Background
Methods
Study area
Ethnography
Data collection and analysis
Results and discussion
Demographic features of respondents
Variables | Demographic categories | Number of informants |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 109 |
Female | 0 | |
Experience | Health practitioners | 20 |
Farmer | 43 | |
Teachers | 23 | |
Herdsman | 15 | |
Hunters | 9 | |
Age group | 20–30 | 9 |
31–40 | 27 | |
41–50 | 36 | |
51–60 | 26 | |
above 60 | 11 | |
Education | Post-graduate | 1 |
Graduate | 4 | |
SSC | 41 | |
Primary | 25 | |
Illiterate | 38 | |
Residence | Rural | 84 |
Urban | 25 | |
Religious background | Muslim | 108 |
Non-Muslim | 1 |
Local nomenclature
S. no | Scientific, local & common name | MCU | FM | RFM | Med. use | Cultural uses | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mag | Entt | Do | To | Cc | Pt | Or | Fo | Na | Ha | ||||||
Mammals | |||||||||||||||
1. |
Bos taurus L. Cow, Gay | 5 | 36 | 0.33 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
2. |
Bubalus bubalis L. Buffalo, Mujh | 5 | 40 | 0.37 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
3. |
Camelus dromedaries L. Camel, Ount | 5 | 24 | 0.22 | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | X |
4. |
Canis aureus L. Asiatic jackal, Gidar | 3 | 17 | 0.16 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ |
5. |
Canis lupus familiaris L. Dog, Kuta | 5 | 19 | 0.17 | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | ✓ |
6. |
Capra aegagrus hircus L. Goat, Bakri | 5 | 32 | 0.29 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
7. |
Equus africanus von Heuglin Donkey, Gadha | 5 | 22 | 0.2 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
8. |
Equus caballus L. Horse, Kurrah | 5 | 28 | 0.26 | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
9. |
Felis chaus Schreber Jungle cat, Jungli billi | 3 | 15 | 0.14 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ |
10. |
Felis domesticus L. Cat, Billi | 3 | 46 | 0.42 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X |
11. |
Funnambulus pennanti Wroughton Northern palm squirrel, Gulahri | 1 | 7 | 0.06 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
12. |
Hemiechinus collaris Gray Long eared desert hedgehog Chotay kanday ali say, Kandyari Choha | 2 | 11 | 0.1 | ✓ | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X |
13. |
Herpestes javanicus E. Geoffroy Small Indian mongoose, Neola | 3 | 12 | 0.11 | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
14. |
Homo sapiens L. Human, Insan | 1 | 9 | 0.08 | ✓ | X | - | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
15. |
Hystrix indica Kerr Indian crested porcupine, Kanday wali say | 4 | 52 | 0.48 | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
16. |
Lepus nigricollis dayanus F. Cuvier Desert hare, Jungli saya, Jungli khargush | 4 | 54 | 0.5 | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
17. |
Manis crassicaudata E. Geoffroy Indian Pangolin, Pangolin, Sipple | 1 | 8 | 0.07 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
18. |
Millardia meltada Gray Soft-furred field rat, Fasli Choha | 1 | 6 | 0.06 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
19. |
Mus musculus L. House mouse, Chota Choha | 1 | 4 | 0.04 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
20. |
Nesokia indica Gray Short tailed mole rat, Chhoti push wala choha | 1 | 3 | 0.03 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
21. |
Oryctolagus cuniculusl. Domestic rabbit, Khargush, Saya | 4 | 14 | 0.13 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
22. |
Ovis aries L. Sheep, Bairh | 5 | 23 | 0.21 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
23. |
Pteropus giganteus Brunnich Indian flying fox bat, Chamgadar | 1 | 10 | 0.09 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
24. |
Rattus rattus L. House rat, Wada Choha | 1 | 5 | 0.05 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
25. |
Suncus etruscus Savi Mediterranean pygmy shrew, Choti chachondar | 1 | 2 | 0.02 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
26. |
Suncus murinus L. House shrew, Waddi chachondar | 1 | 2 | 0.02 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
27. |
Sus scrofa L. Indian wild boar, Baarla, Soor | 4 | 20 | 0.18 | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ |
28. |
Tatera indica Hardwicke Indian gerbil, Jungli Choha | 1 | 3 | 0.03 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
29. |
Ursus thibetanus G. Cuvier
Bear, Richh | 7 | 26 | 0.24 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ |
30. |
Vulpes bengalensis Shaw Indian/Bengal fox, Lomri | 3 | 13 | 0.12 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ |
Birds | |||||||||||||||
31. |
Acridotheres ginginianus Latham Bank Myna, Shark | 3 | 21 | 0.193 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
32. |
Acridotheres tristis L. Common Myna, Lali | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
33. |
Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth Blyth’s Reed Warbler, Dabh peeddi | 2 | 6 | 0.055 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
34. |
Acrocephalus melanopogon Temminck Moustached Sedge Warbler, Chhoti Peeddi | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
35. |
Alauda arvensis L Eurasian Lark, Chandol | 4 | 35 | 0.321 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
36. |
Alauda gulgula Franklin Small Skylark, Chhota chandol | 4 | 35 | 0.321 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
37. |
Alcedo atthis L. Common Kingfisher, Chhota machhera | 2 | 12 | 0.11 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
38. |
Amandava amandava L. Red Munia, Lal moonia | 2 | 11 | 0.101 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
39. |
Amaurornis phoenicurus Pennant, White-breasted Waterhen, Chitthikki jal kukri | 4 | 25 | 0.229 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
40. |
Anas clypeata L. Shoveler, Balchi | 2 | 9 | 0.083 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
41. |
Anas crecca L. Common Teal, Til | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
42. |
Anas penelope L. Eurasian Wigeon. Wijan | 4 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
43. |
Anas platyrhynchos domesticus L. Domestic Duck, Batakh | 5 | 55 | 0.505 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
44. |
Anas platyrhynchos L. Mallard, Nilsir | 3 | 11 | 0.101 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
45. |
Anas querquedula L. Garganey, Nili til | 3 | 22 | 0.202 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | V | X | X |
46. |
Anas strepera L. Gadwall, Gaidwal | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
47. |
Anhinga melanogaster Pennant Snake Bird, Bhujanga | 2 | 6 | 0.055 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
48. |
Anser indicus Latham Bar-headed Goose, Sawa magh | 4 | 22 | 0.202 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
49. |
Anthus campestris L. Tawny Pipit, Baggi charchari | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
50. |
Anthus novaeseelandiae Gmelin Richard Pipit, Charchari | 2 | 2 | 0.018 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
51. |
Anthus trivialis L. Tree Pipit, Rukh charchari | 2 | 6 | 0.055 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
52. |
Anus auta L. Pintail Duck, Sinkhpur | 4 | 38 | 0.349 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
53. |
Apus affinis Gray Little Swift, Chhoti ateran | 2 | 11 | 0.101 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
54. |
Aquila rapax Temminck Tawny Eagle, Chhota baaz | 3 | 9 | 0.083 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
55. |
Ara macao L. Macaw, Macaw | 3 | 24 | 0.22 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
56. |
Ardea cinerea L. Grey Heron, Nari | 2 | 15 | 0.138 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
57. |
Ardea cinerea L. Purple Heron, Kirmachi nari | 2 | 17 | 0.156 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
58. |
Ardeola grayii Sykes Indian Pond Heron, Chhappari bagla | 2 | 2 | 0.018 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
59. |
Athene brama Temminck Spotted Little Owlet, Ullo | 5 | 31 | 0.284 | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X |
60. |
Aythya ferina L. Common Pochard, Pochad | 4 | 35 | 0.321 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
61. |
Aythya fuligula L. Tufted Duck, Bodal murgabi | 4 | 34 | 0.312 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
62. |
Bubulcus ibis L. Cattle Egret, Badami bagla | 3 | 6 | 0.055 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
