Ambulatory geriatric rehabilitation (AGR) is a community based outpatient intervention which aims to improve physical function, maintain independent living of geriatric patients, avoiding hospitalisation and institutionalisation. It should therefore reduce health care costs. The objective of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of AGR for frail elderly patients insured by the statutory health insurance AOK Nordost compared to care as usual. Outcome variables are progression to higher nursing care levels, admission to nursing home, incident fractures, hospital admission, ambulatory care sensitive hospital admissions, days spent in hospital, and health care costs.
Methods
This matched cohort study aims to estimate average treatment effects of AGR. For this purpose we will compare patients receiving AGR with matched patients receiving care as usual. Patients in the intervention group were treated between the years 2009 and 2013 from three centres in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Matching will be conducted using propensity score techniques. Claims data will be provided by the statutory health insurance AOK Nordost. The primary outcomes are the progression of nursing care levels, incident fractures, and admission to nursing home. Secondary outcomes are total and ambulatory care sensitive hospital admissions, and health care costs from the statutory health insurance perspective. Data will be analysed using appropriate regression models.
Discussion
This study aims to quantify the effectiveness of AGR. Results will be important for providers of AGR, policy makers and stakeholders to make informed decisions on whether to continue, modify or extend AGR.
Trial registration
German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) S00008926, registered 29.07.2015
Abkürzungen
AGR
Ambulatory geriatric rehabilitation
CCI
Charlson comorbidity index
DRG-codes/OPS-codes
German Diagnosis related Groups/Operationen- und Prozedurenschlüssel, billing data for hospital services
EBM position numbers
Uniform assessment standard, billing data for ambulatory Services (Einheitlicher Bewertungsmaßstab)
ICD-10 code
International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision
SGB
German Social Code (Sozialgesetzbuch)
Background
Many elderly will experience a reduction in physical function, leading to more falls and injuries. This leads to a loss of independence, hospitalisation, long-term nursing home care as well as premature death [1, 2]. In 2013, 2.63 million people in Germany were in need of nursing care. Roughly two third of them received ambulatory nursing care and one third received care in a nursing home. From the years 2011 to 2013, people receiving nursing care increased by 5% [3]. In 2014, 27% of the population aged 65–79 received either ambulatory or institutionalised nursing care [4]. Given the projected demographic changes in Germany, the population in the age group ≥65 years will increase from 21% (17.3 million) in the year 2015 to 27% (21.8 million) in the year 2030 [5]. Long term nursing care and institutionalisation in a nursing home can be associated with a significant reduction of quality of life, mainly due to loss of autonomy and social contacts [6]. The increased need of long term nursing care poses a major economic challenge [7]. Thus measures to prevent, minimise or delay long term nursing care for elderly are urgently needed.
Germany has mandatory nursing care insurance attached to statutory health insurance since 1995. Elderly with disabilities or dementia can apply for a nursing care level [Pflegestufe]. To identify elderly in need, a basic geriatric assessment performed in general practice was introduced in 2005 [8]. Although elderly are entitled to rehabilitative services as codified in the Book V (SGB V) and XI (SGB XI) of the German social code general practitioners have only limited access to specialised rehabilitative services for geriatric patients. While the number of hospitals providing geriatric services is increasing, the demand for ambulatory services is not met [9]. Elderly patients with a need for rehabilitation prefer to stay close to their home and relatives, maintaining their everyday life [10]. Consequently, ambulatory rehabilitation is preferred. Rehabilitative services were and are still mainly available after hospitalisation e.g. for stroke or fracture after a fall.
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Preventive ambulatory geriatric rehabilitation (AGR [Ambulante Geriatrische Komplexbehandlung]) was introduced in 2008 within the legal frame (§ 140 Book V of the social code) of selective contracts for integrated care. Therefore it is only available as a model intervention in some areas for holders of specific statutory health insurances (e.g. AOK Nordost). AGR is not part of regular health care.
It is intended as a community based outpatient intervention to improve patient’s physical function, increase patient’s safety and quality of life as well as to prevent falls and injuries, to avoid and delay hospitalisation, the progression of nursing care level and admission to nursing home.
A systematic review of controlled trials of ambulatory and hospital interventions to improve physical function and maintain independent living in elderly people concluded that they were effective to achieve the goal [1]. This review comprised only one German trial which included geriatric patient post hospital discharge [11]. However, AGR is primarily intended to prevent hospitalisation and not as a post-discharge rehabilitation. The effectiveness of German AGR programs has not been evaluated rigorously yet. Previous studies have relied on uncontrolled study designs [12].
Objectives and hypotheses
The aim of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of AGR regarding patient’s progression to higher nursing care levels, incident fractures, admission to nursing home, hospital admissions as well as health care costs. For this purpose we compare patients receiving AGR with patients receiving care as usual. We will estimate average treatment effects based on a cohort design using propensity score techniques to match cases and controls. The follow-up period will be up to 2 years.
