Background
Methods
Study design and study population
Dietary assessment
Assessment of ethnicity and socioeconomic status
Assessment of dietary patterns
Statistical analysis
Results
Population characteristics
Population characteristics | Total population (n = 2769) | Dutch (n = 2283, 82.4%) | Surinamese (n = 116, 4.2%) | Moroccan (n = 112, 4.1%) | Turkish (n = 61, 2.2%) | other ethnicities (n = 197, 7.1%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, in year (Mean, SD) | 5.7, 0.5 | 5.7, 0.5 | 5.8, 0.5 | 6.0, 0.6 | 5.9, 0.5 | 5.7, 0.5 |
Boy, n (%) | 1415 (51.1) | 1166 (51.1) | 58 (50.0) | 64 (57.1) | 34 (55.7) | 93 (47.2) |
Socioeconomic status, n (%) | ||||||
Low | 313 (11.3) | 145 (6.4) | 38 (32.8) | 48 (42.9) | 33 (54.1) | 49 (24.9) |
Middle | 980 (35.4) | 759 (33.2) | 57 (49.1) | 55 (49.1) | 25 (41.0) | 84 (42.6) |
High | 1476 (53.3) | 1379 (60.4) | 21 (18.1) | 9.(8.0) | 3 (4.9) | 64 (32.5) |
Maternal age (Mean, SD) | 32.3, 4.3 | 32.8, 3.8 | 30.6, 5.8 | 27.9, 4.9 | 27.1, 6.0 | 31.5, 4.8 |
Dietary patterns
Dietary patterns | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Snacking | Full-fat | Meat | Healthy | |
Explained variance (%) | 7.1 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.4 |
Savory snacks | 0.47 | - | - | - |
Refined breakfast products | 0.45 | – | – | – |
Ice cream | 0.42 | – | – | – |
Sauces | 0.41 | – | 0.35 | – |
Choclate and candy | 0.38 | – | – | – |
Fruit drink | 0.31 | – | – | – |
Full-fat dairy | 0.30 | – | – | – |
Low-fat spreads | −0.38 | −0.55 | – | – |
Sandwich toppings (sweet) | −0.38 | – | – | −0.33 |
Whole grain breakfast products | −0.74 | – | – | – |
Tomato sauce for pasta | – | 0.61 | – | – |
Full-fat spreads | – | 0.48 | −0.30 | – |
Refined grain products warm meal | – | 0.46 | 0.34 | – |
Full-fat cheese | – | 0.37 | – | – |
Low-fat cheese | – | −0.35 | – | – |
Low-fat meat | – | – | 0.44 | – |
High-fat meat | – | – | 0.39 | – |
Healthy meals | – | – | 0.31 | – |
Boiled potatoes | – | – | 0.30 | – |
Unhealthy meals | – | – | −0.32 | – |
Peanut butter | – | – | −0.34 | – |
Water and tea | – | – | – | 0.48 |
Vegetables | – | – | – | 0.47 |
Fish | – | – | – | 0.46 |
Fruits | – | – | – | 0.38 |
Whole grain products warm meal | – | – | – | 0.36 |
Nuts | – | – | – | 0.31 |
Pulses | – | – | – | 0.30 |
Artificially sweeted sodas | – | – | – | – |
Biscuits and pastries | – | – | – | – |
Egg | – | – | – | – |
Fried potato products | – | – | – | – |
Fruit drink concentrate | – | – | – | – |
Granola bars | – | – | – | – |
Healthy snacks | – | – | – | – |
Low-fat dairy | – | – | – | – |
Meat alternatives and soy products | – | – | – | – |
Medium-fat dairy | – | – | – | – |
Processed meats | – | – | – | – |
Sugar | – | – | – | – |
Sugar sweeted sodas | – | – | – | – |
a. Rotation converged in 12 iterations |
Ethnicity and dietary patterns
