Background
Methods
Study area
Ethical considerations
Data collection
Preference ranking
Plant identification and processing of Voucher specimens
Data analysis
Informant consensus agreement
Fidelity level (FL)
Results
Medicinal plant uses
Family, scientific name voucher No. | Local name | Habit | Part used | Habitat | Ailment | Method of preparation and administration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACANTHACEAE | ||||||
Acanthus pubescens Engl. PT01 | Matovu | S | R | F | Prolonged embryo in uterus | Decoction drunk |
L | Measles | Crush in water and bathe | ||||
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson PT242 | Ttemba | H | F | FL | Reduce fever in children | Crush and bathe |
Justicia betonica L. | Kwiniini omuganda | H | L | FL | Weakness in pregnancy | Crush in water and bathe |
PT22 | Malaria | |||||
R | Hernia | Decoction dunk | ||||
Worm infection | Pound add water and drink | |||||
Justicia heterocarpa T. Anderson PT56 | Kalaaza | H | L | F | Bad odour in women | pound add to water and wash private parts |
Energy booster in pregnancy | Crush leaves in cold water and bathe early morning | |||||
Thunbergia alata Sims | Kasaamusamu | C | L | FL | False teeth | Pound and smear at the point of emergence of false teeth |
PT28 | ||||||
ALLIACEAE | ||||||
Allium sativum L. | Katunguluccumu | H | B | C | Reduce heart beat | Chew and swallow |
PT107 | Blood cleanser | |||||
Bad breath | ||||||
Stomachache | ||||||
Constipation | ||||||
Snake bites | Smear at the point of the bite. | |||||
Swollen rib cage | Cut and smear | |||||
ALOEACEA | ||||||
Aloe vera
(L.) Burm.f. PT108 | Kigagi | H | L | C/F | Stomachache | 1-3 leaves boiled, decoction drunk |
Malaria | ||||||
AMARANTHACEAE | ||||||
Achyranthes aspera L. | Mutassuka kkubo | H | L | F/G | Swollen body Delayed walking in children | Crush and tie on affected part |
PT50 | Itching body | |||||
Pound add water and bathe | ||||||
Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult PT73 | Lweza | H | W | FL | Body odour | Crush in water and bathe |
Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex. Thell. PT 109 | Doodo | H | L | FL | Constipation | Steam and eat |
Anemia | ||||||
Amaranthus spinosus L. PT243 | Doodo owamagwa | H | L | FL | Fungal infections of the scalp | Pound with leaves of Cleome gynandra and smear on the scalp |
Celosia trigyna L. PT110 | Kakubaggiri | H | L | FL | Persistent headaches | Rub on the head or Pound, dry, make cuts on the sides of the head and smear |
Psilotrichum elliotii Bak. | Kanamukasa | H | L | F | Weakness in Pregnancy | Crush in cold water and bathe |
PT14 | ||||||
Wounds | Boil leaves and place on wound. | |||||
Stomach upsets | Pound add water and drink | |||||
ANACARDIACEAE | ||||||
Mangifera indica L. | Muyembe | T | B | C/F | Cough in children | Decoction drunk |
PT111 | Infertility in women | |||||
L | Convulsions | Steaming | ||||
Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich.) Engl. PT112 | Muziru | T | B | F/C | Yellow fever | Pound, decoction drunk |
R | Diarrhoea | |||||
Rhus vulgaris Meikle | Kakwansokwanso | S | L | F | Skin rash | Crush, add water and bathe |
PT113 | R | Erectile dysfunction | Decoction drunk | |||
APIACEAE | ||||||
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. PT52 | Mbutani | H | L | F | Ulcers | Decoction drunk |
APOCYNACEAE | ||||||
Alstonia boonei De Wild. | Mubajangalabi | T | B | F | Malaria | Decoction drunk |
PT120 | ||||||
Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl PT115 | Nyonza | S | R | F | Toothache | Pound, boil and press on tooth |
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE | ||||||
Aristolochia elegans Mast PT114 | Nakasero | V | S | W | Malaria | Steeped in water and drunk |
ASCLEPIADACEAE | ||||||
Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels PT121 | Mulondo | S | R | F/G | Erectile dysfunction | Chewing |
Low appetite in sickness | ||||||
ASTERACEAE | ||||||
Ageratum conyzoides L. | Nnamirembe | H | L | FL | Weakness in pregnancy | Crush and mix with water and bathe |
PT66 | Worm infection | Crush and mix with water and drink | ||||
Bidens pilosa L. PT116 | Ssere | H | L | FL | Wounds | Crush, Tie on wound and cut to stop bleeding |
Fresh cuts | ||||||
Conyza adolfi-fridericii (Musch.) Wild PT117 | Ekarwa | H | L | FL | Eye infections | Decoction drunk |
Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) | Kafumbe omusaja | H | L | FL | Ringworms | Crush, add paraffin |
E. Walker | Wounds | |||||
PT07 | Convulsions | Boil and steam the face | ||||
Crassocephalum picridifolium (DC.) S. Moore PT26 | Kitonto | H | L | FL | Weakness in pregnancy | Crushed in cold water and bathed |
Dicrocephala integrifolia (L.F.) Kuntze | Buzza | H | L | F | Wounds | Crush and Press on the wound or boil. |
Boils | ||||||
PT64 | Pain in fallopian tubes | Pounded, dried, mixed with water & Drunk | ||||
Erlangea tomentosa (Oliv. & Hiern) S. Moore PT118 | Kisula | H | L | G | Toothache | Crush & press on the tooth |
Helichrysum sp. Mill