63. |
Buteo buteo L. Common Buzzard, Tisa | 2 | 2 | 0.018 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
64. |
Buteo rufinus Cretzschmar Long-legged Buzzard, Chuhamar tisa | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
65. |
Calandrella brachydactylaLeisler, Greater Short-toed Lark, Chandol | 4 | 35 | 0.321 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
66. |
Calidris alpine L. Tateri | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
67. |
Calidris minuta Leisler Little Stint, Panlawa | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
68. |
Calidris temminckii Leisler Temminck’s Stint | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
69. |
Caprimulgus europaeus L. European Nightjar, Chapaki | 2 | 27 | 0.248 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
70. |
Carpodacus erythrinus Pallas Common Rosefinch, Lal tooti | 4 | 15 | 0.138 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
71. |
Centropus sinensis Stephens Common Crow Pheasant, Jal Kukar | 3 | 18 | 0.165 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
72. |
Cercomela fusca Blyth Common Rock chat, Lal galri | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
73. |
Ceryle rudis L. Small Pied kingfisher, Kilkila | 2 | 9 | 0.083 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
74. |
Charadrius alexandrinus L. Snowy Plover, Kalarwala marwa | 3 | 17 | 0.156 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
75. |
Chlidonias hybridus Pallas Whiskered Tern, Taheri | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
76. |
Chrysomma altirostre JerdonSind Babbler, Serhari | 2 | 2 | 0.018 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
77. |
Cisticola juncidis Rafinesque Fan-tailed Warbler, Phanka Peeddi | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
78. |
Clamator jacobinus Boddaert Pied Crested Cuckoo, Koail | 2 | 14 | 0.128 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | |
79. |
Columba livia Gmelin Blue Rock Pigeon, Jangli kabotar | 6 | 60 | 0.55 | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
80. |
Coracias benghalensis L. Indian Roller, Nil kanth | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
81. |
Coracias garrulus L. Kashmir Roller, Nil Kanth | 2 | 8 | 0.073 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
82. |
Corvus splendens Vieillot House Crow, Kaan | 4 | 28 | 0.257 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X |
83. |
Coturnix coturnix L. Common Quail, Batera | 6 | 58 | 0.532 | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
84. |
Cursorius coromandelicus Gmelin, Indian Courser, Nukri | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
85. |
Dendrocitta vagabunda Latham Indian Tree Pie, Chhota kaan, Lagoja | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
86. |
Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot Black Drongo, Japal kalchit, Chepu | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
87. |
Egretta alba L. Large Egret, Wadda bagla | 3 | 10 | 0.092 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
88. |
Egretta garzetta L. Little Egret, Bauna bagla | 3 | 8 | 0.073 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
89. |
Egretta intermedia Wagler Intermediate Egret, Gabhla bagla | 3 | 12 | 0.11 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
90. |
Elanus caeruleus Desfontaines Black Winged Kite, Chiti ail | 2 | 10 | 0.092 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
91. |
Emberiza bruniceps Brandt Red-headed Bunting, Lal sir booli | 2 | 25 | 0.229 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
92. |
Emberiza schoeniclus L. Reed Bunting, Booli | 2 | 14 | 0.128 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
93. |
Eremopterix grisea Scopoli Ashy Crowned Finch lark, Saleti sir chandol | 4 | 35 | 0.321 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
94. |
Eudynamys scolopacea L. Koel, Koal | 4 | 24 | 0.22 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
95. |
Falco tinnunculus L. Eurasian Kestrel, Lal shikra | 2 | 11 | 0.101 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
96. |
Falco chicquera Daudin, Red Necked Falcon, Lal-gardan baaz | 2 | 10 | 0.092 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
97. |
