Introduction
Material and methods
Experimental setup
Operators training program and instrumentation procedure
Manikin heads and test teeth
Planimetric evaluation
Outcomes
Relative cleaning efficacy of simulated biofilm removal—RCE-b in%
Relative cleaning efficacy of hard deposit removal—RCE-d in%
Treatment time in min
Questionnaire
Statistical analysis
Results
Operators’ characteristics
Removal of simulated biofilm and hard deposits—efficacy and learning curve
Mean (SD) | |||||||||||||||
Test day | RCE-b in % | RCE-d in % | Treatment time in min per 6 test teeth in min | ||||||||||||
N of GRA* | N of AIR* | GRA | AIR | Differences between groups | N of GRA* | N of AIR* | GRA | AIR | Differences between groups | N of GRA* | N of AIR* | GRA | AIR | Differences between groups | |
T0 | 672 | 712 | 64.18(25.74) | 62.25(26.69) | p = 0.172 | 386 | 414 | 85.48(12.32) | 65.71(15.27) | p < 0.001 | 30 | 27 | 28.63(4.77) | 32.41(7.17) | p < 0.001 |
T1 | 700 | 712 | 58.62(24.18) | 63.56(24.55) | p < 0.001 | 407 | 414 | 84.52(13.58) | 65,48(14.90) | p < 0.001 | 30 | 30 | 21.87(4.18) | 23.57(4.34) | p < 0.001 |
T2 | 640 | 680 | 64.05(24.51) | 69.17(23.55) | p < 0.001 | 374 | 398 | 79,26(15.71) | 67.49(16.11) | p < 0.001 | 30 | 30 | 19.67(3.40) | 19.67(3,78) | p = 1.000 |
T3 | 660 | 704 | 71.54(23.90) | 71.75(23.05) | p = 0.864 | 378 | 413 | 84.68(16.84) | 77.85(13.98) | p < 0.001 | 30 | 30 | 16.67(3.31) | 19.80(4.52) | p < 0.001 |
Differences between test days T0–T3 for RCE-b, RCE-d and treatment time | |||||||||||||||
p valuesa | p valuesa | p valuesa | p valuesa | p valuesa | p valuesa | ||||||||||
T0 vs. T1 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.203 | p = 0.257 | p = 0.750 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |||||||||
T0 vs. T2 | p = 0.627 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.274 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |||||||||
T0 vs. T3 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.417 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |||||||||
T1 vs. T2 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.012 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |||||||||
T1 vs. T3 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.885 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |||||||||
T2 vs. T3 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.393 |
Mean (SD) | |||||||||||
Test day | GRA | AIR | Differences between GRA vs. AIR | ||||||||
Differences between jaws | Differences between jaws | ||||||||||
RCE-b | RCE-d | RCE-b | RCE-d | RCE-b | RCE-d | RCE-b | RCE-d | RCE-b | RCE-d | ||
Upper jaw | T0 | 66.63 (23.91) | 92.95 (10.80) | p = 0.011 | p = 0.822 | 63.16 (25.61) | 71.66 (26.82) | p = 0.367 | p = 0.099 | p = 0.065 | p < 0.001 |
T1 | 56.49 (24.0) | 84.01 (15.1) | p = 0.022 | p = 0.140 | 66.49 (22.50) | 71.90 (25.29) | p = 0.001 | p = 0.049 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.028 | |