| Nakabululu | H | L | G | Centipede bites | Crush, mix with salt & rub on the bitten area |
PT119 | ||||||
Melanthera scandens(Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty | Makaayi | H | L | F | Stomachache | Decoction drunk |
Malaria | ||||||
Yellow fever | ||||||
PT65 | Body odour | Crushed in water & bathed | ||||
Microglossa angolensis Oliv. & Hiern | Kafuga nkande | S | L | F | Reduce menstrual flow | Pound add water and drink |
Weakness in pregnancy | ||||||
Headache | ||||||
PT37 | Convulsions | Crush and bathe the child | ||||
Sigesbeckia orientalis L. | Seziwundu | H | L | F | Fresh cuts | Crush & tie on the cut |
PT122 | Stomachaches | Decoction drunk | ||||
Sonchus oleraceus L. PT123 | Kakovu | H | L | FL | Scars | Crush and rub on the scar |
Tagetes minuta L. | Kawunyira | H | L | F,FL,G | Headache | Pound, mix with paraffin and rub on head |
Flu | ||||||
Imperforate vagina | ||||||
Convulsions | Pound, mix with water and wash the birth canal | |||||
PT76 | Blotting | Crush and inhale | ||||
Vernonia amygdalina Delile | Mululuza | S | L | F | Malaria | Crash, add water and drink |
PT124 | R | Convulsions | ||||
Stomachache | ||||||
Vernonia auriculifera Hiern | Kikokooma | S | R | F | Prolonged embryo in uterus | Roots chewed |
PT90 | L | Weakness in pregnancy | Crush in water and bathe | |||
Vernonia grantii Oliv. | Etwatwa | S | L | G | Flu | Steam bathe |
PT125 | Skin rash | |||||
Infections | Squeeze into the ear | |||||
Vernonia lasiopus O. Hoffm. | Kaluluza | S | L | F | Malaria | Crush and mix with cold water and drink |
Stomachache | ||||||
PT101 | Cough | |||||
R | Headache Migraine | Pound and drop in the nose. | ||||
Delayed delivery | Burn and chew | |||||
BALANITACEAE | ||||||
Balanites aegyptiaca (L) Delile | Liggwa limu | T | L | G | Yellow fever | Decoction drunk |
PT126 | R | Diarrhoea | Mixed with Citrus limon leaves, boiled and drunk | |||
Wounds | ||||||
Skin rash, Flu | Boil & wash | |||||
Paronychia | Crush and tie on finger | |||||
B | Impotency | Decoction drunk | ||||
Balanites wilsoniana Dawe & Spraque PT130 | Naliggwalimu | T | L | F | Cracks of soles of feet | Crush and smear on feet |
BASELLACEAE | ||||||
Basella alba L. | Nderema | H | L | F | Stomachache Constipation | Dry, pound and add to sauce |
PT128 | Prolonged embryo in uterus | |||||
BIGNONIACEAE | ||||||
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. | Mussa | T | B | F | Stress | Decoction drunk & bathed |
High blood pressure | ||||||
Impotency | ||||||
PT127 | L | Loss of appetite | Decoction drunk | |||
Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum | Musambya | T | FL | F | Ear & eye infections in children | Pound and drop in the ear or eye |
PT129 | L | Malaria | Decoction drunk | |||
Hoarse voice | Chew | |||||
Spathodea campanulata
| Kifabakazi | T | L | F | Pregnancy care | Crush add water & bathe |
P. Beauv. | B | Increase vaginal fluids | Pound, decoction drunk | |||
PT131 | R | Infertility | ||||
Skin infection | Boil and bathe | |||||
Hernia | Decoction drunk | |||||
BRASSICACEAE | ||||||
Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. Ex. Rich. | Mageregankoko | H | L | FL | Athletes foot | Burn and squeeze on the feet |
Ringworms | Boil and bathe | |||||
PT132 | Immobility in children | |||||
BURSERACEAE | ||||||
Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. PT133 | Muwafu | T | B | F | High blood pressure | Decoction drunk |
Diabetes | ||||||
Cough | ||||||
CANELLACEAE | ||||||
Warburgia ugandensis Sprague PT136 | Barwegyira | T | B | F | Flu | Decoction drunk |
Cough | ||||||
CANNABACEAE | ||||||
Cannabis sativa L. | Njaga | H | L | C | Measles | Decoction drunk |
PT135 | Body weakness | |||||
CAPPARACEAE | ||||||
Cleome gynandra L. | Jjobyo | H | R | FL | Ease delivery Fungal skin infections on head | Chew the roots |
PT134 | Mix in sheep dung and smear on the affected parts | |||||
Cleome monophylla L. | Kayobyo akasaja | H | FL | FL,W | Retained placenta | |
PT137 | ||||||
CARICACEAE | ||||||
Carica papaya L. | Mapapali | H | L | C/F | Cough | Dry, pound, mix in water and drink |
PT138 | Low immunity | |||||
Cracks on soles of feet | Scrub on the soles of feet | |||||
Skin infection | Pound mix with water and bathe | |||||
Loss of memory | Burn and smell | |||||
L | Measles | Pound add water and bathe | ||||
R | Erectile dysfunction | Pound add water and drink | ||||
Elaeodendron buchananii Loes. | Mbaluka | T | B | F | Blocked fallopian tube | Decoction drunk |
Prostate cancer | ||||||
PT121 | Erectile dysfunction | |||||
CHENOPODIACEAE | ||||||
Chenopodium opulifolium Koch & Ziz | Mwetango | H | L | FL | Oral wounds | Chew mixed with salt |
PT83 | Skin rash | Pound, add little salt put on tooth | ||||
Toothache | ||||||
Sore throat | Squeeze in mouth and swallow | |||||
Chenopodium procerum Hochst. ex Moq. PT37 | Mugoosola | H | L | FL | Weakness during pregnancy | Herbal bath |
CLUSIACEAE | ||||||
Psorospermum febrifugum Spach | Kanzironziro | S | L | W | Skin rash | Pound, dry, mix in Vaseline and smear |