Ficedula parva Bechstein Red-breasted Flycatcher, Lal gala tik tiki | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
98. |
Francolinus francolinus L. Black partridge, Kala tittar | 6 | 56 | 0.514 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
99. |
Francolinus pondicerianus Gmelin, Indian Grey Partridge, Bhura tittar | 5 | 23 | 0.211 | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
100. |
Fulica atra L. Eurasian Coot, Koot | 2 | 11 | 0.101 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
101. |
Gallicrex cinerea Gmelin Watercock, Jal murgha | 2 | 13 | 0.119 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
102. |
Gallinula chloropus L. Common Moorhen, Jal kukri | 4 | 34 | 0.312 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
103. |
Gallus gallus L. Domestic Chicken, Murghi | 5 | 62 | 0.569 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
104. |
Gelochelidon nilotica Gmelin Gull-billed Tern, Bularh taheri | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
105. |
Grus grus L. Common Crane, Waddi kunj | 2 | 9 | 0.083 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
106. |
Halcyon smyrnensis L. White-throated Kingfisher, Wadda machhera | 2 | 14 | 0.128 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
107. |
Hieraaetus fasciatus Sibley & Monroe Bonnelli’s Eagle, Baaz | 3 | 14 | 0.128 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
1108. |
Himantopus himantopus L. Black-winged Stilt, Lam latta | 2 | 15 | 0.138 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
109. |
Hippolais caligata Lichtenstein Booted Warbler, Chita gala Peeddi | 2 | 7 | 0.064 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
110. |
Hirundo rustica L. Barn or Common Swallow, Ababil | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
111. |
Hirundo smithii Leach Wire-tailed Swallow, Tar punjha | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
112. |
Hoplopterus indicus Boddaert Red-wattled Lapwing, Tatihri | 2 | 13 | 0.119 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
113. |
Ixobrychus sinensis Gmelin Yellow Bittern, Bora bagla | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
114. |
Larus fuscus L Lesser Black-headed Gull, Chhota damra | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
115. |
Lonchura malabarica L. Indian Silverbill | 4 | 17 | 0.156 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
116. |
Lymnocryptes minimus Brünnich, Jack Snipe, Rangla chaha | 2 | 6 | 0.055 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
117. |
Meleagris gallopavo L. Turkey, Turkey | 5 | 30 | 0.275 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
118. |
Merops orientalis Latham Little Green Bee-eater, Chhota path ranga | 2 | 7 | 0.064 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
119. |
Merops supercilliosus L. Blue-cheeked Bee-eater, Chhota path ranga | 3 | 5 | 0.046 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
120. |
Milvus migrans migrans Boddaert, Indian Kite, Cheil, Ail | 2 | 8 | 0.073 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
121. |
Motacilla alba alboides Hodgson, Hodgeson’s Pied Wagtail, Wadda mamola | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
122. |
Motacilla alba dukhunensis Sykes, Siberian Pied Wagtail, Wadda mamola | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
123. |
Motacilla cinerea Tunstall Grey Wagtail, Slati mamola | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
124. |
Motacilla citreola calcarata PallasYellow-headed Black-backed Wagtail, Pila kala Mamola | 2 | 6 | 0.055 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
125. |
Motacilla citreola citreola Pavlova Yellow-Headed Black-Collared Wagtail, Pila Mamola | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
126. |
Motacilla citreola werae Pavlova Yellow-headed Grey-backed Wagtail Pila si mamaloa | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
127. |
Motacilla maderaspatensis Gmelin, Large Pied Wagtail, Wada mamola | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
128. |
Mycteria leucocephala Pennant Painted Stork, Chitra lamdhing | 2 | 11 | 0.101 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
129. |
Nectarinia asiatica Latham Purple Sunbird, Kala pidda, Shakar khora | 2 | 7 | 0.064 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
