Background
Methods
Study design and sample
Measures
Anthropometric measurements
Ethnicity
Acculturation
Men (n = 6 216, 47.6 %) 27.1 (5.0) Mean BMI (SD) 65.2%Owt/Obese | Women (n = 6 831, 52.4 %) 26.6 (6.3) Mean BMI (SD) 52.8%Owt/Obese | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Mean BMI (SD) | %Owt/Obese | % | Mean BMI (SD) | %Owt/Obese | |
Country of birth | ||||||
Australian born | 76.5 | 27.1 (4.9) | 65.3 | 77.4 | 26.8 (6.4) | 54.2 |
Oceania (excluding Australia) | 3.3 | 28.3 (5.5) | 71.6 | 2.6 | 27.0 (5.7) | 58.5 |
North-West Europe | 9.5 | 26.9 (4.4) | 67.3 | 8.4 | 26.6 (5.9) | 53.1 |
Southern & Eastern Europe | 2.6 | 27.7 (4.3) | 74.7 | 2.5 | 27.5 (5.7) | 64.5 |
North Africa & The Middle East | 1.0 | 28.8 (8.5) | 68.8 | 0.7 | 28.0 (6.2) | 62.2 |
South-East Asia | 1.7 | 26.3 (5.6) | 53.3 | 2.7 | 24.7 (6.2) | 35.3 |
North-East Asia | 1.1 | 25.2 (5.7) | 39.4 | 1.8 | 21.5 (3.0) | 11.6 |
Southern & Central Asia | 1.9 | 25.7 (6.1) | 51.7 | 1.6 | 25.0 (6.4) | 42.6 |
Americas | 1.1 | 28.2 (5.5) | 71.4 | 1.4 | 25.3 (6.3) | 43.3 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.2 | 26.0 (3.5) | 58.9 | 1.0 | 24.5 (5.1) | 35.7 |
Age | ||||||
18–24 years | 13.2 | 24.8 (4.7) | 40.3 | 12.4 | 23.7 (5.2) | 26.7 |
25–34 years | 14.4 | 26.4 (4.5) | 58.8 | 13.8 | 25.4 (6.3) | 41.8 |
35–44 years | 16.8 | 27.6 (5.1) | 68.3 | 17.7 | 27.2 (6.6) | 55.1 |
45–54 years | 20.3 | 27.8 (4.9) | 73.3 | 19.7 | 27.2 (6.5) | 56.1 |
55–64 years | 16.6 | 28.3 (5.2) | 74.2 | 17.3 | 28.0 (6.3) | 63.5 |
65–74 years | 11.4 | 27.5 (4.8) | 72.3 | 11.0 | 27.8 (6.0) | 64.4 |
> 75 years | 7.2 | 26.2 (4.4) | 61.3 | 8.1 | 26.1 (5.5) | 54.7 |
Remoteness | ||||||
Major City | 63.4 | 26.9 (4.9) | 63.3 | 63.8 | 26.3 (6.2) | 50.0 |
Inner Regional Australia | 24.1 | 27.3 (5.0) | 67.4 | 24.7 | 27.1 (6.2) | 57.3 |
Outer Regional Australia | 10.9 | 27.6 (5.3) | 69.4 | 9.9 | 27.6 (7.0) | 58.6 |
Remote and Very Remote Australia | 1.6 | 28.5 (4.6) | 78.6 | 1.6 | 27.5 (6.4) | 57.8 |
Highest attained education level | ||||||
Bachelor + | 23.5 | 26.7 (4.6) | 63.5 | 26.1 | 25.6 (5.6) | 45.4 |
Diploma | 9.4 | 27.3 (4.5) | 68.0 | 9.5 | 26.4 (6.4) | 51.2 |
Certificate (trade/business) | 28.6 | 27.7 (4.9) | 71.2 | 16.2 | 27.3 (6.5) | 57.7 |
School - Year 12 and below | 38.4 | 26.9 (5.3) | 61.0 | 48.2 | 27.0 (6.5) | 55.4 |