PT139 | R | Dry cough | Pound, decoction drunk | |||
Wounds | Pound, mix with water and bathe | |||||
Garcinia buchananii Baker PT140 | Musali | T | R | F | Hurting bones | Pound add to tea |
Diabetes | ||||||
Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. | Mulirira | S | B | F | Yellow fever | Pound add to water and bathe |
PT210 | ||||||
COMBRETACEAE | ||||||
Combretum molle R. Br. G. Don | Ndagi | T | B | G | Cough | Decoction drunk |
PT03 | ||||||
COMMELINACEAE | ||||||
Commelina benghalensis L. | Nnanda | H | L | F | Vaginal dryness | Pound , mix with water and wash private parts |
PT145 | Weakness in sickness | Pound, add water and bathe | ||||
Abortion | ||||||
CONVOLVULACEAE | ||||||
Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam. | Lumonde | C | T | C | Memory loss | Chew |
PT141 | Paronychia | Burn and pound and tie on the finger | ||||
Hewittia sublobata L. Kuntze | Musota taluma | C | V | F/G | Pregnancy care(widens pelvic girdle) | Tie in the waist |
PT239 | Headache | Smear on head and bitten part | ||||
T | Snake bites | |||||
L | Persistent headache | Crush and smear on the head | ||||
CRASSULACEAE | ||||||
Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw. | Kayondo akatono | H | L | FL | Healing umbilical cord wounds in babies | Place on fire & squeeze onto the cord |
PT143 | Crush, add water and bathe | |||||
Skin rash in babies | Crush add water & drink | |||||
Cough | Herbal bath | |||||
Pound mix with water and drink | ||||||
Kalanchoe glaucescens Britten | Kiyondo | H | L | FL/G | Cough | Crush and drink |
PT142 | Break cords from new borns | Put the leaves on fire and squeeze on the cord | ||||
CUCURBITACEAE | ||||||
Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn. | Ziizi (kabaka wenva) | V | W | F | Measles in children | Mix with silver fish and boil and drink |
PT205 | L | Loss of appetite | Boil and add to sauce | |||
Mormodica feotida Schumach | Lujjula (bombo) | V | L | F | Body odour | Pound , mix with water and bathe |
PT144 | ||||||
DRACAENACEAE | ||||||
Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker. Gawl. PT149 | Mulamura | S | B | F | Tooth ache | Chew and spit |
R | Rheumatism | Pound and drink | ||||
Dracaena steudneri Engl. | Kajolyenjovu | T | L | F | Cough | Burn the leaves and collect the ash add salt and lick |
PT146 | B | Scars | Pound the bark, mix with ghee, smear on the scar | |||
Snake bites | Pound and press on the bitten part | |||||
Syphilis | Decoction drunk | |||||
R | Skin infections | Pound mix with water and bathe | ||||
Kidney stones | Pound ,decoction drunk | |||||
FL | To stop smoking and alcoholism | Pound, dry add little water and drop in a cigarette or alcohol | ||||
EBENACEAE | ||||||
Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern) F. White PT147 | Mpojja | T | L | F | Stomach upsets | Decoction drunk |
EUPHOBIACEAE | ||||||
Acalypha bipartita Müll. Arg. PT148 | Jerengesa | S | L | F | Constipation | Crush, add water and drink |
Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll. Arg. PT06 | Luzibaziba | S | L | F | Shaking body | Crush and bathe |
Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex. Delile | Musogasoga | T | L & R | F | One stuck by lightening | Pound add to water and bathe |
PT240 | V | Weakness in pregnancy | Tie in the waist | |||
Tie on the head | ||||||
T | Headache | Pound and smear on the bite | ||||
snake bites | ||||||
Euphorbia hirta L. | Kasandasanda | H | S | FL | Swollen eyes | Drop the sap in the affected eye. |
PT150 | L | Joint pains | Pound, dry , mix with Vaseline and smear on the joints | |||
Euphorbia trigona Haw. | Kakukulo | S | L | F | Yellow fever | Pound mix with ghee and maize flour and smear body |
PT151 | Skin allergy in children | Pound and to water and bathe | ||||
S | Backache | Cut and release the sap on the cut. | ||||
Eurphobia tirucalli L. | Lukoni/nkoni | T | L & S | C | Warts | Drop the sap on the wart |
PT152 | ||||||
Flueggea virosa (Roxb.ex Willd.) Royle. PT17 | Lukandwa | S | R | F | Infertility in women | Pound add to water and bathe |
Hymenocardia acida Tul. | Nabaluka | T/S | L | W | Sinuses | Decoction drunk |
PT153 | ||||||
Jatropha curcas L. | Kirowa | S | L | C | Tooth decay | Crush and drop sap on tooth |
PT160 | Headache | Crush, add water & wash the head | ||||
Weakness in pregnancy | Crush & Bathe in cold water | |||||
Margaritaria discoidea (Baill). G.L. Webster | Kamenyambazi | T | B | F | Oversleeping | Decoction drunk |
PT161 | ||||||
Ricinus communis L. | Nsogasoga | S | L | C,F | Weakness in pregnancy | Poundadd to water and bathe |
PT154 | R | Ear infection | Pound add drop in the ear | |||
Tetrochidium didymostemon (Baill.) Pax & K. Hoffm PT155 | Mukejje | T | L | F | Measles | Crush add to water and drink |
Tragia benthamii Baker | Kamyu | H | R | G | High blood pressure | Pound , dry and add to tea |
PT40 | Erectile dysfunction | Chew | ||||
L | Madness | Pound ,cut in the head and smear | ||||
FABACEAE | ||||||
