Significance
What is Already Known on this Topic?
What this Study Adds
Methods
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables
Missing Data
Statistics
Results
Participant Demographics
White British (N = 3929) | Pakistani (N = 4264) | Other (N = 1487) | Total (N = 9680) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N |
%
| |
SGA < 10th | ||||||||
No | 3274 | 83.3 | 3580 | 84 | 1274 | 85.7 | 8128 | 84.0 |
Yes | 655 | 16.7 | 684 | 16 | 213 | 14.3 | 1552 | 16.0 |
Preterm birth | ||||||||
No | 3702 | 94.2 | 4058 | 95.2 | 1399 | 94.1 | 9159 | 94.6 |
Yes | 227 | 5.8 | 206 | 4.8 | 88 | 5.9 | 521 | 5.4 |
Age | ||||||||
<20 | 465 | 11.8 | 109 | 2.6 | 73 | 4.9 | 647 | 6.7 |
21–34 | 2964 | 75.4 | 3629 | 85.1 | 1219 | 82 | 7812 | 80.7 |
35+ | 500 | 12.7 | 526 | 12.3 | 195 | 13.1 | 1221 | 12.6 |
Parity | ||||||||
Nulliparous | 1977 | 52.1 | 1450 | 35.6 | 729 | 51.1 | 4156 | 44.7 |
1–3 | 1719 | 45.3 | 2303 | 56.5 | 659 | 46.2 | 4681 | 50.3 |
>3 | 100 | 2.6 | 322 | 7.9 | 38 | 2.7 | 460 | 4.9 |
Missing | 133 | 3.4 | 189 | 4.4 | 61 | 4.1 | 383 | 4 |
BMI | ||||||||
Underweight | 93 | 2.5 | 233 | 5.7 | 73 | 5.1 | 399 | 4.3 |
Normal | 1658 | 44.3 | 1854 | 45.7 | 721 | 50.6 | 4233 | 45.9 |
Overweight | 1080 | 28.9 | 1207 | 29.7 | 375 | 26.3 | 2662 | 28.9 |
Obese | 911 | 24.3 | 766 | 18.9 | 255 | 17.9 | 1932 | 20.9 |
Missing | 187 | 4.8 | 204 | 4.8 | 63 | 4.2 | 454 | 4.7 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married | 1235 | 31.5 | 4151 | 97.4 | 1112 | 74.8 | 6498 | 67.2 |
Not married | 2691 | 68.5 | 112 | 2.6 | 375 | 25.2 | 3178 | 32.8 |
Missing | 3 | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Index of Multiple Deprivation | ||||||||
Quintiles 2–5 | 1929 | 49.1 | 869 | 20.4 | 484 | 32.5 | 3282 | 33.9 |
Quintile 1 | 1998 | 50.9 | 3394 | 79.6 | 1003 | 67.5 | 6395 | 66.1 |
Missing | 2 | 0.1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Education | ||||||||
Higher education | 2764 | 70.4 | 2967 | 69.8 | 1111 | 75.1 | 6842 | 70.8 |
Less education | 1162 | 29.6 | 1285 | 30.2 | 369 | 24.9 | 2816 | 29.2 |
Missing | 3 | 0.1 | 12 | 0.3 | 7 | 0.5 | 22 | 0.2 |
Migration history | ||||||||
Born in UK | 3808 | 98.4 | 1808 | 43.1 | 510 | 35.2 | 6126 | 64.4 |
Migrated before age 16 | 46 | 1.2 | 475 | 11.3 | 151 | 10.4 | 672 | 7.1 |
Migrated ≥ age 16 | 15 | 0.4 | 1911 | 45.6 | 788 | 54.4 | 2714 | 28.5 |
Missing | 60 | 1.5 | 70 | 1.6 | 38 | 2.6 | 168 | 1.7 |
Smoking in pregnancy | ||||||||
No | 2310 | 64.4 | 4048 | 96.7 | 1295 | 90.2 | 7653 | 83.1 |
