Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Infection 3/2018

11.11.2017 | Review

Evaluation and management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria: an updated review

verfasst von: Stamatis Karakonstantis, Dimitra Kalemaki

Erschienen in: Infection | Ausgabe 3/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background and aims

There is little guidance regarding the evaluation and management of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria (SABU). Here, we aimed to provide an up-to-date review of the literature.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Scopus, and clinical trial registries for articles evaluating the epidemiology of SABU, risk factors of SABU, the association of SABU with urinary tract infection, bacteremia and invasive S. aureus infections, and the management of patients with SABU.

Results

S. aureus is an uncommon isolate in urine cultures. It is more common among certain patients, e.g., patients with indwelling urinary tract devices or prior urinary tract instrumentation. SABU may represent asymptomatic bacteriuria, primary urinary tract infection, or hematogenous seeding of the urinary tract associated with other foci of infection. SABU may also serve as the focus for subsequent bacteremia and invasive infections. We did not find any clinical trials regarding the management of patients with SABU.

Conclusions

Based on our review, we suggest an algorithmic approach for the evaluation and management of patients with SABU. However, evidence from clinical trials is lacking and there are several gaps in the current literature. These are discussed in this review.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Looney AT, Redmond EJ, Davey NM, Daly PJ, Troy C, Carey BF, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a uropathogen in an Irish setting. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e4635.CrossRef Looney AT, Redmond EJ, Davey NM, Daly PJ, Troy C, Carey BF, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a uropathogen in an Irish setting. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e4635.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Al Mohajer M, Musher DM, Minard CG, Darouiche RO. Clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria at a tertiary care hospital. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013;45:688–95.CrossRefPubMed Al Mohajer M, Musher DM, Minard CG, Darouiche RO. Clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria at a tertiary care hospital. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013;45:688–95.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Al Mohajer M, Darouiche RO. Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria: source, clinical relevance, and management. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2012;14:601–6.CrossRefPubMed Al Mohajer M, Darouiche RO. Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria: source, clinical relevance, and management. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2012;14:601–6.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Arpi M, Renneberg J. The clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria. J Urol. 1984;132:697–700.CrossRefPubMed Arpi M, Renneberg J. The clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria. J Urol. 1984;132:697–700.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Ekkelenkamp MB, Verhoef J, Bonten MJ. Quantifying the relationship between Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and S. aureus bacteriuria: a retrospective analysis in a tertiary care hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1457–9.CrossRefPubMed Ekkelenkamp MB, Verhoef J, Bonten MJ. Quantifying the relationship between Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and S. aureus bacteriuria: a retrospective analysis in a tertiary care hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1457–9.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Routh JC, Alt AL, Ashley RA, Kramer SA, Boyce TG. Increasing prevalence and associated risk factors for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria. J Urol. 2009;181:1694–8.CrossRefPubMed Routh JC, Alt AL, Ashley RA, Kramer SA, Boyce TG. Increasing prevalence and associated risk factors for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria. J Urol. 2009;181:1694–8.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiu CC, Lin TC, Wu RX, Yang YS, Hsiao PJ, Lee Y et al. Etiologies of community-onset urinary tract infections requiring hospitalization and antimicrobial susceptibilities of causative microorganisms. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2016. Chiu CC, Lin TC, Wu RX, Yang YS, Hsiao PJ, Lee Y et al. Etiologies of community-onset urinary tract infections requiring hospitalization and antimicrobial susceptibilities of causative microorganisms. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2016.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Armbruster CE, Prenovost K, Mobley HL, Mody L. How often do clinically diagnosed catheter-associated urinary tract infections in nursing homes meet standardized criteria? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65:395–401.CrossRefPubMed Armbruster CE, Prenovost K, Mobley HL, Mody L. How often do clinically diagnosed catheter-associated urinary tract infections in nursing homes meet standardized criteria? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65:395–401.