Abrus precatorius L | Lusiiti | C | L | W/FL | Low immunity | Decoction drunk |
PT162 | R | Worm infection | Chew and swallow | |||
Acacia constricta Benth. | Muwelamanyo | T | R | FL | Diabetes | Decoction drunk |
PT163 | Sinuses | Steam bathe | ||||
Convulsions in children | ||||||
Acacia hockii De Wild. | Kasaana | T | R | W,G | Swollen joints and feet | Pound, boil with cows hooves and drink soup |
PT18 | ||||||
Acacia macrothyrsa Harms PT156 | Muwologoma | T | W | Hydrocele | ||
Acacia siberiana (DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr. | Muwawa | T | B | W | Sinuses | Decoction drunk |
PT157 | R | Convulsions in children | Herbal bathe | |||
Albizia coriaria Welw. | Mugavu | T | B | F | Skin rash | Boil and bathe |
PT158 | Cough in children. | Decoction drunk | ||||
Swollen rectum | Boil and sit in the water | |||||
Albizia grandibracreata
| Nongo | T | L | F | Yellow fever, Anaemia | Pound, dry and mix with water and drink |
PT60 | B | Fungal infections of the scalp | Pound inner bark, mix in water and wash the head | |||
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. PT31 | Nakalimikamu | T | L | FL | Irregular menstrual periods | Decoction drunk |
Mimosa pudica L. | Wewumbe | H | L | G/F | Treat children that have failed to walk. | Crush and smear on joints |
PT164 | ||||||
Crotalaria agathiflora Scheinf. ex Engl. PT165 | Kijebejebe | S | L | FL | Low breast milk production | Mix leaves with fresh simsim, boiled & drunk |
Crotalaria natalitia Meisn PT166 | Tulo | S | L | FL | Nightmares | Burn and inhale smoke |
Crotalaria spinosa Hochst. | Kasambandege | H | L | FL | Weakness in pregnancy | Crush and mix in water and drink Crush in water and bathe |
PT170 | Skin itching | |||||
Convulsions | ||||||
Prolonged embryo in uterus | Pound a few leaves mix with water & drink | |||||
Constipation | ||||||
Dichrostachys cinerea Wight et. Arn. PT159 | Muwanika | S | R | G | Hutch bark | Decoction in early stages of the condition drunk |
Erythrina abyssinica Lam. | Jjiirikiti | T | B | F/G | Yellow fever | Decoction drunk |
PT167 | Convulsions | Pound, add salt, put in a clean cloth and squeeze in the mouth | ||||
Anaemia | ||||||
Infertility in women | ||||||
Hicupp | ||||||
Vomiting | ||||||
Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich. | Mwoloola | T | B | W | Body weakness | Boil in water and bathe when cold |
PT168 | L | Oral wounds | Chew with salt | |||
Skin infections, fresh cuts and wounds | Crush, rub and tie on affected part or wound | |||||
Change sex of children | Concoction boiled and drunk | |||||
Indigofera arrecta Hochst. A. Rich PT81 | Kabamba maliba | H | L | F | Snake bites | Pound, add water |
Wounds | Crush & tie on wound | |||||
Indigofera congesta Welw.ex. Baker | Namasumi | H | L | G | Malaria | Decoction drunk |
PT169 | ||||||
Indigofera drepanocarpa Taub. | Sebazinga nkata | H | S | G | Colic pains | Sap ingested |
PT14 | W | Convulsions | Tie in the waist | |||
Indigofera emarginella Steud. ex A. Rich. PT170 | Katungansozi | H | R | G | Elephantiasis | Pound, mix with vaseline and smear |
Indigofera spicata Forssk. | Mukaliza | H | L | G | Vaginal discharge | Crush in water and wash private parts |
PT02 | ||||||
Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook F.) Brenan PT59 | Mpewere | T | L | F | Cough | Steam bathe |
Rhychosia hirta (Andr.) Meikle & Verdc. PT171 | Katinvuma | C | L | F | Herpes zoster | Crush and smear on affected parts |
Senna absus (L.) Roxb. | Mucuula | S | L | F | Prolonged embryo in uterus, Malaria | Pound add water and drink |
PT172 | ||||||
Senna didymobotrya(Fresen.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby | Mukyula | S | L | F | Change sex of children | Pound, decoction drunk |
PT180 | Stomachache | |||||
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. | Muzimbandeya | S | R | F | High blood pressure | |
PT185 | Diabetes | |||||
Tamarindus indica L. | Mukooge | T | R | W/F | Convulsions | Steam the face |
PT186 | FR | |||||
L | Stomachache | Decoction drunk | ||||
Vigna unguiculata L. | Kiyindiru | H | L | F/G | Sore throat | Add salt and chew |
PT173 | ||||||
FLACOURTIACEAE | ||||||
Dovyalis macrocalyx (Oliv. J. Warb) PT61 | Mutunku | S | L | F | Wounds | Crush & tie on wound |
LAMIACEAE | ||||||
Coleus latifolius Hochst. Ex. Benth. PT38 | Mubiru | H | L | G | Vaginal dryness | Steam and insert in birth canal |
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) R. Br.Vatke PT55 | Kikonge | T | R | G | Stomachache | Pound add water and drink |
Hoslundia opposita Vahl | Kamunye | H | L | F,G | Painful uterus | Decoction drunk |
PT89 | Stomach cleanser | |||||
Malaria | ||||||
Fresh cuts | Crush and squeeze on the cut and tie around the cut. | |||||
Skin rash | Pound, dry add to Vaseline and smear | |||||
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R | Kifumufumu | H | L | F | Abdominal pain | Decoction drunk |
Br. PT174 | Kidney stones | |||||
Body pains(muscles) | Crush + paraffin and smear on painful parts | |||||
Mentha Sp.