Yes | 1279 | 35.6 | 137 | 3.3 | 140 | 9.8 | 1556 | 16.9 |
Missing | 340 | 8.7 | 79 | 1.9 | 52 | 3.5 | 471 | 4.9 |
Alcohol in pregnancy | ||||||||
No | 1239 | 31.6 | 4240 | 99.7 | 1112 | 75 | 6591 | 68.3 |
Yes | 2683 | 68.4 | 13 | 0.3 | 370 | 25 | 3066 | 31.7 |
Missing | 7 | 0.2 | 11 | 0.3 | 5 | 0.3 | 23 | 0.2 |
Managing financially | ||||||||
Yes | 3645 | 93.2 | 3915 | 92.4 | 1329 | 90.4 | 8889 | 92.4 |
No | 268 | 6.8 | 324 | 7.6 | 141 | 9.6 | 733 | 7.6 |
Missing | 16 | 0.4 | 25 | 0.6 | 17 | 1.1 | 58 | 0.6 |
Behind with bills | ||||||||
No | 3371 | 87.8 | 3724 | 91.2 | 1283 | 87.9 | 8378 | 89.3 |
Yes | 467 | 12.2 | 360 | 8.8 | 176 | 12.1 | 1003 | 10.7 |
Missing | 91 | 2.3 | 180 | 4.2 | 28 | 1.9 | 299 | 3.1 |
Risk of distress | ||||||||
No | 2781 | 83.0 | 2889 | 84.0 | 1046 | 84.7 | 6716 | 83.7 |
Yes | 569 | 17.0 | 551 | 16.0 | 189 | 15.3 | 1309 | 16.3 |
Missing | 579 | 14.7 | 824 | 19.3 | 252 | 16.9 | 1655 | 17.1 |
Risk of hopelessness | ||||||||
No | 3095 | 92.4 | 3002 | 87.3 | 1083 | 87.7 | 7180 | 89.5 |
Yes | 255 | 7.6 | 438 | 12.7 | 152 | 12.3 | 845 | 10.5 |
Missing | 579 | 14.7 | 824 | 19.3 | 252 | 16.9 | 1655 | 17.1 |
Diabetes | ||||||||
No | 3719 | 94.8 | 3784 | 88.9 | 1349 | 91.0 | 8852 | 91.6 |
Yes | 203 | 5.2 | 474 | 11.1 | 133 | 9.0 | 810 | 8.4 |
Missing | 7 | 0.2 | 6 | 0.1 | 5 | 0.3 | 18 | 0.2 |
Hypertension | ||||||||
No | 3483 | 92.3 | 3845 | 94.1 | 1335 | 93.7 | 8663 | 93.3 |
Yes | 289 | 7.7 | 241 | 5.9 | 90 | 6.3 | 620 | 6.7 |
Missing | 157 | 4 | 178 | 4.2 | 62 | 4.2 | 397 | 4.1 |
Small for Gestational Age
SGA | PTB | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Fully adjusted | Unadjusted | Fully adjusted | |||||
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
Age | ||||||||
21–34 | 0.92 | [0.74, 1.14] | 1.21 | [0.95, 1.53] | 0.81 | [0.58, 1.12] | 1.19 | [0.83, 1.71] |
35+ | 0.90 | [0.69, 1.16] | 1.27 | [0.94, 1.70] | 0.80 | [0.53, 1.19] | 1.22 | [0.77, 1.94] |
Parity | ||||||||
1–3 | 1.03 | [0.92, 1.15] | 1.04 | [0.91, 1.18] |
0.78
| [0.65, 0.94] | 0.85 | [0.69, 1.04] |
>3 | 0.94 | [0.72, 1.24] | 0.87 | [0.64, 1.18] |
0.50
| [0.29, 0.84] | 0.48 | [0.27, 0.84] |
BMI | ||||||||
Underweight | 0.90 | [0.67, 1.21] | 0.88 | [0.66, 1.19] |
1.63
| [1.12, 2.39] |
1.68
| [1.14, 2.47] |
Overweight | 1.10 | [0.96, 1.26] | 1.09 | [0.95, 1.26] | 0.92 | [0.73, 1.14] | 0.87 | [0.69, 1.09] |
Obese |
1.25
| [1.08, 1.44] | 1.15 | [0.99, 1.35] | 1.14 | [0.90, 1.45] | 0.89 | [0.69, 1.15] |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
