critically ill patient: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 36: 1540–1547CrossRefPubMed Barraud D, Blard C, Hein F, Marcon O, Cravoisy A, Nace L, Alla F, Bollaert PE, Gibot S (2010) Probiotics in the critically ill patient: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 36: 1540–1547CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Bertolini G, Iapichino G, Radrizzani D, Facchini R, Simini B, Bruzzone P, Zanforlin G, Tognoni G (2003) Early enteral immunonutrition in patients with severe sepsis: results of an interim analysis of a randomized multicentre clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 29: 834–840CrossRefPubMed Bertolini G, Iapichino G, Radrizzani D, Facchini R, Simini B, Bruzzone P, Zanforlin G, Tognoni G (2003) Early enteral immunonutrition in patients with severe sepsis: results of an interim analysis of a randomized multicentre clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 29: 834–840CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Timmerman HM, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Bollen TL, van Ramshorst B, Witteman BJ, Rosman C, Ploeg RJ, Brink MA, Schaapherder AF, Dejong CH, Wahab PJ, van Laarhoven CJ, van der Harst E, van Eijck CH, Cuesta MA, Akkermans LM, Gooszen HG (2008) Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 371: 651–659CrossRefPubMed Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, Boermeester MA, van Goor H, Timmerman HM, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Bollen TL, van Ramshorst B, Witteman BJ, Rosman C, Ploeg RJ, Brink MA, Schaapherder AF, Dejong CH, Wahab PJ, van Laarhoven CJ, van der Harst E, van Eijck CH, Cuesta MA, Akkermans LM, Gooszen HG (2008) Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 371: 651–659CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Brunkhorst FM, Kuhnt E, Engel C, Meier-Hellmann A, Ragaller M, Quintel M, Weiler N, Gründling M, Oppert M, Deufel T, Löffler M, Reinhart K, (SepNet) GCNS (2005) Intensive insulin therapy in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock is associated with an increased rate of hypoglycemia – results from a randomized multicenter study (VISEP). Infection 33: 19–20 Brunkhorst FM, Kuhnt E, Engel C, Meier-Hellmann A, Ragaller M, Quintel M, Weiler N, Gründling M, Oppert M, Deufel T, Löffler M, Reinhart K, (SepNet) GCNS (2005) Intensive insulin therapy in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock is associated with an increased rate of hypoglycemia – results from a randomized multicenter study (VISEP). Infection 33: 19–20

Zurück zum Zitat Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, Meier-Hellmann A, Ragaller M, Weiler N, Moerer O, Gruendling M, Oppert M, Grond S, Olthoff D, Jaschinski U, John S, Rossaint R, Welte T, Schaefer M, Kern P, Kuhnt E, Kiehntopf M, Hartog C, Natanson C, Loeffler M, Reinhart K (2008) Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 358: 125–139 [Meilenstein-Studie zur Glukosekontrolle bei Patienten mit schwerer Sepsis.] ← Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, Meier-Hellmann A, Ragaller M, Weiler N, Moerer O, Gruendling M, Oppert M, Grond S, Olthoff D, Jaschinski U, John S, Rossaint R, Welte T, Schaefer M, Kern P, Kuhnt E, Kiehntopf M, Hartog C, Natanson C, Loeffler M, Reinhart K (2008) Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 358: 125–139 [Meilenstein-Studie zur Glukosekontrolle bei Patienten mit schwerer Sepsis.] ←

Zurück zum Zitat Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G, Wouters PJ, Schetz M, Meyfroidt G, Van Cromphaut S, Ingels C, Meersseman P, Muller J, Vlasselaers D, Debaveye Y, Desmet L, Dubois J, Van Assche A, Vanderheyden S, Wilmer A, Van den Berghe G (2011) Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. New Engl J Med 365: 506–517CrossRefPubMed Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G, Wouters PJ, Schetz M, Meyfroidt G, Van Cromphaut S, Ingels C, Meersseman P, Muller J, Vlasselaers D, Debaveye Y, Desmet L, Dubois J, Van Assche A, Vanderheyden S, Wilmer A, Van den Berghe G (2011) Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. New Engl J Med 365: 506–517CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Chen B, Zhou Y, Yang P, Wan HW, Wu XT (2010) Safety and efficacy of fish oil-enriched parenteral nutrition regimen on postoperative patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 34: 387–394CrossRefPubMed Chen B, Zhou Y, Yang P, Wan HW, Wu XT (2010) Safety and efficacy of fish oil-enriched parenteral nutrition regimen on postoperative patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 34: 387–394CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb S, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric S. Surviving Sepsis Campaign (2013) International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 39: 165–228 (siehe auch Serviceteil S. 376)CrossRefPubMed Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb S, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric S. Surviving Sepsis Campaign (2013) International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 39: 165–228 (siehe auch Serviceteil S. 