| Nabugira | H | L | F | Body odour | Crush in water and bathe |
PT175 | ||||||
Ocimum basilicum L. | Kakubansiri | H | L | F,W | Stomachache | Pound, add water and drink |
PT82 | Pain during pregnancy | Crush and smear | ||||
Prevent miscarriage | ||||||
Insect bites | ||||||
Ocimum gratissum L. | Mujaja | H | L | FL | Stomachache | Decoction drunk/boiled in tea and drunk |
PT176 | Bad breath | Squeeze leaves in cold water and bathe | ||||
Kwashiorkor | ||||||
Plectranthus barbartus Andr. PT57 | Kibwankulata | H | L | F | Wounds | Crush and tie on wound |
Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd | Kyewamala | T | L | C | Cough | Crush, mix with water and drink |
PT178 | Stomachache | Squeeze the leaves and drop in ear or eye | ||||
Eye & ear infections | Pound mix in water and bathe | |||||
Weakness in pregnancy | ||||||
LAURACEAE | ||||||
Persea americana Mill. | Avacado pear | T | B | C/F | Cough | Decoction drunk |
PT179 | ||||||
LOGANIACEAE | ||||||
Strychnos innocua Del. | Muyondo | S | L | W | Athletes foot | Heat on fire & press on affected area |
PT181 | Tooth decay/pain | Boil and mix with salt and press on tooth | ||||
MALVACEAE | ||||||
Abutilon mauritianum
(Jacq.) Medik. PT42 | Kifuula | H | L | W | Change sex of children | Squeeze in water and drink before getting pregnant |
Hibiscus acetosella Welw. Ex Fic PT23 | Musaayi | S | L | FL | Anaemia | Decoction drunk |
Sida alba L. | Keyeyo | H | L | W | Fractures | Pound, smear on swollen body with or without Vaseline |
PT182 | Swollen body | |||||
Sida cuneifolia Roxb. | Kakumirizi | H | L | FL | Fractures | Crush and Press on the affected area |
PT53 | Pain the fallopian tubes | Decoction drunk | ||||
Fever | herbal bathe | |||||
Sida rhombifolia L. PT09 | Luvunvu | S | R | F | Lack of breast milk | Boil with silver fish and drink |
MELASTOMATACEAE | ||||||
Tristemma maritiana A. Juss. PT97 | Musesemya | H | L | F | Enable one to eat meat or fish | Pound, dry and add to sauce |
MINESPARMACEAE | ||||||
Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich. | Kavamagombe | S | L | G | Weakness in pregnancy | Pound, add to water & bathe |
PT63 | Backache | |||||
Snake bites, | Pound leaves and tie on affected part | |||||
Swollen legs | ||||||
R | Aching bones | |||||
Stomachache | Pound add water & drink | |||||
MORACEAE | ||||||
Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. | Kilundu | T | L | F | Headache | Crush in water and bathe |
PT183 | Weakness in pregnancy | |||||
Ficus cyathistipula Warb. | Mubembe | S | L | F | High blood pressure | Decoction drunk |
PT99 | ||||||
Ficus dawei Hutch. | Muwo | T | B | F | Breast cancer | Decoction drunk |
PT184 | Wounds | Dried powder applied to the wound | ||||
Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho PT186 | Kabalira | T | L | F | Swollen eyes | Pound, burn and press on the eye |
Ficus natalensis Hochst. | Mutuba | T | B | F | Gonorrhea | Decoction drunk |
PT187 | ||||||
Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg | Muvule | T | B | F | Skin rash | Boil and bathe |
PT188 | S | Burns | Pour sap on burn area | |||
Fresh cuts | Smear the sap on the cut | |||||
Myrianthus arboreus P. Beav. PT195 | Mugango | S | R | F | Control pregnancy | Tie on the waist |
MORINGACEAE | ||||||
Moringa oleifera Lam. | Muringa | T | FL | C | Aching joints | Pound , dry sieve, mix with Vaseline and smear on joints |
PT189 | ||||||
MUSACEAE | ||||||
Musa paradisiaca L. var paradisiaca PT190 | Kitooke ekiganda | H | FL | C | Prolonged embryo in uterus | Pound the sheath & chew |
R | Swollen legs | Chew the roots | ||||
S | Sternum pain | Pound and smear on swollen or painful part | ||||
Musa paradisiaca L. var sapientum
| Gonja | H | F | C | Neck pain | Tie the fiber in the neck and waist |
PT191 | Control pregnancy | |||||
FR | Umbilical cord wounds | Scrape and put on cord | ||||
R | Induce labour | Place in fire and chew | ||||
MYRICACEAE | ||||||
Morella kandtiana (Engl.) Verdic & Polhill | Mukikimbo | S | R | F | Stomachache | Crush in cold water and drink |
PT192 | Snake bites | Chew and smear at the site of the bite | ||||
Hernia of the heart | Chew and swallow | |||||
MYRTACEAE | ||||||
Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels | Mwambala zitonya | T | L | C | Pain in the Fallopian tubes | Decoction drunk |
PT88 | Cough | |||||
Eucalyptus sp | Kalituunsi | T | B | C | Cough | Decoction drunk |
PT193 | L | Boils | Mix with 10 seeds of Jackfruit and leaves of Erythrina abyssinica and mix in 4 cups of water and boil to 3 cups, drink | |||
Psidium guajava L. PT200 | Mupeera | T | L | C | Cough | Decoction drunk |
Syzgium cumini L. PT201 | Jambula | T | L | C | Cough | Decoction drunk |
Syzygium cordatum Hochst. PT194 | Kanzironziro | T | L | C/F | Skin rash | Crush and mix in Vaseline and smear |
R | Dry cough | Pound, decoction drunk | ||||
Wounds | Pound, mix with water and wash wound | |||||
MYRSINANCEAE | ||||||
