Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV) usually have a high fatality. At present no effective therapy or vaccine are available, so early diagnosis of SFTS is crucial to prevent and control SFTSV infection. This study aimed to establish a national reference for these diagnostic kits of SFTSV genome and make the diagnosis of the disease effective.
Methods
Six SFTSV strains isolated from different regions, and five relative viruses with similar clinical manifestations were selected as positive and negative references and assessed using real time quantitative PCR (q-PCR) using specific primers and probe and two commercial kits. The stability of the references was also assessed at 37 °C, room temperature or -70 °C for 8 days, 14 days or 8 months respectively, or following several cycles of freezing-thawing. Collaborative calibration of the references was performed by three labs.
Results
The references indicated good accuracy and specificity. The lowest detection limit was 102 U/mL. The accuracy was coefficient of variation less than 5%. The references were highly stable at high temperatures and after long storing and freezing-thawing treatment.
Conclusions
We successfully established a national reference with good accuracy, high specificity, sensitivity and stability, which can be applied for quality control of commercial SFTSV diagnostic kits, thus preventing and controlling SFTS.
Trial registration
The references have been finished and it was retrospectively registered in the following article.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0682-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Background
In 2007, some patients with severe fever, gastrointestinal bleeding and thrombocytopenia syndrome were first discovered in central and eastern China [1, 2], but the pathogen cannot be determined. The pathogen responsible for the syndrome was not identified until a novel Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae) named Sever Fever Thrombocytopenia Syndrome virus (SFTSV), was isolated from a sample collected from a patient in Henan Province in China at 2009 [3]. Then the cases were successively reported in Korea and Japan [4‐6].
SFTSV, like other viruses in genus Phlebovirus, is an enveloped, segmented minus-strand RNA virus. The genome consists of three segments: L (large), M (middle) and S (small), which respectively encode the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Gn-Gc envelope glycoproteins, nucleocapsid and non-structural proteins [3].
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SFTSV infection is clinically characterized by fever, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, gastrointestinal symptoms, and multiorgan dysfunction. The initial case fatality of SFTSV infection was 30% [3, 7] in China and according to the national surveillance data, the case fatality from 2011 to 2014 was 7.9% [8].
Early clinical diagnosis of SFTSV infection is crucial for controlling the spread of SFTS. Generally, infection is confirmed via detection of viral genome or virus-specific antibodies in the patient’s blood or serum [9]. Several SFTSV RNA detection kits are currently available [10‐12]. However, no references are available for these commercial kits. In this study we established a national reference for SFTSV RNA diagnostic kits refer to the methods of other references [13‐17].
Methods
Viruses
Six SFTSV strains (AH12, HN1, JS3, LN3, SD4, and HB29 isolated from Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Hubei, respectively) were provided by the National Vaccine & Serum Institute (Beijing, China). Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) SA14-14-2, dengue virus (DENV) Ban18 and yellow fever virus (YFV) 17D were provided by Arbovirus Vaccine Group, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC). Inactivated hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus (HFRSV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) Senzhang strain was provided by Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.
Materials
Nucleic acid detection kits for SFTSV (PCR-fluorescence probe techniques) were obtained from SinoMD Gene (Beijing, China) and DaAn Gene (Guangzhou, China). An RNA extraction QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (cat 52904) was obtained from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany). Reverse transcriptase was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA), and La Taq was purchased from Takara (Shiga, Japan).
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Selection of references
Four kinds of references (positive, negative, sensitivity and accuracy) were investigated.
Positive references
References should be broad-spectrum and representative. So the phylogenetic tree of SFTSV, based on the S segment, was first draw using MEGA 6.0 (Fig. 1). To represent a range of epidemic regions and disease severities, six SFTSV strains AH12, HN1, JS3, LN3, SD4, and HB29, isolated from Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Hubei, respectively, were used as positive references.