376)CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Doig GS, Simpson F, Sweetman EA, Finfer SR, Cooper DJ, Heighes PT, Davies AR, O'Leary M, Solano T, Peake S; Early PN Investigators of the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. (2013a) Early parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients with short-term relative contraindications to early enteral nutrition: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309: 2130–2138CrossRefPubMed Doig GS, Simpson F, Sweetman EA, Finfer SR, Cooper DJ, Heighes PT, Davies AR, O'Leary M, Solano T, Peake S; Early PN Investigators of the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. (2013a) Early parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients with short-term relative contraindications to early enteral nutrition: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309: 2130–2138CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Doig GS, Simpson F; Early PN Trial Investigators Group (2013b) Early parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients with short-term relative contraindications to early enteral nutrition: a full economic analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial based on US costs. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 5:369–379 Doig GS, Simpson F; Early PN Trial Investigators Group (2013b) Early parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients with short-term relative contraindications to early enteral nutrition: a full economic analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial based on US costs. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 5:369–379

Zurück zum Zitat Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, French CJ, Hart G (2006) Variability of blood glucose concentration and short-term mortality in critically ill patients. Anesthesiology 105: 244–252CrossRefPubMed Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, French CJ, Hart G (2006) Variability of blood glucose concentration and short-term mortality in critically ill patients. Anesthesiology 105: 244–252CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Elke G, Schadler D, Engel C, Bogatsch H, Frerichs I, Ragaller M, Scholz J, Brunkhorst FM, Loffler M, Reinhart K, Weiler N (2008) Current practice in nutritional support and its association with mortality in septic patients–results from a national, prospective, multicenter study. Crit Care Med 36: 1762–1767CrossRefPubMed Elke G, Schadler D, Engel C, Bogatsch H, Frerichs I, Ragaller M, Scholz J, Brunkhorst FM, Loffler M, Reinhart K, Weiler N (2008) Current practice in nutritional support and its association with mortality in septic patients–results from a national, prospective, multicenter study. Crit Care Med 36: 1762–1767CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Elke G, Kuhnt E, Ragaller M, Schadler D, Frerichs I, Brunkhorst FM, Loffler M, Reinhart K, Weiler N; for the, German Competence Network S (2013) Enteral nutrition is associated with improved outcome in patients with severe sepsis. A secondary analysis of the VISEP trial. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 108: 223–233CrossRef Elke G, Kuhnt E, Ragaller M, Schadler D, Frerichs I, Brunkhorst FM, Loffler M, Reinhart K, Weiler N; for the, German Competence Network S (2013) Enteral nutrition is associated with improved outcome in patients with severe sepsis. A secondary analysis of the VISEP trial. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 108: 223–233CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Felbinger TW, Weigand MA, Mayer K (2012) Supplementation in acute lung injury. JAMA 307: 144; author reply 145–146 Felbinger TW, Weigand MA, Mayer K (2012) Supplementation in acute lung injury. JAMA 307: 144; author reply 145–146

Zurück zum Zitat Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, Blair D, Foster D, Dhingra V, Bellomo R, Cook D, Dodek P, Henderson WR, Hebert PC, Heritier S, Heyland DK, McArthur C, McDonald E, Mitchell I, Myburgh JA, Norton R, Potter J, Robinson BG, Ronco JJ; the NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators (2009) Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360: 1283–1297 [Meilenstein-Studie zur Glukosekontrolle bei kritisch Kranken.] ← Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, Blair D, Foster D, Dhingra V, Bellomo R, Cook D, Dodek P, Henderson WR, Hebert PC, Heritier S, Heyland DK, McArthur C, McDonald E, Mitchell I, Myburgh JA, Norton R, Potter J, Robinson BG, Ronco JJ; the NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators (2009) Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360: 1283–1297 [Meilenstein-Studie zur Glukosekontrolle bei kritisch Kranken.] ←

Zurück zum Zitat Harvey SE, Parrott F, Harrison DA, Bear DE, Segaran E, Beale R, Bellingan G, Leonard R, Mythen MG, Rowan KM, Investigators CT (2014) Trial of the route of early nutritional support in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 371: 1673–1684 [Meilenstein-Studie zum Stellenwert von enteraler und parenteraler Ernährung kritisch Kranker.] ← Harvey SE, Parrott F, Harrison DA, Bear DE, Segaran E, Beale R, Bellingan G, Leonard R, Mythen MG, Rowan KM, Investigators CT (2014) Trial of the route of early nutritional support in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 371: 1673–1684 [Meilenstein-Studie zum Stellenwert von enteraler und parenteraler Ernährung kritisch Kranker.] ←