Maesa lanceolata G. Don | Kiwondowondo | T | R | F | Ulcers, Diarrhoea | Decoction drunk |
PT04 | L | Convulsions | Herbal bathe | |||
OXALIDACEAE | ||||||
Oxalis corniculata L. | Kajjampuni | H | L | FL | Wounds | Squeeze and drop juice on wounds. |
PT195 | Athletes foot | Place on fire and place on toes | ||||
Skin cancer | Pound, dry and put on the wound | |||||
High blood pressure | Chew the leaves | |||||
Diabetes, Hormonal imbalance | ||||||
PASSIFLORACEA | ||||||
Passsiflora edulis Sims | Katunda | C | FR | C/F | Weakness in sickness | Squeeze juice, add water and drink |
PT196 | ||||||
PHYLLANTHACEAE | ||||||
Phyllanthus guineensis Pax | Mutulika | L | F | Measles | Crushed in water and bathed | |
PT87 | ||||||
PHYTOLACACEAE | ||||||
Phytolaca dodecandra L’Hér. | Luwoko | S | L | F | Skin rash | Pound, mix in water and bathe |
PT197 | R | Swollen joints | Crush in water and bathe | |||
FR/S | Cracks on the soles of the feet | Crush and smear on the feet soles | ||||
PLANTAGONIACEAE | ||||||
Plantago palmata Hook.f. | Bukumbu | H | R | F | Skin rash in children | Crush in water and bathe |
PT85 | ||||||
POACEAE | ||||||
Arundinaria alpina K. Schum. PT198 | Mabanda | G | R | F | Fainting/Epilepsy | Pound and bathe |
Skin rash | ||||||
Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf PT199 | Kisubi | G | R | G | Pain in fallopian tubes | Decoction drunk |
Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle PT91 | Kitete | G | R | G | Eye infection | Pound, dry add to eyes |
Pain in fallopian tubes | Pound add water & drink | |||||
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. PT44 | Kalandalugo | G | S | G | Prolonged embryo in uterus | Decoction drunk |
Painful breasts | ||||||
Digitaria abyssinica (A. Rich.) Stapf
| Lumbugu | G | W | G | Convulsions | Cut boil and steam |
PT202 | L | Flu | ||||
Diarrhoea | Decoction drunk | |||||
Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. PT203 | Lusenke | G | R & L | G | Snake bites | Chew roots and tie leaves at the site of the bite |
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. PT204 | Kisagazi | G | L | F | Penile erection in baby boys | Crush in water and wash the penis |
POLYGONACEAE | ||||||
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. | Muleretu | H | R | G | Erectile dysfunction | Chewing |
PT135 | Low appetite after sickness | |||||
Oxygonum sinuatum (Meissn.) Dammer | Kafumita bagenge | H | L | FL | Wounds | Pound and tie around the affected finger |
PT67 | Paronychia & boils | Mix with ghee and rub on affected joints | ||||
Painful joints | ||||||
Polygonum setosulum A. Rich PT206 | Kifumita bagenda | H | L | FL | wounds | Pound and tie around the affected finger |
Paronychia | ||||||
PORTULACACEAE | ||||||
Portulaca oleracea L. | Ssezira | H | L | FL | Irregular menstrual periods, Stomachache | Decoction drunk |
PT207 | ||||||
PRIMULACEAE | ||||||
Primula sieboldii E. Morren PT208 | Muyuki | H | B | F | Tonsillitis | Decoction drunk |
Ulcers | ||||||
RHAMNACEAE | ||||||
Maesopsis eminii Engl. | Musizi | T | R | F | Syphilis | Decoction drunk |
PT209 | ||||||
ROSACEAE | ||||||
Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman PT220 | Ngwabuzito | T | L | F | Fainting | Decoction drunk |
Prostate cancer | ||||||
Rubus pinnatus willd | Nkenene | S | FR | F | Energy booster | Eat fresh |
PT238 | ||||||
Rubus rigidus Sm | Kawule | S | R | F | Stomach upsets | Decoction drunk |
PT79 | L | Skin rash | Pound, dry mix with Vaseline and smear | |||
Snake bites | Crush and tie on affected area. | |||||
RUBIACEAE | ||||||
Coffea eugenioides S. Moore | Mwanyi | S | FR | F | Erectile dysfunction | Roast and chew |
PT221 | Oversleeping | |||||
R | Erectile dysfunction | Chew | ||||
S | Heart burn | |||||
Mitragyna stipulosa Kuntze PT230 | Nzigu | T | L | F | prolapsed rectum | Pound place sap on rectum and tie some leaves on. |
Rubia cordifolia L. | Kasarabakesi | C | L | F | Cough | Pound with onions, add salt & Lick |
PT25 | Tuberculosis | Dry, burn & lick the ash | ||||
Vangueria apiculata K. Schum. PT222 | Matugunda | S | R | F | High blood pressure | Decoction drunk |
Hiccups | ||||||
RUTACEAE | ||||||
Citropsis articulata Swingle & Kellerm. PT223 | Katimbolo | S | L | F | Impotence | Decoction drunk |
B | ||||||
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck. | Nimawa | T | FR | C/F | High blood pressure | Juice drunk |
PT229 | Cough | |||||
Blotting | ||||||
Skin rash/pimples | Add to water and wash the affected parts | |||||
Chop, decoction drunk | ||||||
Sore throat | Chew | |||||
Nausea during sickness | ||||||
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Muchungwa | S | L | C/F | Bad breath | Chew |
PT228 | ||||||
Teclea nobilis Del. PT227 | Nzo | T | L | F | Body cleanser | Boil with afromomum and drink |
Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. PT224 | Ntale ya ddungu | T | R | F/W | Cervical cancer | Pound, add water & drink |
B | Stomachaches | |||||