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Ackermann RJ, Monroe PW. Bacteremic urinary tract infection in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44:927–33.CrossRefPubMed Ackermann RJ, Monroe PW. Bacteremic urinary tract infection in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44:927–33.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Sheth S, DiNubile MJ. Clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria without concurrent bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:1268–9.CrossRefPubMed Sheth S, DiNubile MJ. Clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria without concurrent bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:1268–9.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee BK, Crossley K, Gerding DN. The association between Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and bacteriuria. Am J Med. 1978;65:303–6.CrossRefPubMed Lee BK, Crossley K, Gerding DN. The association between Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and bacteriuria. Am J Med. 1978;65:303–6.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Huggan PJ, Murdoch DR, Gallagher K, Chambers ST. Concomitant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria is associated with poor clinical outcome in adults with S. aureus bacteraemia. J Hosp Infect. 2008;69:345–9.CrossRefPubMed Huggan PJ, Murdoch DR, Gallagher K, Chambers ST. Concomitant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria is associated with poor clinical outcome in adults with S. aureus bacteraemia. J Hosp Infect. 2008;69:345–9.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Asgeirsson H, Kristjansson M, Kristinsson KG, Gudlaugsson O. Clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria in a nationwide study of adults with S. aureus bacteraemia. J Infect. 2012;64:41–6.CrossRefPubMed Asgeirsson H, Kristjansson M, Kristinsson KG, Gudlaugsson O. Clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria in a nationwide study of adults with S. aureus bacteraemia. J Infect. 2012;64:41–6.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi SH, Lee SO, Choi JP, Lim SK, Chung JW, Choi SH, et al. The clinical significance of concurrent Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria in patients with S. aureus bacteremia. J Infect. 2009;59:37–41.CrossRefPubMed Choi SH, Lee SO, Choi JP, Lim SK, Chung JW, Choi SH, et al. The clinical significance of concurrent Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria in patients with S. aureus bacteremia. J Infect. 2009;59:37–41.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Pulcini C, Matta M, Mondain V, Gaudart A, Girard-Pipau F, Mainardi JL, et al. Concomitant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria is associated with complicated S. aureus bacteremia. J Infect. 2009;59:240–6.CrossRefPubMed Pulcini C, Matta M, Mondain V, Gaudart A, Girard-Pipau F, Mainardi JL, et al. Concomitant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria is associated with complicated S. aureus bacteremia. J Infect. 2009;59:240–6.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Manandhar S, Pai G, Gidwani H, Nazim S, Buehrle D, Shutt KA, et al. Does Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria predict clinical outcomes in patients with bacteremia?: analysis of 274 patients with Staphylococcus aureus blood stream infection. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2016;24:151–4.CrossRef Manandhar S, Pai G, Gidwani H, Nazim S, Buehrle D, Shutt KA, et al. Does Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria predict clinical outcomes in patients with bacteremia?: analysis of 274 patients with Staphylococcus aureus blood stream infection. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2016;24:151–4.CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Perez-Jorge EV, Burdette SD, Markert RJ, Beam WB. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) with associated S. aureus bacteriuria (SABU) as a predictor of complications and mortality. J Hosp Med. 2010;5:208–11.CrossRefPubMed Perez-Jorge EV, Burdette SD, Markert RJ, Beam WB. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) with associated S. aureus bacteriuria (SABU) as a predictor of complications and mortality. J Hosp Med. 2010;5:208–11.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Coello R, Jimenez J, Garcia M, Arroyo P, Minguez D, Fernandez C, et al. Prospective study of infection, colonization and carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an outbreak affecting 990 patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994;13:74–81.CrossRefPubMed Coello R, Jimenez J, Garcia M, Arroyo P, Minguez D, Fernandez C, et al. Prospective study of infection, colonization and carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an outbreak affecting 990 patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994;13:74–81.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Muder RR, Brennen C, Rihs JD, Wagener MM, Obman A, Stout JE, et al. Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from the urinary tract: association of isolation with symptomatic urinary tract infection and subsequent Staphylococcal bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:46–50.CrossRefPubMed Muder RR, Brennen C, Rihs JD, Wagener MM, Obman A, Stout JE, et al. Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from the urinary tract: association of isolation with symptomatic urinary tract infection and subsequent Staphylococcal bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:46–50.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Baraboutis IG, Tsagalou EP, Lepinski JL, Papakonstantinou I, Papastamopoulos V, Skoutelis AT, et al. Primary Staphylococcus aureus urinary tract infection: the role of undetected hematogenous seeding of the urinary tract. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29:1095–101.CrossRefPubMed Baraboutis IG, Tsagalou EP, Lepinski JL, Papakonstantinou I, Papastamopoulos V, Skoutelis AT, et al. Primary Staphylococcus aureus urinary tract infection: the role of undetected hematogenous seeding of the urinary tract. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29:1095–101.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Gibson KE, McNamara SE, Cassone M, Perri MB, Zervos M, Mody L, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: site of acquisition and strain variation in high-risk nursing home residents with indwelling devices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35:1458–65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gibson KE, McNamara SE, Cassone M, Perri MB, Zervos M, Mody L, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: site of acquisition and strain variation in high-risk nursing home residents with indwelling devices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35:1458–65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Sapico FL, Montgomerie JZ, Canawati HN, Aeilts G. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria. Am J Med Sci. 1981;281:101–9.CrossRefPubMed Sapico FL, Montgomerie JZ, Canawati HN, Aeilts G. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria. Am J Med Sci. 1981;281:101–9.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Coll PP, Crabtree BF, O’Connor PJ, Klenzak S. Clinical risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria in a skilled-care nursing home. Arch Fam Med. 1994;3:357–60.CrossRefPubMed Coll PP, Crabtree BF, O’Connor PJ, Klenzak S. Clinical risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria in a skilled-care nursing home. Arch Fam Med. 1994;3:357–60.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Ajayi AB, Nwabuisi C, Aboyeji AP, Ajayi NS, Fowotade A, Fakeye OO. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in antenatal patients in ilorin, Nigeria. Oman Med J. 2012;27:31–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ajayi AB, Nwabuisi C, Aboyeji AP, Ajayi NS, Fowotade A, Fakeye OO. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in antenatal patients in ilorin, Nigeria. Oman Med J. 2012;27:31–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamdan HZ, Ziad AH, Ali SK, Adam I. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections and antibiotics sensitivity among pregnant women at Khartoum North Hospital. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2011;10:2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hamdan HZ, Ziad AH, Ali SK, Adam I. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections and antibiotics sensitivity among pregnant women at Khartoum North Hospital. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2011;10:2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Omoregie R, Erebor JO, Ahonkhai I, Isibor JO, Ogefere HO. Observed changes in the prevalence of uropathogens in Benin City, Nigeria. N Z J Med Lab Sci. 2008;62:29–31. Omoregie R, Erebor JO, Ahonkhai I, Isibor JO, Ogefere HO. Observed changes in the prevalence of uropathogens in Benin City, Nigeria. N Z J Med Lab Sci. 2008;62:29–31.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneeberger C, Kazemier BM, Geerlings SE. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infections in special patient groups: women with diabetes mellitus and pregnant women. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2014;27:108–14.CrossRefPubMed Schneeberger C, Kazemier BM, Geerlings SE. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infections in special patient groups: women with diabetes mellitus and pregnant women. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2014;27:108–14.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Chihara S, Popovich KJ, Weinstein RA, Hota B. Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria as a prognosticator for outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a case–control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:225.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Chihara S, Popovich KJ, Weinstein RA, Hota B. Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria as a prognosticator for outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a case–control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:225.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Takahashi S, Hirose T, Takeyama K, Satoh T, Tsukamoto T. Follow up of urology patients discharged with urinary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect. 1997;37:249–51.CrossRefPubMed Takahashi S, Hirose T, Takeyama K, Satoh T, Tsukamoto T. Follow up of urology patients discharged with urinary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect. 1997;37:249–51.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Saidel-Odes L, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F, Borer A. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteriuria. J Infect. 2009;58:119–22.CrossRefPubMed Saidel-Odes L, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F, Borer A. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteriuria. J Infect. 2009;58:119–22.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Ninan S, Walton C, Barlow G. Investigation of suspected urinary tract infection in older people. BMJ. 2014;349:g4070.CrossRefPubMed Ninan S, Walton C, Barlow G. Investigation of suspected urinary tract infection in older people. BMJ. 2014;349:g4070.