Zurück zum Zitat Heidegger CP, Berger MM, Graf S, Zingg W, Darmon P, Costanza MC, Thibault R, Pichard C (2013) Optimisation of energy provision with supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet 381: 385–393CrossRefPubMed Heidegger CP, Berger MM, Graf S, Zingg W, Darmon P, Costanza MC, Thibault R, Pichard C (2013) Optimisation of energy provision with supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet 381: 385–393CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R (2013) Role of glutamine supplementation in critical illness given the results of the REDOXS study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 37: 442–443CrossRefPubMed Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R (2013) Role of glutamine supplementation in critical illness given the results of the REDOXS study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 37: 442–443CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer PE, Cook D, Jones G, Albert M, Elke G, Berger MM, Day A; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group (2013) A randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 368: 1489–1497. Erratum in 368:1853CrossRefPubMed Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer PE, Cook D, Jones G, Albert M, Elke G, Berger MM, Day A; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group (2013) A randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 368: 1489–1497. Erratum in 368:1853CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Lekka ME, Liokatis S, Nathanail C, Galani V, Nakos G (2004) The impact of intravenous fat emulsion administration in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169: 638–644CrossRefPubMed Lekka ME, Liokatis S, Nathanail C, Galani V, Nakos G (2004) The impact of intravenous fat emulsion administration in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169: 638–644CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Marik PE, Zaloga GP (2008) Immunonutrition in critically ill patients: a systematic review and analysis of the literature. Intensive Care Med 34: 1980–1990CrossRefPubMed Marik PE, Zaloga GP (2008) Immunonutrition in critically ill patients: a systematic review and analysis of the literature. Intensive Care Med 34: 1980–1990CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Mayer K, Weigand MA, Seeger W (2011) Insulinresistenz: Bedeutung in Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin – Wie viel Insulin und Kalorien braucht der kritisch Kranke. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 46: 276–282; quiz 283 Mayer K, Weigand MA, Seeger W (2011) Insulinresistenz: Bedeutung in Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin – Wie viel Insulin und Kalorien braucht der kritisch Kranke. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 46: 276–282; quiz 283

Zurück zum Zitat Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, Einhorn D, Hellman R, Hirsch IB, Inzucchi SE, Ismail-Beigi F, Kirkman MS, Umpierrez GE; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; American Diabetes Association (2009) American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control. Endocrin Pract 15: 353–369CrossRef Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, Einhorn D, Hellman R, Hirsch IB, Inzucchi SE, Ismail-Beigi F, Kirkman MS, Umpierrez GE; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; American Diabetes Association (2009) American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control. Endocrin Pract 15: 353–369CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Montejo JC, Minambres E, Bordeje L, Mesejo A, Acosta J, Heras A, Ferre M, Fernandez-Ortega F, Vaquerizo CI, Manzanedo R (2010) Gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition in ICU patients: the REGANE study. Intensive Care Med 36: 1386–1393CrossRefPubMed Montejo JC, Minambres E, Bordeje L, Mesejo A, Acosta J, Heras A, Ferre M, Fernandez-Ortega F, Vaquerizo CI, Manzanedo R (2010) Gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition in ICU patients: the REGANE study. Intensive Care Med 36: 1386–1393CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Petrof EO, Dhaliwal R, Manzanares W, Johnstone J, Cook D, Heyland DK (2012) Probiotics in the critically ill: a systematic review of the randomized trial evidence. Crit Care Med 40: 3290–3302CrossRefPubMed Petrof EO, Dhaliwal R, Manzanares W, Johnstone J, Cook D, Heyland DK (2012) Probiotics in the critically ill: a systematic review of the randomized trial evidence. Crit Care Med 40: 3290–3302CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Pontes-Arruda A, Martins LF, de Lima SM, Isola AM, Toledo D, Rezende E, Maia M, Magnan GB; Investigating Nutritional Therapy with EPA, GLA and Antioxidants Role in Sepsis Treatment (Intersept) Study Group (2011) Enteral nutrition with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and antioxidants in the early