Cough | Decoction drunk | |||||
SAPINDACEAE | ||||||
Blighia unijugata Baker | Mukuzanyana | T | B | F | Cervical cancer, | Decoction drunk |
PT29 | Fibroids | |||||
SOLANACEAE | ||||||
Capsicum frutescens L. | Kamulali | H | FR | C/F | Hernia, Pancreas | Swallow the fruits |
PT225 | Prostate cancer | Eat in food | ||||
R | Erectile dysfunction | Pound, add water and drink | ||||
Datura stramonium L. | Kituratura | H | R | FL | Failure to walk in children | Pound roots, put under fire and press the feet of the child |
PT226 | ||||||
Lycoperscon esculentum (L.) H. Karst | Nyanya | H | L | FL | Skin infections | Herbal bathe |
PT231 | FR | Anaemia | Eat raw | |||
Kidney stones | ||||||
Nicotiana tobaccum L | Taaba | H | L | C/FL | Snake bites | Chew and vomit the venom |
TP232 | Paronychia | Tie on the affected finger. | ||||
Physalis peruviana L. | Ntutunu enene | H | L | F | Fainting | Smear whole body |
PT236 | FR | Ear & Eye infection | Chew and swallow | |||
Solanum anguivi Hook | Katunkuma | H | FR | C/F | Measles | Pound ripe fruits, smear whole body |
PT237 | High blood pressure | Boil, pound and dry, add to food | ||||
Weakness during sickness | Steam and eat as a vegetable | |||||
Blood cleanser | ||||||
Solanum dasyphyllum
| Ntengontengo | S | FR | FL | “Elongation of the labia minora | Roast in fire, peel of the outer parts, use endocarp. |
Schumach. & Thonn. | ||||||
PT41 | R | Warts | Boil and place on the wart. | |||
Immobility in babies | Place in fire and place on the child’s feet | |||||
Swollen stomach | Decoction drunk | |||||
Solanum incanum L. | Katengo ntengo | H | R | FL | Erectile dysfunction | Chew |
PT49 | Swollen testicles | Pound, add water and drink | ||||
Flu | ||||||
FR | Headache | Smear on the head | ||||
Solanum micranthum Schltdl. | Katuntunu | H | L | F | Bed wetting | Pound leaves, mix in water and drink |
PT27 | ||||||
Irregular menstrual periods | Crush , add water and bathe | |||||
Itching vagina, Skin rash | Squeeze into the ear | |||||
Ear infections | ||||||
Solanum nigrum L. | Nsuga nzirigavu | H | L | F | Low immunity | Prepare as vegetable |
PT68 | S | Pain in fallopian tubes | Crush, boil & drink | |||
Malaria | ||||||
Stomachache | Drink or eat as vegetable | |||||
VERBENACEAE | ||||||
Lantana trifolia L. | Kayukiyuki | S | L | F | Prolapsed rectum | Pound and place on affected part |
PT05 | R | Ring worms | ||||
Yellow fever | Pound decoction drunk | |||||
Painful muscles | ||||||
Bloating stomach | Pound add water and drink | |||||
Priva flabelliformis (Mold.) R. Fernand | Nkami | H | S | G | Wounds | Release the sap onto the wound |
PT233 | L | Diarrhoea | Pound leaves add water and drink | |||
VITACEAE | ||||||
Cyphostemma adenocaule (A. Rich) Willd & Drummond PT58 | Kabombo | H | W | F | Body odour | Crush in water and bathe |
Constipation | Crush in water and drink | |||||
L | Measles | Decoction drunk | ||||
Syphilis | Crush mix with water and bathe | |||||
ZINGIBERACEAE | ||||||
Afromomum anguistifolium (Sonnerat) K. Schum. | Matungulu | H | R | F | Hiccup | Dry, pound, decoction drunk |
PT234 | Obesity | Pound | ||||
FR | Low immunity | Boil the fruit and drink | ||||
Zingber officinale Roscoe | Ntangawuzi | H | T | F/C | Cough | Chew and swallow or boil in tea, |
PT235 | Backache | |||||
Erectile dysfunction |
Preferred medicinal plant species
Medicianl plant species | Plant parts used | Key ailments treated | Key informants (n = 12) | value/120 | Rank | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | |||||
Vernonia amygdalina
| Leaves, Roots | Malaria, Convulsions, stomachache | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 120 | 1st
|
Mormodica feotida
| Leaves | Body odour | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 95 | 2nd
|
Warbugia ugandensis
| Bark | Cough, flue | 5 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 89 | 3rd
|
Prunus africana
| Leaves, Bark | Fainting, prostate cancer | 9 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 88 | 4th
|
Piptadeniastrum africana
| Leaves, Bark | Cough | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 75 | 5th
|
Erythrina abyssinica
| Bark | Yellow fever, convulsions, anaemia, infertility hiccup, stop vomiting | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 66 | 6th
|
Albizia corriaria
| Bark | Cough, swollen rectum, skin rash | 1 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 50 | 7th
|
Spathodea campanulata
| Leaves, Bark, roots | Pregnancy care, infertility, skin infections, hernia | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 32 | 8th
|
Mondia whitei
| Roots | Stimulate sexual potency, energy booster | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 24 | 9th
|
Alstonia boonei
| Bark | Malaria | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 21 | 10th
|
Growth forms of Plants and parts used for medicinal purposes
Plant part used | No. of plants species (n = 190) | % use |
---|---|---|
Leaves | 147 | 77.4 |