130. |
Nycticorax nycticorax L. Night Heron, Chor bagla | 2 | 7 | 0.064 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
131. |
Oenanthe isabellina Temminck, Isabelline Wheatear, Kali akha wheater | 3 | 15 | 0.138 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
132. |
Oenanthe picata Blyth Eastern Wheatear, Kali cheeti wheatear | 3 | 20 | 0.183 | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
133. |
Oriolus oriolus L. Golden Oriole, Pilak | 2 | 13 | 0.119 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
134. |
Orthotomus sutorius Pennant Tailor Bird, Derzi | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
135. |
Parus major L. Great Tit, Wadda tit | 2 | 8 | 0.073 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
136. |
Passer domesticus L. House Sparrow, Chiri | 6 | 64 | 0.587 | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
137. |
Passer hispaniolensis Temminck, Willow Sparrow, Chini chiri | 2 | 15 | 0.138 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
138. |
Pavo cristatus L. Peacock, Moor | 3 | 25 | 0.229 | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
139. |
Pericrocotus ethologus Bangs & Phillips Long-tailed Minivet, Lam punjhi saheli | 2 | 7 | 0.064 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
140. |
Pernis ptilorhynchus Temminck, Crested Honey Buzzard, Makhi tissa | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
141. |
Phalacrocorax niger Vieillot Little Cormorant, Jal kaan | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
142. |
Phoenicurus ochruros Gmelin Black Redstart, Kala thirthara | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
143. |
Phylloscopus subviridis Brooks Brooks’s Leaf Warbler, Hari peeli Peeddi | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
144. |
Ploceus philippinus L. Baya Weaver, Bijra | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
145. |
Porzana parva Scopoli Little Crake, Jal bater | 2 | 15 | 0.138 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
146. |
Prinia burnesii Blyth Long-tailed Grass Warbler, Bori Peeddi | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
147. |
Prinia gracilis Lichtenstein Streaked Long-tailed Warbler, Lumbi push Peeddi | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
148. |
Prinia inornata Sykes Tawny Prinia, Chhoti bori Peeddi | 4 | 27 | 0.248 | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
149. |
Prinia socialis Sykes Ashy long-tailed Warbler, Uchi push Peeddi | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
150. |
Psittacula eupatria L. Large Indian Parakeet, Wada tota | 4 | 50 | 0.459 | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | X |
151. |
Psittacula krameri Scopoli Rose-ringed Parakeet, Gani wala Tota | 5 | 50 | 0.459 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | X |
152. |
Pycnonotus cafer L. Red-vented Bulbul, Pahari bulbul | 2 | 2 | 0.018 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
153. |
Pycnonotus leucogenys Gray White-cheeked Bulbul, Bulbul | 2 | 2 | 0.018 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
154. |
Rallus aquaticus L. Water Rail | 2 | 13 | 0.119 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
155. |
Recurvirostra avosetta L. Pied Avocet, Chaha | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
156. |
Remiz pendulinus L. Penduline Tit, Tit | 2 | 6 | 0.055 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
157. |
Rhipidura aureola Lesson White-browned Fantail Flycatcher Phanka tik tiki | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
158. |
Riparia paludicola Vieillot Indian Sindh Martin, Martin | 2 | 35 | 0.321 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
159. |
Riparia riparia L. Collard Sand Martin, Martin ababil | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
160. |
Rynchops albicollis Swainson Indian Skimmer, Pancheera | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
161. |
Saxicola leucura Blyth White-tailed Bushchat, Galri | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
162. |
Saxicoloides fulicata L. Indian Robin, Kalla Peedda | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
163. |
Sterna acuticauda Gray Black-bellied Tern, Kali chonge taheri | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