Occupation | ||||||
Managers and professionals | 27.7 | 27.1 (4.3) | 68.3 | 23 | 26.0 (5.6) | 47.1 |
White Collar | 13.6 | 27.0 (5.2) | 60.7 | 30.8 | 26.3 (6.3) | 50.2 |
Blue Collar | 29.8 | 27.2 (4.9) | 65.1 | 6.9 | 26.8 (6.8) | 52.1 |
Unemp/Not in Labour Force | 28.8 | 27.0 (5.4) | 64.4 | 39.3 | 27.2 (6.6) | 58.2 |
Household Income | ||||||
> $130,000 k per annum | 19.4 | 27.0 (4.6) | 64.4 | 17.2 | 25.5 (5.6) | 44.5 |
$72,800–$129,999 | 35.6 | 27.2 (4.8) | 67.5 | 32.9 | 26.4 (5.9) | 50.9 |
$52,000–$72,799 | 17.1 | 26.8 (4.9) | 63.2 | 16.0 | 27.2 (6.6) | 55.8 |
$41,600–$51,999 | 8.2 | 27.2 (5.1) | 65.4 | 8.0 | 27.3 (7.1) | 53.4 |
$26,000–$41,599 | 11.9 | 27.0 (5.6) | 63.4 | 13.4 | 27.3 (6.5) | 58.7 |
$0–$25,999 | 7.8 | 27.0 (5.6) | 63.4 | 12.5 | 27.0 (6.7) | 58.1 |
Neighbourhood Disadvantage | ||||||
Quintile 5 (least disadvantage) | 22.0 | 26.4 (4.0) | 61.4 | 21.2 | 25.4 (5.6) | 44.3 |
Quintile 4 | 22.1 | 26.8 (4.7) | 63.8 | 22.2 | 26.3 (5.8) | 51.4 |
Quintile 3 | 19.5 | 27.5 (5.3) | 68.2 | 20.1 | 26.7 (6.3) | 54.2 |
Quintile 2 | 18.9 | 27.5 (5.2) | 68.3 | 19.3 | 27.0 (6.4) | 54.9 |
Quintile 1 (most disadvantage) | 17.5 | 27.4 (5.7) | 64.9 | 17.2 | 28.0 (7.2) | 60.8 |
Controls
Analysis
Ethnicity and bodyweight
Acculturation and bodyweight
Results
Ethnicity and bodyweight
BMI | Odds Overweight/Obesity | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||||||
Coeff | 95 % CI | Coeff | 95 % CI | Coeff | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CrI | OR | 95 % CrI | OR | 95 % CrI | |
Men | ||||||||||||
Australian born | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Oceania (excluding Australia) |
1.31
| (0.62, 2.01) |
0.89
| (0.21, 1.58) |
0.84
| (0.16, 1.52) | 1.35 | (1.00, 1.87) | 1.14 | (0.83, 1.59) | 1.12 | (0.81, 1.57) |
North-West Europe | −0.10 | (−0.53, 0.32) |
−0.52
| (−0.94, −0.10) |
−0.47
| (−0.89, −0.05) | 1.10 | (0.92, 1.33) |
0.87
| (0.72, 0.88) | 0.88 | (0.73, 1.08) |
Southern & Eastern Europe | 0.67 | (−0.10, 1.45) | 0.23 | (−0.53, 1.00) | 0.24 | (−0.52, 1.01) |
1.59
| (1.11, 2.31) | 1.29 | (0.89, 1.91) | 1.33 | (0.91, 1.97) |
N. Africa & The Middle East |
1.69
| (0.43, 2.94) |
1.25
| (0.03, 2.47) |
1.42
| (0.19, 2.64) | 1.20 | (0.70, 2.11) | 0.99 | (0.56, 1.81) | 1.12 | (0.63, 2.08) |