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Orr PH, Nicolle LE, Duckworth H, Brunka J, Kennedy J, Murray D, et al. Febrile urinary infection in the institutionalized elderly. Am J Med. 1996;100:71–7.CrossRefPubMed Orr PH, Nicolle LE, Duckworth H, Brunka J, Kennedy J, Murray D, et al. Febrile urinary infection in the institutionalized elderly. Am J Med. 1996;100:71–7.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13:269–84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13:269–84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Demuth PJ, Gerding DN, Crossley K. Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria. Arch Intern Med. 1979;139:78–80.CrossRefPubMed Demuth PJ, Gerding DN, Crossley K. Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria. Arch Intern Med. 1979;139:78–80.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson DJ, Kaye KS, Sexton DJ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia after isolation from urine. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1504–5.CrossRefPubMed Anderson DJ, Kaye KS, Sexton DJ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia after isolation from urine. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1504–5.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Paulsen J, Mehl A, Askim A, Solligard E, Asvold BO, Damas JK. Epidemiology and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection and sepsis in a Norwegian county 1996–2011: an observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:116.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Paulsen J, Mehl A, Askim A, Solligard E, Asvold BO, Damas JK. Epidemiology and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection and sepsis in a Norwegian county 1996–2011: an observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:116.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Pien BC, Sundaram P, Raoof N, Costa SF, Mirrett S, Woods CW, et al. The clinical and prognostic importance of positive blood cultures in adults. Am J Med. 2010;123:819–28.CrossRefPubMed Pien BC, Sundaram P, Raoof N, Costa SF, Mirrett S, Woods CW, et al. The clinical and prognostic importance of positive blood cultures in adults. Am J Med. 2010;123:819–28.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Khatib R, Schaffer C, Johnson LB. Staphylococcus aureus in a single positive blood culture: causes and outcome. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34:645–7.CrossRefPubMed Khatib R, Schaffer C, Johnson LB. Staphylococcus aureus in a single positive blood culture: causes and outcome. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34:645–7.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Goto M, Schweizer ML, Vaughan-Sarrazin MS, Perencevich EN, Livorsi DJ, Diekema DJ, et al. Association of evidence-based care processes with mortality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia at Veterans Health Administration hospitals, 2003–2014. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177:1489–97.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Goto M, Schweizer ML, Vaughan-Sarrazin MS, Perencevich EN, Livorsi DJ, Diekema DJ, et al. Association of evidence-based care processes with mortality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia at Veterans Health Administration hospitals, 2003–2014. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177:1489–97.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, Daum RS, Fridkin SK, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:e18–55.CrossRefPubMed Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, Daum RS, Fridkin SK, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:e18–55.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Thwaites GE, Edgeworth JD, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Kirby A, Tilley R, Torok ME, et al. Clinical management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:208–22.CrossRefPubMed Thwaites GE, Edgeworth JD, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Kirby A, Tilley R, Torok ME, et al. Clinical management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:208–22.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaasch AJ, Fowler VG Jr, Rieg S, Peyerl-Hoffmann G, Birkholz H, Hellmich M, et al. Use of a simple criteria set for guiding echocardiography in nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:1–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kaasch AJ, Fowler VG Jr, Rieg S, Peyerl-Hoffmann G, Birkholz H, Hellmich M, et al. Use of a simple criteria set for guiding echocardiography in nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:1–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaasch AJ, Fatkenheuer G, Prinz-Langenohl R, Paulus U, Hellmich M, Weiss V, et al. Early oral switch therapy in low-risk Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SABATO): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2015;16:450.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kaasch AJ, Fatkenheuer G, Prinz-Langenohl R, Paulus U, Hellmich M, Weiss V, et al. Early oral switch therapy in low-risk Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SABATO): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2015;16:450.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG Jr. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28:603–61.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG Jr. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28:603–61.