164. |
Sterna albifrons Pallas Little Tern, Choti taheri | 2 | 6 | 0.055 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
165. |
Sterna aurantia Gray Indian River Tern, Dariai taheri | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
166. |
Streptopelia decaocto Frivaldszky Indian Ring Dove, Kogi, Ghogi | 6 | 45 | 0.413 | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
167. |
Streptopelia orientalis Latham Oriental turtle Dove, Totru | 6 | 44 | 0.404 | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
168. |
Streptopelia senegalensis L. Little Brown Dove, Chhoti tutru, Chhoti kogi | 6 | 36 | 0.33 | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
169. |
Streptopelia tranquebarica Hermann, Red Turtle Dove, Lal totru | 6 | 47 | 0.431 | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X |
170. |
Sturnus roseus L. Rosy Starling, Gulabi tilyar, Gulabi maina | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
171. |
Sturnus vulgaris L. Common Starling, Tilyar, Maina | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
172. |
Sylvia curruca L. Lesser Whitethroat, Chitt kanthi peeddi | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
173. |
Tachybaptus ruficollis Pallas Little Grebe, Dubkian | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
174. |
Tadorna ferruginea Pallas Common Shelduck, Surkhab | 2 | 3 | 0.028 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
175. |
Tadorna tadorna L. Ruddy Shelduck, Surmai | 2 | 6 | 0.055 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
176. |
Tephrodornis pondicerian Gmelin, Common Wood Shrike, Latora | 2 | 6 | 0.055 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
177. |
Tringa glareola L. Wood Sandpiper | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
178. |
Tringa nebularia Gunnerus Greenshank, Hara chaha | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
179. |
Tringa ochropus L. Green Sandpiper | 2 | 6 | 0.055 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
180. |
Tringa stagnatilis Bechstein Marsh Sandpiper | 2 | 5 | 0.046 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
181. |
Turdoides caudatus Dumont Common Babbler, Serhari | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
182. |
Turdoides earlei Blyth Striated Babbler, Dharidar serhari | 2 | 7 | 0.064 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
183. |
Turdoides striatus Dumont Jungle Babbler, Jangli serhari | 2 | 9 | 0.083 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
184. |
Upupa epops L. Common Hoopoe, Hud-hud | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
185. |
Vanellus vanellus L. Great Plover, Waddi karvank | 2 | 4 | 0.037 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
Body part(s) used
Ethnomedicinal uses of mammals and birds
S. no | Scientific, common and local name | Part used | Application | Diseases cured | Previous reports | Reference | SI | IMA | FL | RPL | ROP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mammals | |||||||||||
1. |
Bos taurus L. Cow, Gay | Fat, milk, Flesh | Topical and oral | Feet wounds, body pain, fever, poison effect | Fever, bone fever, memory loss, paralysis, asthma, stomach ache, gastritis, diarrhea, eye infection, tuberculosis, pesticide | 0.08 | 36 | 100 | 1 | 100 | |
2. |
Bubalus bubalis L. Buffalo Mujh | Fat, Milk, flesh | Topical and oral | Feet wound, body pain, fever, poison effect | Pain, wound, jaundice, ascites, rheumatic pain, weakness, osteoporosis, thrombosis | 0.18 | 16 | 40 | 1 | 40 | |
3. |
Camelus dromedaries L. Camel Ount | Milk, blood | Topical and oral | Muscular pain, weakness, arthritis | Acidity, hepatitis B and C | 0 | 10 | 42 | 0.89 | 37 | |
4. |
Canis aureus L. Asiatic jackal Gidar | Flesh, bones | Topical | Skin diseases | Asthma, sciatica, arthritis, body pain, gout, skin diseases, paralysis | 0.14 | 11 | 65 | 0.63 | 41 | |
5. |
Canis lupus familiaris L. Dog Kuta | Fat, flesh | Topical | Sexual power | Weakness, poison, fever | [77] | 0 | 8 | 42 | 0.7 | 30 |
6. |
Capra aegagrus hircus L. Goat Bakri | Milk | Oral | Increase sexual efficiency | Fever, eye tonic, tonsillitis, asthma, tuberculosis, menstrual disorder, toothache, anemia, dysentery, bronchitis, jaundice, diarrhea, blindness | 0 | 13 | 41 | 1 | 41 | |
7. |