Pakistani | 0.96 | [0.85, 1.07] |
1.51
| [1.23, 1.86] | 0.83 | [0.68, 1.00] | 0.98 | [0.71, 1.36] |
Other |
0.84
| [0.71, 0.99] | 1.21 | [0.97, 1.50] | 1.03 | [0.80, 1.32] | 1.20 | [0.86, 1.66] |
Migration history | ||||||||
Migrated before age 16 | 0.99 | [0.80, 1.23] | 1.02 | [0.81, 1.29] | 0.94 | [0.66, 1.33] | 0.95 | [0.65, 1.38] |
Migrated ≥ age 16 |
0.80
| [0.71, 0.91] | 0.85 | [0.73, 1.00] | 0.82 | [0.67, 1.01] | 0.79 | [0.61, 1.03] |
Health behaviours | ||||||||
Smoking in pregnancy |
2.14
| [1.88, 2.44] |
2.40
| [2.04, 2.82] |
1.54
| [1.25, 1.91] |
1.48
| [1.14, 1.92] |
Alcohol in pregnancy | 1.06 | [0.94, 1.19] | 0.98 | [0.83, 1.15] | 1.08 | [0.90, 1.31] | 0.94 | [0.73, 1.21] |
Psycho-social | ||||||||
Not married |
1.29
| [1.15, 1.44] | 1.14 | [0.96, 1.35] |
1.28
| [1.07, 1.54] | 1.06 | [0.81, 1.38] |
More deprived IMD |
1.23
| [1.10, 1.39] | 1.13 | [0.99, 1.28] |
1.27
| [1.04, 1.54] |
1.29
| [1.05, 1.59] |
Less education |
1.17
| [1.04, 1.32] | 1.06 | [0.94, 1.20] |
1.23
| [1.02, 1.49] |
1.22
| [1.00, 1.48] |
At risk for distress | 0.92 | [0.78, 1.08] |
0.80
| [0.67, 0.96] | 1.16 | [0.90, 1.49] | 1.08 | [0.82, 1.42] |
At risk of hopelessness |
1.21
| [1.02, 1.45] | 1.21 | [0.99, 1.49] | 1.09 | [0.80, 1.47] | 0.99 | [0.72, 1.38] |
Not managing financially |
1.25
| [1.03, 1.51] | 1.12 | [0.91, 1.38] |
1.51
| [1.13, 2.01] |
1.45
| [1.06, 1.98] |
Behind with bills |
1.31
| [1.10, 1.55] | 1.07 | [0.89, 1.29] | 1.16 | [0.87, 1.53] | 1.01 | [0.74, 1.37] |
Medical conditions | ||||||||
Diabetes |
0.69
| [0.55, 0.85] |
0.68
| [0.54, 0.85] |
1.54
| [1.17, 2.02] |
1.72
| [1.29, 2.30] |
Hypertension |
2.17
| [1.80, 2.60] |
2.33
| [1.92, 2.83] |
3.48
| [2.72, 4.46] |
3.67
| [2.83, 4.78] |
Preterm Birth
Stratified Analysis
White British
SGA | PTB | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Fully adjusted | Unadjusted | Fully adjusted | |||||
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
BMI | ||||||||
Underweight | 0.73 | [0.38, 1.39] | 0.60 | [0.31, 1.15] | 1.83 | [0.92, 3.64] | 1.72 | [0.85, 3.05] |
Overweight | 1.16 | [0.95, 1.43] | 1.19 | [0.96, 1.48] | 0.86 | [0.61, 1.20] | 0.82 | [0.58, 1.16] |
Obese | 1.14 | [0.92, 1.41] | 1.11 | [0.88, 1.39] | 0.84 | [0.59, 1.21] |
0.67
| [0.45, 0.98] |
Health behaviours | ||||||||
Smoking in pregnancy |
2.81
| [2.35, 3.37] |
2.78
| [2.28, 3.40] | 1.46 | [1.11, 1.93] |
1.38
| [1.01, 1.88] |
Alcohol in pregnancy | 1.06 | [0.88, 1.27] | 1.03 | [0.85, 1.25] | 0.91 | [0.69, 1.21] | 0.94 | [0.70, 1.26] |