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Our primary hypotheses are:
1.
AGR reduces and delays progression to higher nursing care levels.
2.
AGR reduces and delays nursing home admissions.
3.
AGR reduces the risk of incident fractures.
Our secondary hypotheses are:
1.
AGR decreases and delays hospital admissions and reduces the days spent in hospital during follow-up time.
2.
AGR decreases and delays ambulatory care sensitive hospital admissions.
3.
AGR decreases total health care costs from the statutory health insurance perspective.
On an exploratory basis we will investigate the effect on drug prescriptions.
Methods
Study design
The conduct of a randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of AGR is currently limited due to logistic and ethical reasons. Therefore we will conduct a matched cohort study using claims data. Anonymised data will be provided by the statutory health insurance AOK Nordost which comprises basic demographic data, data on nursing care level, admission to a nursing home, billing data for ambulatory services (EBM position numbers) and for hospital services (DRG-codes/OPS-codes), as well as diagnoses (ICD-10 codes), and all health care costs, including costs for hospitalisation, remedies and aids, ambulatory costs and costs for medication. To balance potential confounders, we will apply a propensity score matching. Controls will be matched patients insured by the AOK Nordost.
The observation period comprises 4 billing periods (each 3 months, corresponding to 1 year) prior to the intervention, the intervention (index) billing period, and up to 8 billing periods post intervention, resulting in a total observation period of up to 13 billing periods. The billing period covering the most days of the intervention will be considered as the index billing period. Participants in the intervention group received a 4 weeks AGR in between the years 2009 and 2013.
Description of the AGR intervention and the setting
AGR is a multimodal intervention consisting of physiotherapy, ergotherapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, social support by qualified social workers, psychological counselling and counselling regarding aids and care. Patients who are deemed suitable for AGR by their general practitioners can be referred to special rehabilitation centre for a geriatric assessment. If they fulfil eligibility criteria for AGR and agree to participate they receive the intervention. The intervention is tailored to the patients’ needs and delivered in individual and group sessions. Patients are commonly treated for a total of 20 days with two to three 30 min therapy units per day. Included are meals and a pick up and return service for the elderly every day. During the intervention period AGR was available in three locations in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Trassenheide, Ueckermünde, Waren) (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Map of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern with the three locations which provided AGR
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Eligibility criteria for AGR
Due to selective contracts only patients insured by the AOK Nordost are entitled to receive AGR. The geriatric assessment comprises the activity of daily living scale (Barthel-Index), instrumental activity of daily living, Timed “Up & Go”, Chair-Rising-Test, Tandem Stance, Berg-Balance-Scale, and handgrip strength. Eligibility criteria are:
1.
Aged 70 and older
2.
at least two geriatric multimorbidity listed in Table 1
3.
impairment or handicap with functional deficits
4.
at least one of the health conditions listed in Table 2
Table 1
Geriatric multimorbidity
Criteria
ICD-10 codes
Immobility
M96.8, M62.3, M62.5
cognitive impairment
G30, F00 – F07
incontinence
R32, N39, R15
decubitus ulcer
L89, L97, I83, L98
Malnutrition
R64, E41, E43, E44
Disturbances in fluid and electrolyte balance
E86, E87, R60
Depression and Anxiety
F30 – F33, F40, F41
chronic pain
R52
paraesthesia
R20, G50 – G59, G60 – G64
frailty
R54
severe visual or hearing impairment
H25, H28, H52-H54, H90, H91
Table 2
Eligibility criteria for participation in AGR
Eligibility criteria
ICD-10 codes
Stroke and other cerebrovascular disorders
I60-I69
Status post fracture
S72.-
Arterial obstructive disease with amputation or other surgery
I70.-
Cox and osteoarthritis with Implantation of an endoprosthesis
M16.-, M17.-
Heart failure
I50.-
Exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
J44.0, J44.1
Pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections
J10-J22
Other fractures and injuries
S00-T98
Other arthropathies
M00-M25
Spondylopathies and Discopathies, possibly with laminectomy
M45-M51
Coronary heart disease and other heart diseases with cardiac surgery
I05-I09; I20-I25
Delirium and other organic brain psychosis
F00-F05
Osteoporosis
M80-M81
Secondary Parkinsonsyndrom
G20.9
Symptoms, effecting the nervous system and musculoskeletal system
R29.5, R29.6, R29.8
Patients are not eligible for AGR if the assessment indicates a need for hospital admission, if they are not able to participate due to a poor health status or if they are unable to provide informed consent.
