Background
Materials and methods
Study sites
District
|
Ward
|
Province
|
Agro-ecological region
|
Characteristics of farming region
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Kadoma | 1 | Mashonaland West | III - IV | Found on approximately 18°19′S longitude and latitude 29°53′ E, moderate to low average rainfall 450 - 600 mm, semi-extensive farming of livestock and drought resistant fodder crops [27] |
2 | ||||
5 | ||||
12 | ||||
Matobo | 13 | Matabeleland South | IV | District is found at 20°23′È latitude and 28°30′S longitude. Average rainfall is 450–650 mm, area is good for semi-extensive livestock and game ranching, common crops include drought resistant maize, sorghum and millet [28] |
16 | ||||
24 | ||||
25 | ||||
Chiredzi | 7 | Masvingo | V | Area is found at about 31°30′S longitude, 21°10′E latitude. It is one of the largest districts in Zimbabwe with an average uncertain annual rainfall < 450 mm; suitable for extensive cattle production and game ranching [28] |
10 | ||||
11 | ||||
13 | ||||
Muzarabani | 4 | Mashonaland Central | V | District is located at a longitude of 160E and latitude of 310S along the Mozambique – Zimbabwe border. Average annual rainfall < 450 mm. The area is suitable for subsistence smallholder farming, cattle production and game ranching [28] |
5 | ||||
6 | ||||
7 |
Ethnobotanical data collection
Data analyses
Results
Household demographics
Household details
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
---|---|---|
Age of household head (years) | 51.3 | 15.23 |
Household size | 7.2 | 4.46 |
Number of adult males (>18 years) | 2.0 | 1.52 |
Number of adult females (>18 years) | 2.0 | 1.57 |
Number of children (0–18 years) | 3.4 | 2.62 |
Livestock species kept by the farmers
Ranking of animal species
Species
|
Rank
|
Frequency (%)
|
---|---|---|
Cattle | 1 | 77.7 |
Indigenous chickens | 2 | 76.9 |
Goats | 3 | 56.6 |
Donkeys | 4 | 28.4 |
Sheep | 5 | 13.8 |
Pigs | 6 | 10.7 |
*Other species | 7 | 7.2 |
Commercial chickens | 8 | 5.7 |
Prevalent livestock parasites and their management
Livestock Species
|
Common parasites as identified by respondents (%)
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ticks
|
Flies
|
Tsetse flies
|
Mange mites
|
Fleas
|
Lice
| |
Cattle | 81.0 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.4 | - | - |
Sheep | 5.6 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - |
Goats | 49.8 | - | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Indigenous chickens | - | 1.3 | - | 3.4 | 27.5 | 22.7 |
Commercial chickens | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | 0.9 |
Pigs | - | - | - | 2.2 | - | 1.3 |
Donkeys | 13.3 | 0.4 | - | - | 0.4 | 0.4 |
*Other species | - | 0.9 | - | - | 0.9 | 2.1 |
Status of cattle dipping in the survey areas
Use of pesticidal plants
Scientific name & Voucher number
|
Family name
|
Local names
Shona-S Ndebele-N Shangani-C
|
Part used
|
Preparation methods
|
Target parasites
|
Availability status
|
Comments & precautions
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acacia karroo Hayne. | Fabaceae | Muzunga (S) | Root | Leave root in fowl run | Fleas and mites | Always | Safe to use |
Nyahangare E 11
| |||||||
Monadenium lugardiae N.E. B. | Euphorbiaceae | Chisvosve (S) | Whole plant | Crush and mix with water 24 h | Ticks, fleas | Always | Handle with care |
Nyahangare E 15
| |||||||
Albizia amara (Roxb.)Boiv. | Fabaceae | Umbola (N) | Leaves | Crush leaves + water + spray | Ticks, fleas | Seasonal | Effective |
Nyahangare E 38
| |||||||
Aloe excelsa A. Berger. | Aloaceae | Gavakava, Mhangani(S) | Stemmy leaves | Crush leaves, mix with water for 24 h & spray | Fleas, ticks | Seasonal | Safe to use |
Nyahangare E 29
| |||||||
Aloe chabaudii Schoenland. | Aloaceae | Inhlaba (N) | Succulent leafy stems | Grind and soak and smear the bird with sticky water | Lice | Always | Very effective |
Nyahangare E 37
| |||||||
Bauhinia petersiana Bolle. | Fabaceae | Mutyatyambe (S) | Leaves | Crush leaves, mix with water | Ticks, Goats | Always | Safe to use |
Nyahangare E23
| |||||||
Capsicum annuum L.
| Solanaceae | Mhiripiri (S) | Fruits | Crush the fruits and mix with soot in water and spray | Ticks | Always | Causes eye irritation |
Nyahangare E 69
| |||||||
Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl. Nyahangare E39
| Apocynaceae | Umlugulu (N) | Leaves | Grind leaves, mix with water in the ratio 1:4 and spray | Lice and ticks | Seasonal | Wash hands after use |
Cucumis anguria L.