Dietary pattern | Dutch | Surinamese | Turkish | Moroccan | other ethnicities | P value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | ANOVA | |
Snacking | |||||||||||
Model 1: Crude | −0.171 | 0.019a | 0.797 | 0.086b,d | 1.363 | 0.118a | 0.819 | 0.087b,d | 0.626 | 0.066b,d | <0.01 |
Model 2: SES | −0.124 | 0.019a | 0.576 | 0.084b | 0.998 | 0.117b,e,f | 0.516 | 0.087b,d | 0.491 | 0.064b,d | <0.01 |
Model 3: Fully adjusted | −0.122 | 0.019a | 0.567 | 0.084b | 0.987 | 0.119b,e,f | 0.505 | 0.089b,d | 0.485 | 0.064b,d | <0.01 |
Full-fat | |||||||||||
Model 1: Crude | −0.003 | 0.021 | −0.127 | 0.093 | 0.283 | 0.128e | −0.247 | 0.094d,f | 0.167 | 0.071e | <0.01 |
Model 2: SES | −0.019 | 0.021 | −0.054 | 0.094 | 0.409 | 0.131e | −0.146 | 0.097d | 0.212 | 0.072 | <0.01 |
Model 3: Fully adjusted | −0.021 | 0.021d | −0.054 | 0.094 | 0.433 | 0.132b,e | −0.136 | 0.099d | 0.217 | 0.072 | <0.01 |
Meat | |||||||||||
Model 1: Crude | −0.020 | 0.021c | 0.589 | 0.092a | −0.088 | 0.127c | −0.001 | 0.094c | −0.088 | 0.071c | <0.01 |
Model 2: SES | 0.002 | 0.021c | 0.484 | 0.093a | −0.253 | 0.130c | −0.143 | 0.096c | −0.152 | 0.071c | <0.01 |
Model 3: Fully adjusted | 0.007 | 0.021c | 0.469 | 0.093a | −0.297 | 0.131c | −0.182 | 0.098c | −0.157 | 0.071c | <0.01 |
Healthy | |||||||||||
Model 1: Crude | −0.085 | 0.020d,e,f | 0.023 | 0.091d,e,f | 0.602 | 0.125b,c | 0.660 | 0.092b,c | 0.415 | 0.070b,c | <0.01 |
Model 2: SES | −0.085 | 0.021d,e,f | 0.023 | 0.092d,e,f | 0.597 | 0.129b,c | 0.659 | 0.095b,c | 0.415 | 0.071b,c | <0.01 |
Model 3: Fully adjusted | −0.089 | 0.021d,e,f | 0.033 | 0.092d,e,f | 0.645 | 0.130b,c | 0.703 | 0.097b,c | 0.414 | 0.070b,c | <0.01 |
Socioeconomic status and dietary patterns
Dietary pattern | Low SES | Middle SES | High SES | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | ANOVA | |
Snacking | |||||||
Model 1: Crude | 0.864 | 0.052a | 0.171 | 0.030a | −0.297 | 0.024a | <0.01 |
Model 2: Ethnicity | 0.590 | 0.054a | 0.137 | 0.029a | −0.216 | 0.024a | <0.01 |
Model 3: Fully adjusted | 0.591 | 0.054a | 0.134 | 0.029a | −0.214 | 0.024a | <0.01 |
Full-fat | |||||||
Model 1: Crude | −0.179 | 0.056b | −0.026 | 0.032 | 0.055 | 0.026c | <0.01 |
Model 2: Ethnicity | −0.217 | 0.060b | −0.028 | 0.032 | 0.065 | 0.027c | <0.01 |
Model 3: Fully adjusted | −0.213 | 0.060b | −0.025 | 0.032 | 0.061 | 0.027c | <0.01 |
Meat | |||||||
Model 1: Crude | 0.229b | 0.056 | 0.098 | 0.032b | −0.114 | 0.026a | <0.01 |
Model 2: Ethnicity | 0.242 | 0.060b | 0.096 | 0.032b | −0.115 | 0.026a | <0.01 |
Model 3: Fully adjusted | 0.231 | 0.060b | 0.093 | 0.032b | −0.111 | 0.026a | <0.01 |
Healthy | |||||||
Model 1: Crude | 0.217 | 0.056a | 0.004 | 0.032c | −0.049 | 0.026c | <0.01 |
Model 2: Ethnicity | 0.025 | 0.059 | −0.019 | 0.031 | 0.008 | 0.026 | 0.716 |
Model 3: Fully adjusted | 0.043 | 0.059 | −0.019 | 0.031 | 0.003 | 0.026 | 0.618 |