Psycho-social | ||||||||
Not married |
1.60
| [1.32, 1.95] | 1.20 | [0.97, 1.50] | 1.24 | [0.92, 1.67] | 1.04 | [0.74, 1.46] |
More deprived IMD |
1.38
| [1.17, 1.64] | 1.10 | [0.92, 1.33] |
1.43
| [1.09, 1.88] |
1.35
| [1.01, 1.82] |
Less education |
1.25
| [1.05, 1.50] | 0.99 | [0.81, 1.20] | 1.26 | [0.95, 1.68] | 1.16 | [0.86, 1.56] |
At risk for distress | 1.11 | [0.88, 1.40] | 0.94 | [0.71, 1.23] | 1.18 | [0.83, 1.69] | 1.07 | [0.71, 1.63] |
At risk of hopelessness | 1.34 | [0.99, 1.83] | 1.17 | [0.82, 1.69] | 1.23 | [0.75, 2.01] | 1.09 | [0.61, 1.95] |
Not managing financially | 1.31 | [0.96, 1.78] | 1.01 | [0.72, 1.41] |
1.58
| [1.01, 2.48] | 1.54 | [0.95, 2.49] |
Behind with bills |
1.49
| [1.17, 1.89] | 1.12 | [0.86, 1.46] | 1.12 | [0.75, 1.67] | 0.93 | [0.61, 1.44] |
Medical conditions | ||||||||
Diabetes | 0.59 | [0.38, 0.93] |
0.61
| [0.35, 0.97] |
1.66
| [1.00, 2.74] |
1.85
| [1.10, 3.12] |
Hypertension |
1.54
| [1.16, 2.05] |
1.77
| [1.31, 2.39] |
2.41
| [1.63, 3.58] |
2.90
| [1.91, 4.40] |
Pakistani
SGA | PTB | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Fully adjusted | Unadjusted | Fully adjusted | |||||
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
BMI | ||||||||
Underweight | 1.06 | [0.73, 1.53] | 1.07 | [0.74, 1.56] | 1.35 | [0.75, 2.42] | 1.34 | [0.73, 2.45] |
Overweight | 1.08 | [0.89, 1.32] | 1.06 | [0.86, 1.30] | 0.95 | [0.67, 1.35] | 0.92 | [0.64, 1.32] |
Obese |
1.25
| [1.00, 1.56] | 1.14 | [0.89, 1.45] | 1.21 | [0.83, 1.76] | 0.99 | [0.65, 1.50] |
Smoking in pregnancy | 1.13 | [0.72, 1.77] | 1.11 | [0.70, 1.76] |
2.42
| [1.37, 4.27] |
2.26
| [1.24, 4.14] |
Migration history | ||||||||
Migrated before age 16 | 1.07 | [0.81, 1.40] | 1.08 | [0.82, 1.43] | 0.96 | [0.61, 1.50] | 1.01 | [0.63, 1.61] |
Migrated ≥ age 16 | 0.84 | [0.71, 1.00] | 0.86 | [0.71, 1.03] | 0.74 | [0.55, 1.00] | 0.78 | [0.56, 1.07] |
Psycho-social | ||||||||
Not married | 1.36 | [0.86, 2.17] | 1.26 | [0.77, 2.06] | 1.75 | [0.87, 3.52] | 1.23 | [0.58, 2.61] |
More deprived IMD | 1.05 | [0.85, 1.29] | 1.02 | [0.83, 1.26] | 1.22 | [0.84, 1.76] | 1.19 | [0.82, 1.74] |
Less education | 1.08 | [0.91, 1.29] | 1.12 | [0.93, 1.35] | 1.14 | [0.85, 1.54] | 1.26 | [0.92, 1.73] |
At risk for distress |
0.71
| [0.54, 0.93] |
0.65
| [0.48, 0.88] | 0.99 | [0.64, 1.52] | 0.91 | [0.58, 1.42] |
At risk of hopelessness | 1.10 | [0.84, 1.45] | 1.22 | [0.90, 1.65] | 1.27 | [0.79, 2.06] | 1.16 | [0.67, 2.01] |