South-East Asia | −0.73 | (−1.70, 0.23) |
−1.03
| (−1.97, −0.09) | −0.90 | (−1.84, 0.05) |
0.61
| (0.41, 0.90) |
0.53
| (0.35, 0.79) |
0.57
| (0.37, 0.86) |
North-East Asia |
−1.77
| (−2.94, −0.59) |
−1.75
| (−2.89, −0.60) |
−1.48
| (−2.63, −0.34) |
0.35
| (0.21, 0.57) |
0.33
| (0.20, 0.55) |
0.36
| (0.21, 0.61) |
Southern & Central Asia |
−1.25
| (−2.19, −0.32) |
−1.44
| (−2.36, −0.52) |
−1.24
| (−2.17, −0.32) |
0.58
| (0.39, 0.84) |
0.53
| (0.36, 0.78) |
0.59
| (0.39, 0.88) |
Americas |
1.18
| (0.02, 2.35) | 0.69 | (−0.45, 1.83) | 0.97 | (−0.16, 2.11) | 1.37 | (0.81, 2.37) | 1.11 | (0.65, 1.97) | 1.23 | (0.72, 2.16) |
Sub-Saharan Africa | −0.94 | (−2.09, 0.21) | −0.95 | (−2.07, 0.18) | −0.77 | (−1.89, 0.35) | 0.78 | (0.48, 1.28) | 0.78 | (0.47, 1.30) | 0.81 | (0.49, 1.37) |
Women | ||||||||||||
Australian born | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Oceania (excluding Australia) | 0.27 | (−0.67, 1.22) | −0.19 | (−1.11, 0.73) | −0.22 | (−1.13, 0.70) | 1.22 | (0.90, 1.68) | 1.05 | (0.77, 1.45) | 1.05 | (0.76, 1.45) |
North-West Europe | −0.25 | (−0.79, 0.28) |
−0.91
| (−1.44, −0.38) |
−0.80
| (−1.33, −0.28) | 0.95 | (0.79, 1.13) |
0.72
| (0.60, 0.87) |
0.75
| (0.62, 0.90) |
Southern & Eastern Europe | 0.69 | (−0.26, 1.64) | −0.07 | (−1.00, 0.86) | −0.12 | (−1.05, 0.80) |
1.59
| (1.15, 2.21) | 1.21 | (0.87, 1.70) | 1.20 | (0.87, 1.69) |
N. Africa & The Middle East | 1.47 | (−0.37, 3.31) | 0.89 | (−0.91, 2.69) | 0.73 | (−1.06, 2.52) | 1.52 | (0.81, 2.92) | 1.36 | (0.72, 2.60) | 1.31 | (0.69, 2.55) |
South-East Asia |
−1.96
| (−2.89, −1.04) |
−2.35
| (−3.27, −1.45) |
−2.34
| (−3.25, −1.43) |
0.45
| (0.33, 1.60) |
0.41
| (0.29, 0.56) |
0.41
| (0.30, 0.57) |
North-East Asia |
−4.92
| (−6.08, −3.76) |
−4.99
| (−6.13, −3.85) |
−4.93
| (−6.06, −3.79) |
0.11
| (0.06, 0.19) |
0.11
| (0.06, 0.18) |
0.11
| (0.06, 0.19) |
Southern & Central Asia |
−1.36
| (−2.57, −0.15) |
−1.54
| (−2.73, −0.36) |
−1.60
| (−2.77, −0.42) | 0.67 | (0.44, 1.01) |
0.63
| (0.41, 0.96) |
0.64
| (0.42, 0.97) |
Americas |
−1.27
| (−2.52, −0.02) |
−1.81
| (−3.03, −0.59) |
−1.67
| (−2.88, −0.45) | 0.73 | (0.48, 1.12) |
0.62
| (0.41, 0.95) | 0.66 | (0.43, 1.00) |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
−2.34
| (−3.82, −0.86) |
−2.54