Fig. 1
The phylogenetic tree of SFTSV based on S segment. The GenBank number of each virus was listed as follow, SD24 (HM802205.1), SD4 (HM802204.1), JS4 (HQ141606.1), AH12 (HQ141591), LN2 (HQ141609.1), HN6 (HQ141597.1), JS2012-tick01 (KC473542.1), LN3 (HQ141612.1), JS3 (HQ141603), HL (KF791952.1), HN13 (HQ141600.1), AH15 (HQ141594.1), HB29 (HM745932), Z37 (AF187082.1), L99 (AF288299.1), Z10 (EF533944.1), HTV (U37768.1). Red dots indicate the strains selected for references
×
Negative references
Five arthropod-borne or blood-borne viruses (JEV A14-14-2 strain, DENV Ban18 strain, YFV 17D strain, HFRSV L99 strain and TBEV Senzhang strain), which cause similar clinical manifestations to SFTSV infection, including fever, headache, disturbance of consciousness, convulsions, bleeding and kidney damage, meningeal irritation and paralysis, were selected as negative references to evaluate the kit specify [18‐22].
The earliest isolated and extensively investigated SFTSV strain HB29 was used as references for sensitivity and accuracy.
Preparation of the references
Six SFTSV strains AH12, HN1, JS3, LN3, SD4, and HB29 were amplified. Virus titers were determined before inactivation using the cytopathogenic effect assay (CPE). JEV A14-14-2 strain, DENV Ban18 strain and YFV 17D strain was amplified in BHK 21 cells, and the titers were determined using a CPE method. HFRSV L99 strain and TBEV Senzhang strain were provided by Changchun Institute of Biological Products. All viruses were inactivated using formaldehyde (1:1000) at 37 °C for 24 h and stored in −80 °C for use.
Confirmation of the references
Sequence confirmation of the references
The S gene represents a conserved region of the SFTSV genome [3]. The whole genome of JEV is conserved [23]. The NS1 gene represents a conserved region of DENV [24]. The S gene represents a conserved region of HFRSV [25]. 3′ UTR is the conserved region of YFV [21]. 5′UTR is the conserved region of TBEV [22]. The specific primers for the conserved region of each virus were designed using DNAMan (Lynnon, San Ramon, CA, USA).
Virus RNA genome was extracted using QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit and then reverse transcribed into cDNA. The cDNA was used as template for PCR in a total volume of 50 μL (LA Taq, 0.2 μL, Buffer 5 μL, dNTP 4 μL, cDNA template 2 μL, primers 2 μL and ddH2O 37 μL) using the following procedures: denaturation at 94 °C for 2 min; 30 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 56 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s, and finally extension at 72 °C for 5 min. The PCR products were confirmed by sequencing (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA).
Confirmation by quantitative PCR (q-PCR)
Specific primers and probe was synthesized for S gene of SFTSV.
SFTSVF: 5′GGGTCCCTGAAGGAGTTGTAAA3′
SFTSVR: 5′TGCCTTCACCAAGACTATCAATGT3′,
SFTSVP: FAM-TTCTGTCTTGCTGGCTCCGCGC-BHQ1
References were quantified using specific primers and probes, SFTSV nucleic acid detection kits (PCR-fluorescence probe techniques) from SinoMD Gene, and DaAn Gene. The reaction system for specific primers and probes were: 0.1 μL LA Taq, 2.5 μL reaction buffer, 2 μL dNTP, 5 μL template, 2 μL primes, 1 μL probe, and 12.4 μL ddH2O. The q-PCR procedure was as follows: denaturation at 94 °C for 10 min; 40 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 56 °C for 30s. The reaction system for the SinoMD kit was: SFTSV PCR buffer 12.5 μL, SFTSV primers and probe mixture 2.5 μL, SFTSV internal template 1.0 μL, DEPC H2O 4.0 μL, template 5.0 μL. The q-PCR procedure was as follows: 45 °C for 15 min, 94 °C for 5 min; 40 cycles of 94 °C for 15 s, 60 °C for 35 s; 25 °C for 1 min. The reaction system for the DaAn kit was: SFTSV reaction buffer A 17 μL, SFTSV reaction buffer B 3 μL, template, 5 μL. The q-PCR procedure was as follows: 50 °C for 15 min, 94 °C for 15 min; 45 cycles of 94 °C for 15 s, 55 °C for 45 s.