Equus africanus von Heuglin & Fitzinger Donkey Gadha | Milk, blood | Topical | Abdominal dropsy, arthritis | Arthritis, madness, abdominal dropsy, tuberculosis | 0.5 | 9 | 41 | 0.81 | 33 | |
8. |
Equus caballus L. Horse Kurrah | Fat | Topical | Skin infection | Rabies, skin diseases, burn, allergy, arthritis, body pain, neuralgia, osteoporosis | 0.13 | 11 | 39 | 1 | 39 | |
9. |
Felis chaus Schreber Jungle cat Jungli billi | Fat | Topical | Joint Pain | Leucoderma | [55] | 0 | 10 | 67 | 0.56 | 37 |
10. |
Felis domesticus L. Cat Billi | Fat | Topical | Rheumatic pain, skin infections | Fever, arthritis | 0 | 46 | 100 | 1 | 100 | |
11. |
Funnambulus pennanti Wroughton Northern palm squirrel Gulahri | Flesh | Topical and oral | Epilepsy | Epilepsy | [59] | 1 | 4 | 57 | 0.26 | 15 |
12. |
Hemiechinus collaris Gray Long eared desert hedgehog Chotay kanday ali say, Kandyari Choha | Fat | Topical | Rheumatic pain, body ache | 0 | 7 | 64 | 0.41 | 26 | ||
13. |
Herpestes javanicus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilarie Small Indian mongoose Neola | Fat | Topical | Sexual power | 0 | 8 | 67 | 0.44 | 30 | ||
14. |
Homo sapiens L. Human Insan | Saliva, urine | Topical | Herpes, ear pain | Eye infections, wound, hiccup | 0 | 6 | 67 | 0.33 | 22 | |
15. |
Hystrix indica Kerr Indian crested porcupine Kanday wali say | Fat | Topical | Skin infection, Rheumatic pain | 0 | 26 | 50 | 1 | 50 | ||
16. |
Lepus nigricollis dayanus F. Cuvier Desert hare Jungli saya, Jungli khargush | Flesh, liver, blood | Topical and oral | Asthma, burning sensation, paralysis | Tonic, chicken pox, wheezing, stomach and joint pain, high blood pressure, asthma | 0.13 | 27 | 50 | 1 | 50 | |
17. |
Manis crassicaudata E. Geoffroy Indian Pangolin Pangolin, Sipple | Scale, flesh | Topical | Feet swelling, Sexual power | Feet swelling, piles, blood pressure, head ach, asthma, anti-haemorrhoidal, warts, ear pain, angina | 0.1 | 3 | 38 | 0.3 | 11 | |
18. |
Millardia meltada Gray Soft-furred field rat Fasli Choha | Fat | Topical | Joint pain | 0 | 3 | 50 | 0.22 | 11 | ||
19. |
Mus musculus L. House mouse Chota Choha | Fat | Topical | Enhancement of semen | Arthritis, analgesic | 0 | 2 | 50 | 0.15 | 7 | |
20. |
Nesokia indica Gray Short tailed mole rat Chhoti push wala choha | Fat | Topical | Joint pain | 0 | 2 | 67 | 0.11 | 7 | ||
21. |
Oryctolagus cuniculusL. Domestic rabbit Khargush, Saya | Tail, blood | Topical | Burning sensation, weakness | Bronchial diseases, stomachache | 0 | 14 | 100 | 0.52 | 52 | |
22. |
Ovis aries L. Sheep Bairh | Fat, milk, flesh | Topical and oral | Skin burn and crack, weakness, joint pain | Edema, fractures, joint pain, sterility, flu, skin burn and crack, muscular pain, swellings, weakness, | 0.2 | 23 | 100 | 0.85 | 85 | |
23. |
Pteropus giganteus Brunnich Indian flying fox bat Chamgadar | Fat | Topical | Body and backbone pain, sexual power | Asthma, bronchitis | 0 | 5 | 50 | 0.37 | 19 | |
24. |
Rattus rattus L. House rat Wada Choha | Fat | Topical | Joint pain | Convulsions, semen enhancement, wounds healing, | 0 | 3 | 60 | 0.19 | 11 | |
25. |
Suncus etruscus Savi Mediterranean pygmy shrew Choti chachondar | Fat | Topical | Scrotal swelling | 0 | 1 | 50 | 0.07 | 4 | ||
26. |
Suncus murinus L. House shrew Waddi chachondar | Fat | Topical | Scrotal swelling | Snake bite, scrotal swelling | 0.5 | 1 | 50 | 0.07 | 4 | |
27. |
Sus scrofa L. Indian wild boar Baarla, Soor | Fat | Topical | Paralysis, burn | Inflammatory, joint pain, fracture, paralysis, burn, snake bite, fever, piles, cough, cold, anti-haemorrhoidal, warts, earache, angina | 0.17 | 10 | 50 | 0.74 | 37 | |
28. |
Tatera indica Hardwicke Indian gerbil Jungli Choha | Fat | Topical | Lumbago | 0 | 1 | 33 | 0.11 | 4 | ||
29. |
Ursus thibetanus G. Cuvier Bear Richh | Fat | Topical | Sexual power | 0 | 7 | 27 | 0.96 | 26 | ||
30. |
Vulpes bengalensis Shaw Indian/Bengal fox Lomri | Fat | Topical | Epilepsy | 0 | 9 | 69 | 0.48 | 33 | ||
Birds | |||||||||||
31. |
Acridotheres tristis L. Common Myna, Lali | Flesh | Oral | Whooping cough, weakness | 0 | 15 | 71.43 | 0.66 | 47 | ||
32. |
Anas platyrhynchos domesticus L. Domestic Duck, Batakh | Egg | Oral | Weak eye-side, weakness, low blood pressure | 0 | 55 | 100. | 1.00 | 100 | ||
33. |