| (−3.99, −1.09) |
−2.37
| (−3.81, −0.93) |
0.45
| (0.27, 0.75) |
0.42
| (0.24, 0.71) |
0.44
| (0.26, 0.74) |
Acculturation and bodyweight
Men (FB Only) (n = 1 457, 48.6 %) 27.1(5.2) mean BMI(SD) 64.9%Owt/Obese | Women (FB Only) (n = 1 540, 51.4 %) 25.9 (6.0) mean BMI(SD) 47.8%Owt/Obese | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Mean BMI (SD) | %Owt/ Obese | % | Mean BMI (SD) | %Owt/ Obese | |
Length of residence in Australia | ||||||
< 5 years | 6.7 | 25.3 (4.1) | 49.0 | 9.1 | 23.2 (4.2) | 25.7 |
5–9 years | 6.2 | 25.8 (4.6) | 57.1 | 5.8 | 24.9 (9.0) | 31.5 |
10–14 years | 7.8 | 26.7 (6.2) | 56.6 | 9.2 | 24.7 (5.2) | 41.1 |
≥ 15 years | 79.3 | 27.3 (5.1) | 67.6 | 76.0 | 26.4 (5.8) | 52.4 |
Age at Arrival | ||||||
≥ 25 years (arrived as adult) | 44.9 | 26.7 (5.1) | 62.6 | 45.1 | 25.5 (5.8) | 46.2 |
18–24 years (arrived as young adult) | 18.8 | 26.7 (4.6) | 62.6 | 19.7 | 25.2 (5.1) | 44.2 |
12–17 years (arrived as an adolescent) | 8.0 | 28.0 (6.2) | 70.1 | 9.0 | 26.2 (5.5) | 50.0 |
0–11 years (arrived as young child) | 28.3 | 27.5 (5.3) | 68.5 | 26.2 | 27.0 (6.8) | 52.5 |
Age | ||||||
18–24 years | 5.4 | 24.9 (4.2) | 40.5 | 4.7 | 22.4 (4.1) | 23.3 |
25–34 years | 11.9 | 25.9 (4.6) | 50.0 | 12.3 | 23.9 (5.7) | 28.6 |
35–44 years | 15.0 | 27.2 (4.2) | 65.3 | 16.9 | 25.6 (5.9) | 43.8 |
45–54 years | 22.5 | 27.3 (5.0) | 68.9 | 21.8 | 25.7 (5.8) | 46.7 |
55–64 years | 20.6 | 28.0 (5.5) | 73.7 | 21.9 | 27.0 (6.7) | 54.3 |
65–74 years | 15.5 | 27.5 (5.6) | 69.0 | 13.8 | 27.2 (5.4) | 60.6 |
> 75 years | 9.0 | 26.2 (4.6) | 61.1 | 8.6 | 26.7 (4.9) | 62.1 |
Remoteness | ||||||
Major City | 76.9 | 27.0 (5.1) | 64.5 | 77.9 | 25.8 (6.0) | 46.7 |
Inner Regional Australia | 15.8 | 27.3 (5.7) | 64.1 | 13.9 | 26.1 (5.2) | 51.4 |
Outer Regional Australia | 5.9 | 27.2 (4.9) | 68.6 | 6.8 | 27.0 (6.7) | 52.4 |
Remote and Very Remote Australia | 1.3 | 27.9 (4.0) | 78.9 | 1.4 | 24.9 (5.1) | 48.6 |
Highest attained education level | ||||||
Bachelor + | 32.3 | 26.7 (5.3) | 61.1 | 33.6 | 24.6 (5.1) | 38.8 |
Diploma | 11.0 | 26.7 (4.8) | 60.6 | 10.7 | 25.1 (6.2) | 41.2 |
Certificate (trade/business) | 24.9 | 27.3 (4.4) | 70.8 | 13.4 | 26.7 (6.4) | 53.4 |
School - Year 12 and below | 31.8 | 27.4 (5.6) | 65.5 | 42.3 | 26.9 (6.2) | 54.8 |
Occupation | ||||||