Confirmation of sensitivity
The extensively investigated SFTSV strain HB29 was used as a reference for sensitivity testing. First, the recombinant plasmid containing the conserved S gene pMD18-TS was constructed, serial diluted 1:10 and then used to establish a standard curve. 4.83 × 106copies/mL of SFTSV HB29 was defined as 106 U/mL. Ten-fold serial dilutions of SFTSV HB29 (105 U/mL, 104 U/mL, 103 U/mL, 102 U/mL, 10 U/mL) were used as sensitivity references and labeled S1-S5. The lowest detection limit of the reference was assessed using SinoMD kit and DaAn kit for 4 times.
Confirmation of accuracy
The reference (104 U/mL (S3) SFTSV HB29) was detected using the SinoMD and DaAn kits for 10 times and the coefficient of variation (CV) of each Ct was calculated and defined as the accuracy of the reference.
Stability of the references
Three sets of references stored at −70 °C were randomly selected. One set was placed at 37 °C with 60–80% relative humidity for 8 days, one at room temperature with 20–50% relative humidity for 14 days, and one at −70 °C for 8 months. The stability of these references was determined using the detection kits.
The references stored at −70 °C were subjected to 3 cycles of freeze-thaw, then nucleic acid detection was performed to determine the effect of freeze-thaw treatment.
Collaborative calibration of the references
According to the Program, Protocol, Standard Operating Procedure of Collaborative Calibration approved by the National Administrative Committee for Certified Reference Materials, and unified original experimental record, the collaborative calibration was completed by the Second Group for in vitro Diagnostics of NIFDC, Arbovirus Vaccine Group of NIFDC and DaAn Gene Co. Ltd.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.1 (Raleigh, NC, USA), and means are presented. T test was used to analyze the stability in each treatment groups. A p value < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
Results
Preparation of the references
Using the CPE method, the titer of SFTSV ranged from 6.8 to 8.3 lg CCID50/mL, the titers of the JEV A14-14-2 strain, DV Ban18 strain and YFV 17D strain were 5.56 lg PFU/mL, 5.40 lg PFU/mL and 6.09 l g PFU/mL, respectively. The titers of the provided HFRSV L99 strain and TBEV Senzhang strain were 7.3 lg CCID50/mL and 8.0 lg LD50/mL, respectively.
Specificity of the references
Sequencing of these 6 positive and 5 negative references indicated that all conserved virus genes or genomes (S gene of SFTSV, whole genome of JEV, NS1 gene of, S gene of HFRSV, 3′ UTR of YFV and 5′UTR of TBEV) shared 99% homology with genes from the same or similar virus strains.
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Next these positive and negative references were applied for q-PCR using SFTSV specific primers and probes, and kits from SinoMD and DaAn gene. The positive Ct value was defined as less than 35 for specific primers and probes, and less than 37 for the two kits according to the manufacturers’ protocol. The Ct values of 6 positive references were all less than 35, with typical S curves for specific primers and probes as well as two commercial kits (Table 1, Fig. 2a). No typical S curve was observed in five negative samples (Fig. 2b), so no Ct values were given. Our results indicated that these positive and negative references were highly specific and accurate.