| Cucurbitaceae | Mujachacha (S) Amagaka (N) | Fruits | Collect ripe fruits (yellow), crush and mix with water and spray | Ticks | Seasonal | Have an itching effect on animals |
Nyahangare E47
| |||||||
Ornithogalum sp
| Asparagaceae | Chihanyanisi (S) | Roots | Crush and mix with water | Ticks | Always but scarce | Very effective |
Nyahangare E59
| |||||||
*
| Chimwamaruka (S) | Leaves and branches | Crush the leaves and branches and mix with water | Fleas and ticks | Always but scarce | Very effective | |
Cissus quadrangularis L.
| Vitaceae | Chiololo (C), Murunjurunju (S) | Stems | Crush and mix with water to spray | Ticks | Always | Handle with care, has an itchy effect |
Nyahangare E6
| |||||||
Psydrax livida (Hiern) Bridson | Rubiaceae | Muvengahonye (S) Umhlahlampethu (N) | Leaves | Crush, mix with water and spray or crush leaves and put on wound or tick infestation site | Ecto parasites | Always | |
Nyahangare E20
| |||||||
Rotheca eriophylla
| Lamiaceae | Umnukanja (N) Munukanja (S) | Leaves | Macerate, soak with water and spray | Ticks, Lice and tsetse fly | Always | Very effective and safe to use |
Nyahangare E35
| |||||||
Colophospermum mopane (J. Kirk ex Benth.) J. Kirk ex J. Leonard. | Fabaceae | Mopani (S) | Branches and twigs | Burn and apply ashes on animal skin | Ticks, fleas, mites | Always | Safe to use |
Nyahangare E41
| |||||||
Combretum imberbe Wawra. | Combretaceae | Muchenarota/Mutsviri (S) | Bark | Ash of the bark and twigs dusted on infestation sites | Ticks | Always | Very effective |
Nyahangare E55
| |||||||
Croton gratissimus Burch.
| Euphorbiaceae | Inkiza emhlope (N) | Leaves and twigs | Use as bedding in the fowl run | Lice | Always | Very effective |
Nyahangare E48
| |||||||
Scientific name & Voucher number
|
Family name
|
Local names
Shona-S Ndebele-N Shangani-C
|
Part used
|
Preparation method
|
Target parasites
|
Availability status
|
Comments & precautions
|
Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radlk. | Rutaceae | Umpahla, Umpandula N, | Leaves | Crush leaves, soak in water and spray | Ticks, Fleas, Lice | Always but scarce | Very effective |
Nyahangare E27
| |||||||
Euphorbia cooperi L.
| Euphorbiaceae | Umhlonhlo (N) | Branches | Smoke the walls of the fowl run with the branches | Fleas | Always | Handle with care |
Nyahangare E71
| |||||||
Euphorbia ingens E.Mey.ex Boiss. | Euphorbiacaea | Mukondekonde (S) | Stems | Mix milk sap with water and place on infested sites | Fleas, ticks | Always | Avoid contact with the eyes |
Nyahangare E43
| |||||||
Gnidia kraussiana Meisn. | Thymelaeaceae | Chitupatupa (S) | Whole plant | Crush and mix with water to spray | Ticks | Always | Very effective |
Nyahangare E70
| |||||||
Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng. | Verbenaceae | Zumbani (S) Umsuzwane (N) | Leaves and branches | Crush leaves mix with water and spray, twigs can also be used as bedding in fowl runs | Ticks, fleas, lice | Always | Safe to use |
Nyahangare E46
| |||||||
Maerua edulis Gilg&Gilg-Ben. DeWolf | Capparidaceae | Katunguru (S) | Roots | mix M. edulis roots and S. incanum fruits with water and spray | Ticks | Always | Very effective |
Nyahangare E5
| |||||||
Ornithogalum sp
| Alliaceae | Masimbe (S) | Bulb | crush bulb, soak in water and spray | Ticks | Always | Very effective |
Nyahangare E59
| |||||||
Datura stramonium L. | Solanaceae | Iyoyi (N), Chowa (S) | Leaves | Crush leaves mix with water and spray on animal | Ticks and Lice | Always but scarce | Safe to use |
Nyahangare E51
| |||||||
Euclea divinorum Hiern. | Ebenaceae | Muchekesani(S) | Roots | Crush leaves soak in water and spray | Fleas, cattle | Always | |
Nyahangare E15
| |||||||
*
| Mundorani (S) | Roots | Crush dry roots and mix with water (50 g in 300 ml for 3 days) | Ticks | Always but scarce | Very effective | |
Vernonia colorata (Willd.) Drake. | Compositae/ Asteraceae | Munyatera (S) | Roots | Crush mix with water for an hour and spray | Ticks | Always but scarce | Very effective |
Nyahangare E16