Managers and professionals | 29.2 | 26.8 (4.7) | 65.0 | 22.5 | 25.0 (4.9) | 40.9 |
White Collar | 12.8 | 26.9 (5.5) | 61.5 | 23.6 | 25.4 (6.1) | 41.8 |
Blue Collar | 25.0 | 27.3 (4.8) | 65.1 | 7.3 | 26.0 (6.5) | 42.9 |
Unemp/Not in Labour Force | 32.9 | 27.2 (5.7) | 65.8 | 46.6 | 26.5 (6.2) | 54.9 |
Household Income | ||||||
> $130,000 k per annum | 18.3 | 26.8 (4.4) | 61.3 | 15.7 | 24.7 (5.4) | 38.4 |
$72,800–$129,999 | 35.4 | 27.4 (5.2) | 68.6 | 33.1 | 25.6 (5.5) | 46.9 |
$52,000–$72,799 | 16.3 | 26.2 (4.5) | 58.6 | 15.9 | 25.8 (6.3) | 43.3 |
$41,600–$51,999 | 7.6 | 27.1 (5.7) | 63.1 | 7.5 | 25.9 (5.4) | 44.8 |
$26,000–$41,599 | 14.1 | 27.6 (6.1) | 68.0 | 14.3 | 26.8 (6.7) | 55.4 |
$0–$25,999 | 8.3 | 27.0 (5.4) | 65.3 | 13.4 | 27.0 (6.4) | 59.9 |
Neighbourhood Disadvantage | ||||||
Quintile 5 (least disadvantage) | 24.8 | 26.5 (3.7) | 62.7 | 23.6 | 24.3 (4.7) | 36.1 |
Quintile 4 | 20.4 | 26.7 (4.8) | 63.8 | 21.3 | 25.8 (5.4) | 48.2 |
Quintile 3 | 16.7 | 28.0 (6.3) | 68.7 | 18.1 | 26.1 (6.5) | 48.2 |
Quintile 2 | 20.0 | 27.5 (5.7) | 70.8 | 19.5 | 25.9 (5.9) | 48.2 |
Quintile 1 (most disadvantage) | 18.0 | 26.8 (5.4) | 58.9 | 17.5 | 27.8 (7.0) | 62.2 |
BMI | Odds Overweight/Obesity | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | |||||||||
Coeff | 95 % CI | Coeff | 95 % CI | Coeff | 95 % CI | Coeff | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CrI | OR | 95 % CrI | OR | 95 % CrI | OR | 95 % CrI | |
Men (FB only) | ||||||||||||||||
< 5 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
5–9 years | 0.63 | (−0.84, 2.10) | 0.63 | (−0.82, 2.08) | 0.71 | (−0.73, 2.16) | 0.61 | (−0.82, 2.05) | 1.43 | (0.87, 2.37) | 1.41 | (0.84, 2.34) | 1.56 | (0.90, 2.73) | 1.56 | (0.91, 2.70) |
10–14 years |
1.47
| (0.05, 2.88) | 1.18 | (−0.25, 2.61) | 1.31 | (−0.11, 2.74) | 0.95 | (−0.47, 2.37) | 1.37 | (0.85, 2.22) | 1.06 | (0.65, 1.73) | 1.15 | (0.67, 2.0) | 1.03 | (0.61, 1.78) |
≥ 15 years |
2.05
| (0.96, 3.14) |
1.45
| (0.28, 2.61) |
1.54
| (0.37, 2.71) |
1.27
| (0.10, 2.44) |
2.20
| (1.53, 3.16) | 1.43 | (0.95, 2.16) | 1.54 | (0.98, 2.44) | 1.33 | (0.86, 2.08) |
Women (FB only) | ||||||||||||||||
< 5 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