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, Rice JC, Schaeffer A, Hooton TM, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:643–54.CrossRefPubMed Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, Rice JC, Schaeffer A, Hooton TM, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:643–54.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Cai T, Nesi G, Mazzoli S, Meacci F, Lanzafame P, Caciagli P, et al. Asymptomatic bacteriuria treatment is associated with a higher prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains in women with urinary tract infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1655–61.PubMed Cai T, Nesi G, Mazzoli S, Meacci F, Lanzafame P, Caciagli P, et al. Asymptomatic bacteriuria treatment is associated with a higher prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains in women with urinary tract infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1655–61.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Acton DS, Plat-Sinnige MJ, van Wamel W, de Groot N, van Belkum A. Intestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: how does its frequency compare with that of nasal carriage and what is its clinical impact? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28:115–27.CrossRefPubMed Acton DS, Plat-Sinnige MJ, van Wamel W, de Groot N, van Belkum A. Intestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: how does its frequency compare with that of nasal carriage and what is its clinical impact? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28:115–27.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Buehlmann M, Frei R, Fenner L, Dangel M, Fluckiger U, Widmer AF. Highly effective regimen for decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:510–6.CrossRefPubMed Buehlmann M, Frei R, Fenner L, Dangel M, Fluckiger U, Widmer AF. Highly effective regimen for decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:510–6.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Gagnaire J, Verhoeven PO, Grattard F, Rigaill J, Lucht F, Pozzetto B, et al. Epidemiology and clinical relevance of Staphylococcus aureus intestinal carriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017;15:767–85.CrossRefPubMed Gagnaire J, Verhoeven PO, Grattard F, Rigaill J, Lucht F, Pozzetto B, et al. Epidemiology and clinical relevance of Staphylococcus aureus intestinal carriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017;15:767–85.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang SS, Septimus E, Hayden MK, Kleinman K, Sturtevant J, Avery TR, et al. Effect of body surface decolonisation on bacteriuria and candiduria in intensive care units: an analysis of a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:70–9.CrossRefPubMed Huang SS, Septimus E, Hayden MK, Kleinman K, Sturtevant J, Avery TR, et al. Effect of body surface decolonisation on bacteriuria and candiduria in intensive care units: an analysis of a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:70–9.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Nishida S. Effect of Hochu-ekki-to on asymptomatic MRSA bacteriuria. J Infect Chemother. 2003;9:58–61.CrossRefPubMed Nishida S. Effect of Hochu-ekki-to on asymptomatic MRSA bacteriuria. J Infect Chemother. 2003;9:58–61.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Bocher S, Skov RL, Knudsen MA, Guardabassi L, Molbak K, Schouenborg P, et al. The search and destroy strategy prevents spread and long-term carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: results from the follow-up screening of a large ST22 (E-MRSA 15) outbreak in Denmark. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:1427–34.CrossRefPubMed Bocher S, Skov RL, Knudsen MA, Guardabassi L, Molbak K, Schouenborg P, et al. The search and destroy strategy prevents spread and long-term carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: results from the follow-up screening of a large ST22 (E-MRSA 15) outbreak in Denmark. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:1427–34.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Pan A, Lee A, Cooper B, Chalfine A, Daikos GL, Garilli S, et al. Risk factors for previously unknown meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage on admission to 13 surgical wards in Europe. J Hosp Infect. 2013;83:107–13.CrossRefPubMed Pan A, Lee A, Cooper B, Chalfine A, Daikos GL, Garilli S, et al. Risk factors for previously unknown meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage on admission to 13 surgical wards in Europe. J Hosp Infect. 2013;83:107–13.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Saravolatz LD, WaaecrMDSaBPCOiPW Bacter, et al. Does Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria influence outcome in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia? Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2016;24:131–2.CrossRef Saravolatz LD, WaaecrMDSaBPCOiPW Bacter, et al. Does Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria influence outcome in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia? Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2016;24:131–2.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Evaluation and management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria: an updated review
verfasst von
Stamatis Karakonstantis
Dimitra Kalemaki
Publikationsdatum
11.11.2017
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Infection / Ausgabe 3/2018
Print ISSN: 0300-8126
Elektronische ISSN: 1439-0973
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-017-1100-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2018

Infection 3/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.