| |||||||
*
| Muvuwavuwa (S) | Whole plant | Just put the plant in the fowl run | Fleas and lice | Always but scarce | Very effective | |
Neorautanenia brachypus
| Fabaceae | Zhombwe (S) | Bulb | Crush the bulb, mix with water and spray | Fleas, ticks | Always | Avoid water contamination |
(Harms) C.A. Sm. | |||||||
Nyahangare E65
| |||||||
Nicotiana tabacum L. | Solanaceae | Tobacco (E) | Water | Break and mix with water | Ticks | Always | Safe to use |
Nyahangare E68
| |||||||
Spirostachys africana Sond. | Euphorbiaceae | Mutovhoti (S) | Barks | Cut barks break and mix with water | Ticks | Seasonal | Very effective |
Nyahangare E63
| |||||||
Strychnos spinosa Lam. | Strychnaceae | Matamba (S) | Unripe fruits | Crush unripe fruits, mix with water and spray | Ticks | Always | Very effective |
Scientific name & Voucher number
|
Family name
|
Local names
Shona-S Ndebele-N Shangani-C
|
Part used
|
Preparation method
|
Target pests
|
Availability status
|
Comments & precautions
|
Nyahangare E10
| |||||||
Tagetes minuta L. | Compositae/ Asteraceae | Munyakambanje (S) | Whole plant | Crush and mix with water | Ticks, fleas, mites | Always | Safe to use |
Nyahangare E66
| |||||||
Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. | Combretaceae | Mususu (S) | Leaves | Crush mix with water for spray | Ticks | Always | Very effective |
Nyahangare E36
| |||||||
Strychnos cocculoides Baker. | Strychnaceae | Ubuhlali (N) | Fruit | Squash the fruit and smear contents on animal infested | Lice | Seasonal | Very effective |
Nyahangare E45
| |||||||
Vigna unguiculata L. | Leguminosae - Papilionoideae | Cowpea (E) | Pods | Empty pods burnt and ash applied on tick sites | Ticks | Always | Very effective |
Nyahangare E67
| |||||||
Xeroderris stuhlmannii
| Papilionaceae | Murumanyama (S) | Barks | Crush stems and spread on infestation sites | Fleas, ticks | Always | Very effective |
(Taub.)Mendonca &E.P.Sousa Nyahangare E7
| |||||||
Zantedeschia albomaculata (Hook.) Baill. | Araceae | Mufanawembudzi (S) | Stem | Crush, mix with water and drench | Ticks | Always | Very effective |
Nyahangare E62
| |||||||
Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.)Harv. Nyahangare E22 | Rutaceae | Mukundanyoka (S) | Stems | Crush stems and spread on infestation sites | Fleas, ticks | Always | Safe to use |
Xanthocercis zambesiaca (Baker) Dumaz-le-Grand Nyahangare E8
| Fabaceae | Muturufuwa (S) | Bark | Crush the bark and soak in water to form a soapy solution for spraying | Fleas and ticks | Available | Safe to use |
Pterocarpus angolensis DC. Nyahangare E32
| Papilionoideae | Umvagazi (N) Mubvamaropa | Barks, branches | Mix with water | Ticks | Always | Safe to use |
Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce. Nyahangare E58
| Asparagaceae | Chikwenga (S)/Bushfibre (E) Mashamhanda (S) | Stemmy rhizomes | Squash the stems, mix with water and spray on ticks | Ticks | Always | Handle with care |
Senna singueana (Del.) Lock Nyahangare E13
| Fabaceae | Mudyamhungu Mukundanyoka (S) | Bark | Crush bark and mix with water | Ticks | Always | User friendly |
Solanum incanum L. Nyahangare E61
| Solanaceae | Nhundurwa (S) | Fruits | Crush fruits and mix with water | Ticks | Seasonal | Handle with care |
Solanum panduriforme E.Mey. Nyahangare E60
| Solanaceae | Nhundurwa (S) | Fruits | Crush fruits and mix with water | Ticks | Seasonal | Handle with care |
*
| Chinyaride (S) (fibre like) | Roots and the bulb | Crush the roots/bulb and mix with water | Ticks | Always but scarce | Handle with care | |
Kleinia sp Nyahangare E50
| Asteraceae | Iphunja (N) | Leaves | Crush leaves, mix with water and rub on affected areas | Ticks | Scarce | Very effective |
Ricinus communis L. Nyahangare E42
| Euphorbiaceae | Umtshafuto (N) | Leaves | Grind leaves and paste on tick infested site | Ticks | Always | Very effective |
Osyris lanceolata Hochst. Nyahangare E49
| Santalaceae | Ingobamakhosi (N) | Roots | Pestle roots, soak in water and spray | Ticks | Always but scarce | Very effective |