treatment of sepsis: results from a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled study: the INTERSEPT Study. Crit Care 15: R144PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Pontes-Arruda A, Martins LF, de Lima SM, Isola AM, Toledo D, Rezende E, Maia M, Magnan GB; Investigating Nutritional Therapy with EPA, GLA and Antioxidants Role in Sepsis Treatment (Intersept) Study Group (2011) Enteral nutrition with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and antioxidants in the early treatment of sepsis: results from a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled study: the INTERSEPT Study. Crit Care 15: R144PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Poulard F, Dimet J, Martin-Lefevre L, Bontemps F, Fiancette M, Clementi E, Lebert C, Renard B, Reignier J (2010) Impact of not measuring residual gastric volume in mechanically ventilated patients receiving early enteral feeding: a prospective before-after study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 34: 125–130CrossRefPubMed Poulard F, Dimet J, Martin-Lefevre L, Bontemps F, Fiancette M, Clementi E, Lebert C, Renard B, Reignier J (2010) Impact of not measuring residual gastric volume in mechanically ventilated patients receiving early enteral feeding: a prospective before-after study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 34: 125–130CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Pradelli L, Mayer K, Muscaritoli M, Heller AR (2012) n-3 fatty acid-enriched parenteral nutrition regimens in elective surgical and ICU patients: a meta-analysis. Crit Care 16: R184PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Pradelli L, Mayer K, Muscaritoli M, Heller AR (2012) n-3 fatty acid-enriched parenteral nutrition regimens in elective surgical and ICU patients: a meta-analysis. Crit Care 16: R184PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Reignier J, Mercier E, Le Gouge A, Boulain T, Desachy A, Bellec F, Clavel M, Frat JP, Plantefeve G, Quenot JP, Lascarrou JB (2013) Effect of not monitoring residual gastric volume on risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults receiving mechanical ventilation and early enteral feeding: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309: 249–256CrossRefPubMed Reignier J, Mercier E, Le Gouge A, Boulain T, Desachy A, Bellec F, Clavel M, Frat JP, Plantefeve G, Quenot JP, Lascarrou JB (2013) Effect of not monitoring residual gastric volume on risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults receiving mechanical ventilation and early enteral feeding: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309: 249–256CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Reinhart K, Brunkhorst FM, Bone HG, Bardutzky J, Dempfle CE, Forst H, Gastmeier P, Gerlach H, Grundling M, John S, Kern W, Kreymann G, Kruger W, Kujath P, Marggraf G, Martin J, Mayer K, Meier-Hellmann A, Oppert M, Putensen C, Quintel M, Ragaller M, Rossaint R, Seifert H, Spies C, Stuber F, Weiler N, Weimann A, Werdan K, Welte T (2010) Prävention, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge der Sepsis. Erste Revision der S2k-Leitlinien der Deutschen Sepsis-Gesellschaft e.V. (DSG) und der Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigugn für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (DIVI). Anaesthesist 59: 347–370CrossRefPubMed Reinhart K, Brunkhorst FM, Bone HG, Bardutzky J, Dempfle CE, Forst H, Gastmeier P, Gerlach H, Grundling M, John S, Kern W, Kreymann G, Kruger W, Kujath P, Marggraf G, Martin J, Mayer K, Meier-Hellmann A, Oppert M, Putensen C, Quintel M, Ragaller M, Rossaint R, Seifert H, Spies C, Stuber F, Weiler N, Weimann A, Werdan K, Welte T (2010) Prävention, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge der Sepsis. Erste Revision der S2k-Leitlinien der Deutschen Sepsis-Gesellschaft e.V. (DSG) und der Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigugn für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (DIVI). Anaesthesist 59: 347–370CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, deBoisblanc BP, Steingrub J, Rock P; NIH NHLBI Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network of Investigators (2011) Enteral omega-3 fatty acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidant supplementation in acute lung injury. JAMA 306: 1574–1581PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, deBoisblanc BP, Steingrub J, Rock P; NIH NHLBI Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network of Investigators (2011) Enteral omega-3 fatty acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidant supplementation in acute lung injury. JAMA 306: 1574–1581PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, Steingrub J, Hite RD, Moss M, Morris A, Dong N, Rock P; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network (2012) Initial trophic vs full enteral feeding in patients with acute lung injury: the EDEN randomized trial. JAMA 307: 795–803 [Die randomisierte Studie belegt, dass für Patienten mit erwarteter kurzer Liegezeit auf der Intensivstation und geringem Sterberisiko eine geringe Kalorienzufuhr ausreichend ist.] ← Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, Steingrub J, Hite RD, Moss M, Morris A, Dong N, Rock P; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network (2012) Initial trophic vs full enteral feeding in patients with acute lung injury: the EDEN randomized trial. JAMA 307: 795–803 [Die randomisierte Studie belegt, dass für Patienten mit erwarteter kurzer Liegezeit auf der Intensivstation und geringem Sterberisiko eine geringe Kalorienzufuhr ausreichend ist.] ←