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Exclusion criteria from the analyses
We aim to quantify treatment effects for typical AGR patients. Therefore, we will exclude participants with rare conditions which are likely to affect the health course beyond the effects which can be reasonably assumed from AGR (e.g. organ transplantation, dialysis, chemotherapy) or participants with extremely high health care costs indicating severe conditions. Prespecified criteria used to exclude AGR participants from our analyses are shown in Table 3. Exclusion criteria for AGR participants also apply to potential controls.
Table 3
Criteria for the exclusion of AGR participants for study analysis
Exclusion criteria
- Age <70 or >95 years in the intervention billing period
Prior to the intervention billing period:
- nursing care >2
- <360 insured days in the four previous billing periods
- living in a nursing home
- hospital costs without out of pocket spending at the last billing period >33.000 €
- hospital costs without out of pocket spending during the four last billing periods ≥44.000 €
- ambulatory costs during the last billing period ≥2.200 €
- ambulatory costs during the four last billing periods ∑ ≥5.500€
- remedy costs without out of pocket spending during the four previous billing periods ≥2.200 €
- costs of aid without out of pocket spending during the four previous billing periods ≥4.000 €
- drug costs without out of pocket spending during the four previous billing periods AGR ≥11.000 €
- total health care costs without out of pocket spending during the four previous billing periods ≥44.000 €
- diagnosed AIDS/HIV in the four previous billing periods
- chemotherapy in the four previous billing periods
- organ transplantation during the four previous billing periods
- dialysis during the four previous billing periods
Sample size
The intervention group consists of all AGR participants, receiving the AGR in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern during the years 2009–2013. This will comprise approximately 700 patients. Controls will be chosen from a pool of around 250.000 members of the AOK Nordost aged 70 years and older. Approximately 2800 controls will be selected from the pool.
Outcome measures and data collection
Claims data will comprise the billing periods from 01.01.2008 until 31.12.2014, thus ensuring a minimal observation period of 12 months prior and after the index billing period. All variables are provided for each billing period during the observation period.
The primary outcomes are ‘progression of nursing care level’, ‘admission to nursing home’ and ‘incident fractures’.
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Four nursing care levels (0–3) are defined by the German social code XI (SGB XI). The nursing care level needs to be approved by the Medical Review Board of the statutory health insurances (MDK) in a standardised procedure. The definition for nursing care level is described in Table 4 [13]. Elderly who do not reach the requirements for nursing care level I, but need help for daily living (SGB XI § 45a) receive care for their needs. This is referred to as nursing care level 0 [13].
The outcomes ‘admission to nursing home’ and ‘incident fractures’ are both coded as binary variables, stating whether the patients experienced the event after the index billing period or not.
Secondary outcome variables are ‘any hospital admission’ (yes/no), ‘days spent in the hospital’, ‘ambulatory care sensitive hospital admissions’ (yes/no) and ‘total health care costs from the statutory health insurance perspective’ during the entire follow-up period and during each billing period in the follow-up period. Ambulatory care sensitive hospital admissions are defined as potentially preventable hospital admissions by interventions in primary care and are displayed in Table 5. Conditions were chosen from two studies [14, 15].
Table 5
Ambulatory care sensitive conditions used to define hospital admissions to be prevented by AGR (according to [14, 15])
‘Total health care costs’ comprises expenditures for hospitalisation, remedies and medical aids, ambulatory costs, and medication. The variables concerning costs refer to costs excluding out-of-pocket spending except for remedies and medical aids where the available data does not allow for any separate analysis of out-of-pocket spending.
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Matching and statistical analyses
To balance the distribution of potential confounders among cases and controls we will conduct a propensity score matching using a many-to-one matching [16]. Variables for the estimation of the propensity score will be selected based on their expected importance to predict AGR participation as well as the outcomes of interest.
We will perform a two-step matching process. In the first step, for all patients who received AGR in a determined billing period, we plan to match controls with similar morbidity and cost characteristics during a.) the four billing periods prior to the index period in which the intervention took place, and b.) by additionally including the index period in the matching. This first step allows for the definition of an index period in controls. Using variables during the index billing period is complicated by the fact that no information on the temporal sequence of events within a billing period is available due to legally obliged data protection agreements. However, ignoring the index period may lead to a systematic ignorance of events leading to AGR which might have taken place in the index period. Therefore results from both analysis scenarios (a., b.) will be systematically compared. The first-step will be conducted as an exact match (pre matching) on selected variables listed in Table 6. These variables were selected due to their high expected conceptual importance for the estimation of treatment effects. Should no adequate numbers of controls be found, a more lenient matching may be employed. Controls will be drawn with repetition across billing periods. We plan to match up to 100 controls per case at this stage.