Table 1
q-PCR results for specificity of references
Strains
Ct value
Specific primers and probe
SinoMD kit
DaAn kit
Exp 1
Exp 2
Exp 1
Exp 2
Exp 1
Exp 2
AH12
22.89
22.84
24.69
26.50
20.72
18.60
HN1
24.05
23.53
24.96
26.04
20.91
20.15
JS3
25.01
25.26
25.01
25.50
21.94
20.84
LN3
24.29
23.96
24.26
22.61
21.26
20.04
SD4
24.09
24.05
26.90
29.86
21.42
19.27
HB29
23.68
22.99
25.30
23.12
20.44
18.87
Positive
21.89
21.57
17.29
18.99
23.49
19.77
Negative
—
—
—
—
—
—
Exp experiment
Fig. 2
q-PCR reaction curve of positive references (a) and negative references (b)
×
Sensitivity of the references
The recombinant plasmid pMD18-TS for standard curve ranged from 2.01 × 1012 copies/mL to 2.01 × 104 copies/mL in ten-fold dilutions. The sensitivity reference SFTSV HB29 strain was used at 4.83 × 106 copies/mL, serially diluted 1:10 five types (S1-S5), and detected using two commercial kits. As shown in Table 2, the detection limit of the SinoMD kit was S3 with 103 U/mL virus, while the detection limit of the DaAn kit was S4 with 102 U/mL virus. Although S5 with 10 U/mL virus can be detected using the DaAn kit in 3 of 4 times, the Ct value and dilution did not have a linear relationship. The detection limit was still S4 with 102 U/mL virus. The q-PCR reaction curves of sensitivity reference are shown in (Fig. 3a and 3b).
Table 2
q-PCR results for sensitivity of reference
HB29 strain
Ct value
SinoMD kit
DaAn kit
Exp 1
Exp 2
Exp 3
Exp 4
Exp 1
Exp 2
Exp 3
Exp 4
S1 (105 U/mL)
30.03
27.35
29.40
30.23
21.42
22.48
26.37
24.11
S2 (104 U/mL)
32.21
33.16
32.74
33.27
26.05
24.84
28.86
26.69
S3 (103 U/mL)
37.07
34.04
35.60
36.19
28.28
28.32
30.75
28.13
S4 (102 U/mL)
—
37.36
—
—
32.20
29.46
31.79
31.08
S5 (10 U/mL)
—
—
—
—
—
32.37
32.06
31.17
Positive
17.59
16.75
17.84
19.07
19.77
23.49
20.69
20.00
Negative
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Exp experiment
Fig. 3
q-PCR reaction curve of sensitivity reference using SinoMD kit (a) and DaAn kit (b)
×
The virus titer in the serum of patients with SFTSV infection is reported to usually range between 102 and 108 copies/mL [26‐29], so to be clinically useful a reference concentration of 102 U/mL must be detectable by commercial kits.
Repeatability of the references
To evaluate the repeatability of the accuracy reference, a sample containing 104 U/mL (S3) SFTSV HB29 was detected using the SinoMD and DaAn kits in five independent experiments including two duplicates each. As shown in Table 3, the SinoMD kit CV of Ct was 3.98 and 3.16%, while the DaAn kit CV of Ct was 3.04 and 4.55%. So the CV of Ct for this accuracy reference was determined as less than 5%. See (Fig. 4) for q-PCR reaction curve of accuracy for reference.