Not managing financially | 1.16 | [0.86, 1.56] | 1.23 | [0.90, 1.69] | 1.31 | [0.82, 2.12] | 1.24 | [0.74, 2.08] |
Behind with bills | 0.95 | [0.71, 1.29] | 0.94 | [0.68, 1.29] | 1.20 | [0.75, 1.91] | 1.22 | [0.74, 2.00] |
Medical conditions | ||||||||
Diabetes |
0.74
| [0.56, 0.98] |
0.71
| [0.53, 0.95] |
1.48
| [1.00, 2.19] |
1.59
| [1.04, 2.40] |
Hypertension |
3.03
| [2.30, 4.00] |
3.08
| [2.30, 4.10] |
5.27
| [3.65, 7.60] |
5.48
| [3.71, 8.10] |
Other Ethnic Groups
SGA | PTB | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Fully adjusted | Unadjusted | Fully adjusted | |||||
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
BMI | ||||||||
Underweight | 0.67 | [0.30, 1.51] | 0.67 | [0.29, 1.53] |
3.33
| [1.55, 7.12] |
3.58
| [1.63, 7.87] |
Overweight | 0.92 | [0.63, 1.33] | 0.90 | [0.62, 1.33] | 1.01 | [0.55, 1.86] | 0.93 | [0.50, 1.75] |
Obese |
1.62
| [1.13, 2.34] | 1.45 | [0.97, 2.15] |
2.33
| [1.33, 4.09] | 1.63 | (0.87, 3.05] |
Migration history | ||||||||
Migrated before age 16 | 0.88 | (0.53, 1.46] | 0.92 | (0.54, 1.56] | 0.52 | (0.20, 1.35] | 0.44 | (0.16, 1.21] |
Migrated ≥ age 16 |
0.68
|
(0.50, 0.94] |
0.70
|
(0.50, 0.98] | 0.99 | (0.62, 1.56] | 0.94 | (0.57, 1.54] |
Health behaviours | ||||||||
Smoking in pregnancy |
2.57
|
(1.73, 3.82] |
2.62
|
(1.62, 4.24] | 0.96 | (0.45, 2.04] | 0.88 | (0.37, 2.10] |
Alcohol in pregnancy | 0.95 | (0.68, 1.33] | 0.79 | (0.53, 1.18] | 1.00 | (0.61, 1.65] | 1.06 | (0.59, 1.90] |
Psycho-social | ||||||||
Not married | 1.23 | (0.89, 1.70] | 0.85 | (0.56, 1.28] | 1.19 | (0.74, 1.92] | 1.13 | (0.62, 2.04] |
More deprived IMD |
1.50
|
(1.08, 2.09] |
1.45
|
(1.02, 2.05] | 1.39 | (0.85, 2.26] | 1.36 | (0.81, 2.28] |
Less education | 1.22 | [0.88, 1.68] | 1.10 | [0.78, 1.56] | 1.44 | [0.90, 2.29] | 1.47 | [0.89, 2.43] |
At risk for distress | 1.17 | [0.78, 1.77] | 0.96 | [0.60, 1.55] | 1.64 | [0.96, 2.81] | 1.71 | [0.92, 3.17] |
At risk of hopelessness | 1.54 | [0.99, 2.38] | 1.39 | [0.86, 2.27] | 1.03 | [0.51, 2.11] | 0.74 | [0.33, 1.66] |
Not managing financially | 1.43 | [0.91, 2.25] | 1.13 | [0.68, 1.89] | 1.72 | [0.93, 3.20] | 1.54 | [0.76, 3.13] |
Behind with bills |
1.59
| [1.07, 2.38] | 1.19 | [0.76, 1.87] | 1.18 | [0.63, 2.22] | 0.92 | [0.46, 1.85] |
Medical conditions | ||||||||
Diabetes | 0.68 | [0.38, 1.21] | 0.64 | [0.35, 1.17] |
1.85
| [1.00, 3.43] | 1.60 | [0.81, 3.17] |
Hypertension |
2.43
| [1.49, 3.96] |
2.32
| [1.38, 3.90] |
3.56
| [1.90, 6.66] |
3.35
| [1.65, 6.80] |