T2 | 61.67 (24.02) | 87.68 (17.53) | p = 0.018 | p = 0.586 | 68.52 (22.69) | 74.87 (22.14) | p = 0.473 | p = 0.055 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.018 | |
T3 | 68.88 (23.36) | 95.95 (11.52) | p = 0.004 | p = 0.311 | 70.05 (23.18) | 83.68 (19.76 | p = 0.055 | p = 0.030 | p = 0.514 | p = 0.005 | |
Lower jaw | T0 | 61.60 (27.33) | 92.38 (16.66) | 61.35 (27.70) | 62.37 (14.25) | p = 0.907 | p < 0.001 | ||||
T1 | 60.69 (24.21) | 90.0 (13.62) | 60.63 (26.15) | 61.41 (13.19) | p = 0.979 | p < 0.001 | |||||
T2 | 66.26 (24.80) | 85.19 (16.26) | 69.81 (24.39) | 64.98 (15.20) | p = 0.061 | p < 0.001 | |||||
T3 | 74.23 (24.18) | 93.14 (11.28) | 73.39 (22.83) | 74.26 (12.11) | p = 0.638 | p < 0.001 | |||||
RCE-b | RCE-d | Differences between test day for RCE-ba | RCE-b | RCE-d | Differences between test day for RCE-ba | RCE-ba | RCE-d | ||||
Front teeth | T0 | 58.60 (27.22) | n.a. | T0–T1: p = 0.157 | T1–T3: p ≤ 0.001 | 65.08 (26.59) | n.a. | T0–T1: p = 0.298 | T1–T3: p = 0.089 | p = 0.010 | n.a. |
T1 | 55.23 (25.10) | T0–T2: p = 0575 | T2–T3: p ≤ 0.001 | 66.74 (23.14) | T0–T2: p = 0.321 | T2–T3: p = 0.207 | p < 0.001 | ||||
T2 | 60.39 (27.28) | T0–T3: p ≤ 0.001 | 67.42 (23.13) | T0–T3: p = 0.013 | p = 0.004 | ||||||
T3 | 71.14 (26.36) | T1–T2: p = 0.064 | 69.19 (22.59) | T1–T2: p = 0.958 | p = 0.401 | ||||||
Pre-molar | T0 | 67.36 (25.22) | n.a. | T0–T1: p = 0.235 | T1–T3: p = 0.001 | 65.33 (25.42) | n.a. | T0–T1: p = 0.010 | T1–T3: p ≤ 0.001 | p = 0.388 | n.a. |
T1 | 65.21 (24.55) | T0–T2: p = 0.490 | T2–T3: p = 0.211 | 70.18 (20.05) | T0–T2: p ≤ 0.001 | T2–T3: p = 0.017 | p = 0.017 | ||||
T2 | 68.05 (23.08) | T0–T3: p = 0.048 | 78.83 (19.56) | T0–T3: p ≤ 0.001 | p < 0.001 | ||||||
T3 | 71.35 (22.09) | T1–T2: p = 0.264 | 81.28 (19.0) | T1–T2: p ≤ 0.001 | p < 0.001 | ||||||
Molar | T0 | 66.69 (23.72) | n.a. | T0–T1: p ≤ 0.001 | T1–T3: p ≤ 0.001 | 56.42 (27.14) | k | T0–T1: p = 0.201 | T1–T3: p ≤ 0.001 | p < 0.001 | n.a. |
T1 | 55.49 (21.56) | T0–T2: p = 0.017 | T2–T3: p ≤ 0.001 | 53.99 (26.91) | T0–T2: p = 0.012 | T2–T3: p = 0.028 | p = 0.504 | ||||
T2 | 64.01 (22.38) | T0–T3: p = 0.040 | 61.53 (24.32) | T0–T3: p ≤ 0.001 | p = 0.258 | ||||||
T3 | 72.08 (23.35) | T1–T2: p ≤ 0.001 | 64.95 (24.10) | T1–T2: p ≤ 0.001 | p = 0.001 |
Removal of simulated biofilm and hard deposits—treatment time
Removal of simulated biofilm and hard deposits—operators influence and self-assessment
GRA | AIR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
RCE-b | Self-estimated RCE-b after | RCE-b | Self-estimated RCE-b | |
T0 | 64.18(25.74) | 70.0(9.88) | 62.25(26.69) | 64.79(10.52) |
T1 | 58.62(24.18) | 65.3(10.20) | 63.56(24.55) | 65.21(8.94) |
T2 | 64.05(24.51) | 67.50(8.14) | 69.17(23.55) | 63.33(10.80) |
T3 | 71.54(23.90) | 72.08(11.04) | 71.75(23.05) | 69.17(11.06) |