Table 3
q-PCR results for accuracy of reference
References
Ct value
SinoMD kit
DaAn kit
Exp 1
Exp 2
Exp 1
Exp 2
R1
33.27
33.80
26.05
27.47
R2
34.19
34.98
27.63
27.08
R3
30.72
33.10
27.67
26.22
R4
31.24
33.03
27.38
28.15
R5
32.75
36.36
26.26
27.12
R6
32.19
34.00
26.14
25.56
R7
31.85
33.34
26.11
25.67
R8
32.62
33.93
25.29
24.84
R9
34.43
32.74
27.34
28.03
R10
30.90
34.18
26.89
25.09
SD
1.29
1.07
0.81
1.21
Average
32.42
33.95
26.68
26.52
CV (%)
3.98
3.16
3.05
4.55
Exp experiment, R1-R10 repeat 1-10, SD standard deviation, CV coefficient of variation
Fig. 4
q-PCR reaction curve of accuracy for reference
×
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Stability of all references
The appearance of the references was not altered by storage at 37 °C for 8 days, and at room temperature with 20–50% for 14 days, or at −70 °C for 8 months. All references appeared to be transparent liquids with no turbidity or precipitation. When these references were subjected to q-PCR with specific primers, treated positive references were positive, while all treated negative references were negative, without typical S curves or Ct values higher than 37. The detection limits of all treated sensitivity references were 102 U/mL virus and the CV values of Ct for all treated accuracy references were less than 5% (Table 4, Fig. 5a, 5b and 5c).
Table 4
q-PCR results for stability of reference in different storage conditions
References
Ct value
Normal value
37 °C for 8 days
Room temperature for 14 days
−70 °C for 8 months
Positive
P1 (AH12)
18.02
22.81
22.84
18.60
P2 (HN1)
18.49
24.02
23.53
20.15
P3 (JS3)
24.83
25.07
25.26
20.84
P4 (LN3)
18.80
24.52
23.96
20.04
P5 (SD4)
22.41
23.88
24.05
19.27
P6 (HB29)
17.92
22.35
22.99
18.87
Sensitivity
S1 (105U)
20.20
26.69
25.51
21.42
S2 (104U)
23.99
30.03
27.46
26.05
S3 (103U)
27.40
32.23
30.78
28.28
S4 (102U)
35.29
35.54
31.08
32.20
S5 (10U)
—
37.23
32.68
—
Accuracy
R1
27.50
29.87
27.77
27.47
R2
24.56
29.78
28.08
27.08
R3
27.50
29.21
27.89
26.22
R4
24.30
30.61
27.89
28.15
R5
24.27
30.04
27.63
27.12
R6
23.99
28.70
27.85
25.56
R7
25.09
30.03
27.81
25.67
R8
25.11
31.76
28.01
24.84
R9
25.01
31.39
27.60
28.03
R10
25.06
31.16
27.37
25.09
SD
1.26
0.97
0.21
1.21
Average
25.24
30.26
27.79
26.52
CV
5.00%
3.20%
0.75%
4.55%
Fig. 5
q-PCR results for stability of the references under different treatments. a Positive references; b Sensitivity references; c Accuracy references
×
The references were subjected to 3 cycles of freeze-thaw treatment and after each cycle tested using q-PCR. The accuracy reference CV values of Ct did not differ between the three cycles (Tables 5, P > 0.05). All these data suggest that all references exhibit good stability to temperature.
Table 5
q-PCR results for stability of the references subjected to freeze-thraw
Reference
Ct value
First F-T
Second F-T
Third F-T
HB29 strain
25.49
26.23
27.31
26.29
25.80
26.58
26.10
26.28
25.80
Average
25.96
26.10
26.56
HB29 strain at 1:100
33.27
31.85
34.43
34.19
32.62
30.90
30.72
32.75
33.48
31.24
32.19
33.00
Average
32.36
32.35
32.95
F-T freeze-thaw
Calibration of the references
Calibration of the references is described in Table 6. In three independent laboratories the positive rate of positive references and negative rate of negative references were all 100%. The detection limit of the sensitivity reference was 102 U/mL. The CV of the accuracy reference ranged from 0.45 to 4.55%, which were all less than 5%.