Roots | 75 | 39.5 |
Bark | 31 | 16.3 |
Fruit | 17 | 8.9 |
Flowers | 6 | 3.2 |
Whole plant | 8 | 4.2 |
Branches | 4 | 2.1 |
Sap | 6 | 3.2 |
Source of medicinal plants
Methods of preparation and administration
Ailments treated by medicinal plants
Ailment categories | Specific conditions | No. of species used (n = 190) | % of total species |
---|---|---|---|
Gynaecological issues | Heavy menstrual flows, weakness during pregnancy, increasing vaginal fluids, uterine cleansing, family planning and induction of labour. | 58 | 30.5 |
Digestive disorders | stomachaches, blotting, ulcers, constipation, diarrhea, weight loss | 54 | 28.4 |
Skin infections | Wounds, warts, skin rash, acne, pimples and athletes foot. | 47 | 24.7 |
Malaria & other infections | Malaria, yellow fever, measles, toothache, ear & eye infections | 43 | 22.6 |
Respiratory tract infections | Flue, sinuses, sore throat, cough, tuberculosis | 34 | 17.9 |
Arthritis & inflammation | Swollen body parts, hydrocele elephantiasis. hernia, boils | 23 | 12.1 |
Neurological & nervous system disorders | Convulsions, epilepsy, fainting | 17 | 8.9 |
Erectile dysfunction& Impotence | Male sexual vitality | 13 | 6.8 |
Ailment categories | Specific conditions | No. of species used (n = 190) | % of total species |
Childcare | Swollen rib cage, failure to walk, umbilical cord treatment, false teeth, colic pains | 12 | 6.3 |
Poisonous animal bites | Snake and centipede bites | 12 | 6.3 |
Hypertension | Control of heart beat | 11 | 5.8 |
Immune & energy boosting | Low appetite, nausea | 10 | 5.3 |
Painful body parts | Neck, sternum pain, | 10 | 5.3 |
Body odour | Bad breath, | 9 | 4.7 |
Headaches & Fatigues | Migraines | 6 | 3.2 |
Diabetes | 6 | 3.2 | |
Cancer | Prostate, skin, breast and cervical cancer | 6 | 3.2 |
Blood system disorders | Blood cleansing, anaemia, | 5 | 2.6 |
Muscular skeletal problems | Back ache, joint pains, Rheumatism, shaking body, fractures | 4 | 2.1 |
STDs & Venereal diseases | Gornorrhea, syphilis | 4 | 2.1 |
Abnormalities | Hunchback | 3 | 1.5 |
Hiccups | 3 | 1.5 | |
Psychiatric disorders | Madness, memory loss, night mares | 2 | 1.1 |
Bedwetting | 1 | 0.5 | |
Stop smoking | 1 | 0.5 |
Informant consensus agreement (Fic)
Ailment category | Ntaxa
| Nur
| Fic
|
---|---|---|---|
Blood system disorders | 11 | 2 | 0.9 |
General conditions | 14 | 9 | 0.4 |
Arthritis & Inflammation | 29 | 20 | 0.3 |
Infection | 52 | 36 | 0.3 |
Neurological & nervous system disorder | 16 | 12 | 0.3 |
Sexually Transmitted & venereal diseases | 5 | 4 | 0.3 |
Skin infections | 69 | 49 | 0.3 |
Gastro intestinal disorders | 51 | 40 | 0.2 |
Gynaecological issues | 64 | 50 | 0.2 |
Respiratory tract infections | 34 | 27 | 0.2 |
Erectile dysfunction, prostate cancer | 15 | 12 | 0.2 |
Immune & energy boosting | 12 | 10 | 0.2 |
Diabetes | 6 | 5 | 0.2 |
Headaches and fatigue | 11 | 10 | 0.1 |
Painful body parts | 4 | 4 | 0 |
Childcare | 10 | 10 | 0 |
Muscular skeletal | 9 | 9 | 0 |
Abnormalities | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Psychiatric disorders | 3 | 3 | 0 |
Body odour | 9 | 9 | 0 |
Poisonous animal bites | 12 | 12 | 0 |
A taxa may fall in more than one ailment categories |
Fidelity Levels (FL) of preferred plant species
Plant species | Therapeutic uses | Ip
| Iu
| FL% |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vernonia amygdalina
| Malaria | 36 | 36 | 100 |
Mormodica feotida
| Malaria | 31 | 36 | 86 |
Warburgia ugandensis
| cough | 11 | 28 | 39 |
Prunus africana
| Prostate cancer | 3 | 7 | 43 |
Erythrina abyssinica
| Vomiting | 11 | 11 | 100 |
Piptadeniastrum africana
| Cough | 8 | 9 | 89 |
Albizia coriaria
| Skin infections | 8 | 10 | 80 |
Spathodea campunulata. | vaginal lubrication | 4 | 8 | 50 |
Mondia whitei
| Erectile dysfunction | 6 | 7 | 86 |
Alstonia boonei
| Prostate cancer | 3 | 4 | 75 |
Discussion
Characteristics of respondents
Diversity of medicinal plants
Medicinal plant species | Ailments treated in current study | Previous reports of ethnomedical uses | Country of previous use |
---|---|---|---|
Vernonia amygdalina
| Malaria | Malaria | |
Wounds | Nigeria [105] | ||
Skin rashes, diarrhoea, herpes zoster, cryptococcal meningitis | Tanzania [106] | ||
Infertility, amenorrhea | South Africa [107] | ||
Tonsolitis | Ethiopia [108] | ||
Ageratum conyzoides
| Uterine pains, helminth infections | Splenomegaly, colic pains, wounds | Uganda [1] |
Vernonia lasiopus
| Malaria, stomachaches | Skin allergy, constipation | Uganda [1] |
Cleome gynandra
| Prolonged labour | Convulsions, diphtheria, toothaches, peptic ulcers, vomiting | |
Aloe vera
| Malaria | Wounds | Kenya [96] |
Prunus africana
| Enlarged prostate | Prostate and breast cancers, Hypertension | |
Capscum frutescens
| Prostate cancer | Throat, breast and squamous cell carcinoma | Kenya [109] |
Amaranthus spinosus
| Scalp fungal infections | Haemorrhoids | Nigeria [57] |
Mangifera indica
| Cough, infertility, convulsions | Haemorrhoids | Nigeria [57] |