Anas platyrhynchos L. Mallard, Nilsir | Flesh, egg | Oral | Paralysis, weakness | Erectile dysfunction, scarlet fever, body strength, weakness | 0.2 | 10 | 90.91 | 0.34 | 31 | |
34. |
Aquila rapax Temminck Tawny Eagle, Chhota baaz | Fat | Topical | Breast swelling | Chest pain | [45] | 0 | 4 | 44.44 | 0.28 | 13 |
35. |
Ara macao L. Macaw, Macaw | Fat | Topical | Pneumonia | 0 | 9 | 37.50 | 0.75 | 28 | ||
36. |
Athene brama Temminck Spotted Little Owlet, Ullo | Blood | Topical | Sexual weakness | Rickets, cough | [55] | 0 | 18 | 58.06 | 0.97 | 56 |
37. |
Bubulcus ibis L. Cattle Egret, Badami bagla | Blood, Flesh | Topical and oral | Dysentery | 0 | 1 | 16.67 | 0.19 | 3 | ||
38. |
Centropus sinensis Stephens Common Crow Pheasant, Jal Kukar | Flesh | Oral | Body-ache, weakness | 0 | 5 | 27.78 | 0.56 | 16 | ||
39. |
Charadrius alexandrinus L. Snowy Plover, Kalarwala marwa | Egg | Oral | Typhoid | 0 | 6 | 35.29 | 0.53 | 19 | ||
40. |
Columba livia Gmelin Blue Rock Pigeon, Jangli kabotar | Flesh, Feather | Oral | Paralysis | Menorrhagia, Bronchitis, puberty in young girls, paralysis, epilepsy, anemia, infertility | 0.17 | 53 | 88.33 | 1.00 | 88 | |
41. |
Corvus splendens Vieillot House Crow, Kaan | Bone | Topical | For ear infection | Lethargy, aphrodisiac, anemia, body aches, stomach disorder | 0 | 4 | 14.29 | 0.88 | 13 | |
42. |
Coturnix coturnix L. Common Quail, Batera | Head of the bird, flesh | Oral | Enhance memory, improve sexual power | Skin diseases, anemia, body weakness, enhance memory power | 0.25 | 30 | 51.72 | 1.00 | 52 | |
43. |
Egretta alba L. Large Egret, Wadda bagla | Blood, Flesh | Topical and oral | Dysentery | 0 | 5 | 50.00 | 0.31 | 16 | ||
44. |
Egretta garzetta L. Little Egret, Bauna bagla | Blood, Flesh | Topical and oral | Dysentery | Asthma, body strength, breathing trouble, immune enhancer | 0 | 2 | 25.00 | 0.25 | 6 | |
45. |
Egretta intermedia Wagler Intermediate Egret, Gabhla bagla | Blood, Flesh | Topical and oral | Dysentery | 0 | 7 | 58.33 | 0.38 | 22 | ||
46. |
Francolinus francolinus L. Black partridge, Kala tittar | Flesh and Bone soup | Oral | Bronchitis, weakness | Bronchitis | [64] | 0.5 | 24 | 42.86 | 1.00 | 43 |
47. |
Gallus gallus L. Domestic Chicken, Murghi | Egg, flesh | Oral | Fever, weakness, low blood pressure | Sprains, strains, nourishing food, eye-each, bronchitis, diabetes, burst furuncles, asthma, Indigestion, sinusitis, shortness of breath, bronchitis, nervous problems, rheumatism, stuffy nose, weak bones, flu, weakness, sore throat, furuncle, burns, night blindness, eye infection, evil eye | 0 | 62 | 100 | 1.00 | 100 | |
48. |
Hieraaetus fasciatus Sibley & Monroe Bonnelli’s Eagle, Baaz | Fat | Topical | Breast swelling | Breast swelling | [58] | 1 | 3 | 21.43 | 0.44 | 9 |
49. |
Meleagris gallopavo L. Turkey, Turkey | Flesh | Oral | Asthma | 0 | 10 | 33.33 | 0.94 | 31 | ||
50. |
Oenanthe isabellina Temminck, Isabelline Wheatear, Kali akha wheater | Fat | Topical | Gastric problems in infants | 0 | 8 | 53.33 | 0.47 | 25 | ||
51. |
Oenanthe picata Blyth Eastern Wheatear, Kali cheeti wheatear | Fat | Topical | Gastric problems in infants | 0 | 2 | 10 | 0.63 | 6 | ||
52. |
Passer domesticus L. House Sparrow, Chiri | Flesh | Oral | Weakness, fever | Increase sexual desire, aphrodisiac, allergy, paralysis, impotency, gas trouble, constipation, Chickenpox, | 0 | 64 | 100 | 1.00 | 100 | |
53. |
Pavo cristatus L. Peacock, Moor | Bone | Topical | Wound, pus | Blurred vision, anemia, Abscess, eye diseases, body strength, ear infection, hiccup, asthma | 0 | 7 | 28.00 | 0.78 | 22 | |
54. |
Streptopelia decaocto Frivaldszky Indian Ring Dove, Kogi, Ghogi | Flesh | Oral | Maturity in girls | Early maturity in girls | [64] | 1 | 13 | 28.89 | 1.00 | 29 |
55. |
Streptopelia orientalis Latham Oriental turtle Dove, Totru | Flesh | Oral | Maturity in girls | 0 | 13 | 29.55 | 1.00 | 30 | ||
56. |
Streptopelia senegalensis L. Little Brown Dove, Chhoti tutru, Chhoti kogi | Flesh | Oral | Maturity in girls | 0 | 13 | 36.11 | 1.00 | 36 | ||
57. |
Streptopelia tranquebarica Hermann, Red Turtle Dove, Lal totru | Flesh | Oral | Maturity in girls | 0 | 13 | 27.66 | 1.00 | 28 | ||
58. |
Upupa epops L. Common Hoopoe, Hud-hud | Flesh | Oral | Kidney problems | Gall bladder stone | [84] | 0 | 1 | 25.00 | 0.13 | 3 |