Table 6
Calibration of the references
Labs
Exp
Positive coincidence rate
Negative coincidence rate
Sensitivity (102 U/mL)
Accuracy (CV)
Second group for in vitro diagnostics of NIFDC
1
100%
100%
Detected
3.49%
2
100%
100%
Detected
0.45%
3
100%
100%
Detected
3.80%
Average
100%
100%
Detected
2.58%
Arbovirus vaccine group of NIFDC
1
100%
100%
Detected
3.98%
2
100%
100%
Detected
3.16%
3
100%
100%
Detected
3.05%
4
100%
100%
Detected
4.55%
Average
100%
100%
Detected
3.69%
DaAn gene Co. Ltd
1
100%
100%
Detected
1.97%
2
100%
100%
Detected
1.53%
3
100%
100%
Detected
0.56%
4
100%
100%
Detected
1.44%
5
100%
100%
Detected
1.19%
Average
100%
100%
Detected
1.34%
Discussion
SFTS caused by SFTSV infection was first emerged in China in 2009 [3], followed by reports from other Asian countries. At present no effective therapies or vaccines are available, and SFTS is associated with high rates of fatality [1, 5, 30]. In addition to reducing rates of tick bite, early diagnosis and treatment are important. Hence many research institutes and companies are developing diagnostic kit for SFTSV based on the detection of virus genome using q-PCR. However, no references are yet available to control the quantity of these kits. Thus in this study we established national references that allow specific, sensitive and accurate detection of the SFTSV genome.
When establishing reference standards, the references should be represent a broad-spectrum of relevant viruses [31]. In 2007, the first SFTS case in China was reported in Henan Province, and since cases have been reported in Shandong, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Niaoning [1]. Thus we chose viruses from these regions to use as the reference strains. The severity of the disease caused by these virus strains also should be considered. We drew a phylogenetic tree based on S segment and selected six representative SFTSV strains, AH12, HN1, JS3, LN3, SD4, and HB29, isolated from Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Hubei respectively, as positive references. When selecting negative references, HFRSV was chosen because of the similar structure and family to SFTSV [32]. JEV, DenV, YFV and TBEV were chosen as they cause similar clinical symptoms and are transmitted by arthropods or blood, like SFTSV [18‐22]. Before establishing references, conserved regions of these 11 viruses were amplified using specific primers and sequenced. Then q-PCR was used to detect the specificity and accuracy of positive and negative references.
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When selecting sensitive and accurate references, the earliest identified and extensively studied HB29 strain was chosen. The serial dilution method was used to determine the detection limit of the reference. Through collaborative calibration by three labs, the detection limit was set as 102 U/mL, as SFTSV infection is reported to cause titers of 102-108copies/mL in the serum [26‐29]. The CVs of Ct were all less than 5%, indicating acceptable accuracy.
We also investigated the capacity of the references to withstand freeze-thaw and conditions typical of storage, transportation and application, as previously reported [33]. Storage at room temperature, 37 °C and several freeze-thaw cycles did not alter the specificity, accuracy, and sensitivity of the references, indicating high stability.
Conclusions
The national reference had been established successfully and proved good accuracy, high specificity, sensitivity and stability. It means that the reference will be widely used in the quality control of the similar commercial SFTSV diagnostic kits and guarantee their effectiveness, thus more SFTSV infection can be diagnosed rapidly and the targeted prevention and control measures will be developed.
Acknowledgement
We thank Xunian Gao from DaAn Gene Co. Ltd., and Yuliang Song from Beijing SinoMD Gene Detection Co. Ltd. for their supports and help. Thanks for their technology help on the design of the study and the diagnose kit they supplied.
Funding
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
For the Additional file 1, you can see them in the attachment. The q-PCR result was produced on ABI 7500 real time q-PCR instrument. The phylogenetic tree of SFTSV was made by MEGA 6.0 software.
Authors’ contributions
XL carried out the trial and data analysis in the whole research and drafted the manuscript. LW contacted the collaborative calibration of the references, participated in the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. DB participated in the design and coordination of the research. YL conceived of the study, guided the trial and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ information
XL, master degree, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China.
LW, master degree, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China.
DB, superintendent of diagnostic reagent management, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China.
YL, professor, director of arbovirus vaccine department, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China. E-mail: lyhchengdu@163.com.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
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