Zurück zum Zitat Rubinson L, Diette GB, Song X, Brower RG, Krishnan JA (2004) Low caloric intake is associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients in the medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 32: 350–357CrossRefPubMed Rubinson L, Diette GB, Song X, Brower RG, Krishnan JA (2004) Low caloric intake is associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients in the medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 32: 350–357CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Siempos, II, Ntaidou TK, Falagas ME (2010) Impact of the administration of probiotics on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med 38: 954–962CrossRefPubMed Siempos, II, Ntaidou TK, Falagas ME (2010) Impact of the administration of probiotics on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med 38: 954–962CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Simpson F, Doig GS (2005) Parenteral vs. enteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a meta-analysis of trials using the intention to treat principle. Intensive Care Med 31: 12–23CrossRefPubMed Simpson F, Doig GS (2005) Parenteral vs. enteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a meta-analysis of trials using the intention to treat principle. Intensive Care Med 31: 12–23CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Singer P, Berger MM, Van den Berghe G, Biolo G, Calder P, Forbes A, Griffiths R, Kreyman G, Leverve X, Pichard C ESPEN (2009) ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: intensive care. Clin Nutr 28: 387–400CrossRefPubMed Singer P, Berger MM, Van den Berghe G, Biolo G, Calder P, Forbes A, Griffiths R, Kreyman G, Leverve X, Pichard C ESPEN (2009) ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: intensive care. Clin Nutr 28: 387–400CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Singer P, Anbar R, Cohen J, Shapiro H, Shalita-Chesner M, Lev S, Grozovski E, Theilla M, Frishman S, Madar Z (2011) The tight calorie control study (TICACOS): a prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study of nutritional support in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 37: 601–609CrossRefPubMed Singer P, Anbar R, Cohen J, Shapiro H, Shalita-Chesner M, Lev S, Grozovski E, Theilla M, Frishman S, Madar Z (2011) The tight calorie control study (TICACOS): a prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study of nutritional support in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 37: 601–609CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Stoner HB, Little RA, Frayn KN, Elebute AE, Tresadern J, Gross E (1983) The effect of sepsis on the oxidation of carbohydrate and fat. Br J Surg 70: 32–35CrossRefPubMed Stoner HB, Little RA, Frayn KN, Elebute AE, Tresadern J, Gross E (1983) The effect of sepsis on the oxidation of carbohydrate and fat. Br J Surg 70: 32–35CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Suchner U, Katz DP, Furst P, Beck K, Felbinger TW, Senftleben U, Thiel M, Goetz AE, Peter K (2001) Effects of intravenous fat emulsions on lung function in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome or sepsis. Crit Care Med 29: 1569–1574CrossRefPubMed Suchner U, Katz DP, Furst P, Beck K, Felbinger TW, Senftleben U, Thiel M, Goetz AE, Peter K (2001) Effects of intravenous fat emulsions on lung function in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome or sepsis. Crit Care Med 29: 1569–1574CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat van den Berghe G Wouters P Weekers F Verwaest C Bruyninckx F Schetz M Vlasselaers D Ferdinande P Lauwers P Bouillon R (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345: 1359–1367CrossRefPubMed van den Berghe G Wouters P Weekers F Verwaest C Bruyninckx F Schetz M Vlasselaers D Ferdinande P Lauwers P Bouillon R (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345: 1359–1367CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Villet S, Chiolero RL, Bollmann MD, Revelly JP, Cayeux RNM, Delarue J, Berger MM (2005) Negative impact of hypocaloric feeding and energy balance on clinical outcome in ICU patients. Clin Nutr 24: 502–509 [Die retrospektive Analyse zeigt auf, dass ein initiales Kaloriendefizit bei kritisch Kranken mit einer erhöhten Rate an Infektonen und weiteren Komplikationen korreliert.] ← Villet S, Chiolero RL, Bollmann MD, Revelly JP, Cayeux RNM, Delarue J, Berger MM (2005) Negative impact of hypocaloric feeding and energy balance on clinical outcome in ICU patients. Clin Nutr 24: 502–509 [Die retrospektive Analyse zeigt auf, dass ein initiales Kaloriendefizit bei kritisch Kranken mit einer erhöhten Rate an Infektonen und weiteren Komplikationen korreliert.] ←