Table 6
Matching criteria
Matching Criterion
Pre Matching
Propensity Score
Age
x ± 2 years
x
Sex
x
x
Area of residence
x
Days being insured
x
Level of nursing care
x
x
Hospital admission yes/no
x
x
Charlson Comorbidity index (CCI)
x
Days spent in the hospital
x
Hospital costs without out-of-pocket spending
x
x
Ambulatory costs
x
Costs of remedy
x
Costs of medical aid
x
Drug costs without out-of-pocket spending
x
x
Total costs with out-of-pocket spending
x
Main diagnoses before AGR
Musculo-skeletal
x a
Status post fracture or joint replacement
Cox- or gonarthrosis with endoprothesis
x
Other fractures and injuries
x
Other arthropaties
x
Osteoporosis
x
Spondylopathies and Discopathies, possibly with laminectomy
x
Infection
Pneumonia and other lung inflammations
x a
x
Cardio-vascular system
Heart failure
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
x
Arterial obstructive disease with amputation or other surgery
x a
x
Coronary heart diseases with surgery
x
Stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases
x
Neuro-psychiatric
Delirium and other organic brain psychosis
x
Secondary Parkinsonsyndrom
x a
x
Symptoms, effecting the nervous system and musculoskeletal system
x
Charlson Comorbidity Index
Any Malignancy
x
x
Cerebrovascular disease
x
Chronic pulmonary disease
x
Congestive heart failure
x
Metastatic solid tumor
x
Dementia
x
x
Hemiplegia or paraplegia
x
Mild liver disease
x
Myocardial infarction
x
Renal disease
x
Peripheral vascular disease
x
Geriatric Multimorbidity
Cognitive deficit
x
Chronic pain
x
Depression, Anxiety
x
Incontinence
x
Severe visual/hearing impairment
x
Paraesthesia
x
Immobility
x
x
Chemotherapy
x
x
aAt least one diagnosis from each main diagnosis group will be used to match controls. Diagnoses are allowed to differ between cases and controls within the main diagnoses group
Subsequently, propensity scores will be calculated using a logistic regression model using coded morbidity and costs under the scenarios a.) and b.), based on all variables listed in Table 6, taking statistical interactions and nonlinear associations into account. Up to four controls may be assigned to one case without repetition.
Appropriate regression models (e.g. time-event models, mixed models, two-part models) will be applied to study effects on our primary and secondary outcomes. Because treatment might also affect censoring due to mortality, competing risks models (using the Fine-Gray approach) will be applied [17]. Patients dying during the follow-up period will not be excluded from the analyses.
Discussion
AGR is currently only available in few areas for elderly people from selected statutory health insurances which opted to offer AGR to their beneficiaries. Evaluation of this intervention was previously limited to uncontrolled study designs [12]. To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first study to evaluate AGR using a quasi-experimental design. This study may provide an estimation of the effectiveness of AGR on progression to higher nursing care levels and hospitalisation and other endpoints of clinical relevance. Our results will be important for providers of AGR, policy makers and stakeholders to make informed decisions on whether to continue, modify or even expand AGR to other areas in Germany. Additionally, our results might help to optimise AGR by identifying subgroups of patients who are more likely to benefit from AGR.
A limitation will be the restriction to claims data. Clinical measurements from instruments used for the geriatric assessment are not available for the control group. This might impair the quality of the matching as potential imbalance between clinical data and individual motivation to participate in AGR cannot be ruled out even if a high balance on claims data is achieved. Therefore, residual confounding may still be an issue after our matching. Final decisions on the applied methods need to account for the precise properties of the data.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge Katrin Reber for her help to coordinate the study as well as Christoph Wagner for advice and support on data management. We are grateful to Sabine Meinhold, M. D., Holger Streich, M.D., and Dieter Hotzelmann, M.D. who offered AGR in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. We are also grateful to the department of Epidemiology of Health Care and Community Health, Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald who provided the map of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
Funding
The evaluation is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF—Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Förderkennzeichen: 01GY1344).
Availability of data and material
The supervising authority ‘Ministry of Environment, Health and Consumer Protection of the Federal State of Brandenburg (MUGV)’ of the statutory health insurance which will provide the data (AOK Nordost), approved data transmission and analysis. Claims data will be anonymized before scientific analyses. The data are stored according to the data safety and management plan of the Institute for Community Medicine. The data will not be used for any other purpose than stated in the grant proposal and will not be transmitted to any other third party. Data will not be shared publicly due to legal restrictions regarding claims data according to SGB XI.
Authors’ contribution
The study was conceived and funding was obtained by Jean-François Chenot and Carsten Oliver Schmidt. All authors contributed to data collection, data management, and the development of the study protocol. The manuscript was drafted by Simone Kiel, Jean-François Chenot and Carsten Oliver Schmidt. All authors finalised, provided critical review, and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interest. The AOK Nordost provided the data but has no influence on the analysis and the decision to publish.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethical review board of the University Medicine Greifswald. Patients participating in model projects like AGR are informed that their data will be used for scientific purposes.
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