5–9 years | 1.53 | (−0.01, 3.07) | 0.97 | (−0.57, 2.52) | 0.86 | (−0.67, 2.40) | 1.13 | (−0.38, 2.64) | 1.28 | (0.75, 2.15) | 1.09 | (0.64, 1.83) | 1.06 | (0.61, 1.82) | 1.17 | (0.66, 2.06) |
10–14 years | 1.24 | (−0.14, 2.64) | 0.56 | (−0.85, 1.97) | 0.34 | (−1.06, 1.73) | 0.19 | (−1.17, 1.56) |
1.97
| (1.24, 3.11) | 1.54 | (0.96, 2.42) | 1.47 | (0.91, 2.37) | 1.43 | (0.87, 0.42) |
≥ 15 years |
2.86
| (1.81, 3.91) |
1.32
| (0.13, 2.50) | 1.13 | (−0.06, 2.31) | 0.77 | (−0.40, 1.93) |
3.17
| (2.19, 4.60) |
1.79
| (1.21, 2.61) |
1.75
| (1.17, 2.63) |
1.59
| (1.04, 2.46) |
Age at arrival
BMI | Odds Overweight/Obesity | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | |||||||||
Coeff | 95 % CI | Coeff | 95 % CI | Coeff | 95 % CI | Coeff | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CrI | OR | 95 % CrI | OR | 95 % CrI | OR | 95 % CrI | |
Men (FB only) | ||||||||||||||||
≥ 25 years (arr. as adult) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
18–24 years (arr. as young adult) | −0.08 | (−0.81, 0.64) | 0.23 | (−0.49, 0.95) | 0.07 | (−0.66, 0.79) | −0.08 | (−0.80, 0.64) | 1.01 | (0.78, 1.30) | 1.23 | (0.90, 1.71) | 1.11 | (0.84, 1.47) | 1.07 | (0.81, 1.42) |
12–17 years (arr. as adolescent) |
1.20
| (0.20, 2.21) |
1.86
| (0.85, 2.88) |
1.92
| (0.91, 2.94) |
2.01
| (1.03, 3.06) | 1.42 | (0.98, 2.08) |
2.31
| (1.43, 3.88) |
2.09
| (1.38, 3.18) |
2.09
| (1.38, 3.18) |
0–11 years (arr. as young child) |
0.63
| (0.01, 1.26) |
1.23
| (0.58, 1.89) |
1.19
| (0.53, 1.86) |
1.27
| (0.59, 1.95) |
1.28
| (1.02, 1.62) |
1.92
| (1.42, 2.66) |
1.78
| (1.37, 2.33) |
1.65
| (1.26, 2.16) |
Women (FB only) | ||||||||||||||||
≥ 25 years (arr. as adult) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
18–24 years (arr. as young adult) | −0.38 | (−1.17, 0.40) | 0.36 | (−0.42, 1.14) | 0.42 | (−0.36, 1.20) | 0.17 | (−0.61, 0.94) | 0.90 | (0.71, 1.15) | 1.15 | (0.90, 1.48) | 1.18 | (0.91, 1.53) | 1.05 | (0.81, 1.37) |
12–17 years (arr. as adolescent) | 0.29 | (−0.78, 1.35) | 0.57 | (−0.47, 1.61) | 0.53 | (−0.50, 1.56) | 0.30 | (−0.73, 1.32) | 1.08 | (0.78, 1.50) | 1.22 | (0.88, 1.72) | 1.22 | (0.86, 1.72) | 1.08 | (0.76, 1.52) |
0–11 years (arr. as young child) |
1.25
| (0.53, 1.96) |
2.17
| (1.45, 2.90) |
2.16
| (1.44, 2.89) |
1.67
| (0.92, 2.42) | 1.24 | (0.99, 1.55) |
1.73
| (1.38, 2.19) |
1.77
| (1.39, 2.27) |
1.45
| (1.12, 1.86) |