Background
Methods
Plant material
Drugs and chemicals
Extraction procedure
Phytochemical analysis
Test for carbohydrates
Molisch’s test
Test for saponin
Foam test
Test for alkaloids
Dragendorff’s test
Test for glycosides
Borntrager’s test
Test for sterols/terpenes
Hoss’s reaction
Test for flavonoids
Shimoda test
Test for phenolics and tannins
Ferric chloride test
Test for anthraquinone
Borntrager test
Test for coumarin glycosides
NaOH test
Anti-inflammatory activity
Experimental animal
Induction of inflammation in experimental animals
Groups | Treatment |
---|---|
Group I | 0.5 ml/day distilled water, p.o.; (Normal control, NC) |
Group II | 0.5 ml/day distilled water, p.o. + 0.1 ml of carrageenan; (Carrageenan control, CC) |
Group III | 20 mg/kg/day ibuprofen, p.o. + 0.1 ml of carrageenan; (IP-20) |
Group IV | 100 mg/kg/day methanolic extract of P. niruri, p.o. + 0.1 ml of carrageenan; (MEPN-100) |
Group V | 200 mg/kg/day methanolic extract of P. niruri, p.o. + 0.1 ml of carrageenan; (MEPN-200) |
Group VI | 400 mg/kg/day methanolic extract of P. niruri, p.o. + 0.1 ml of carrageenan; (MEPN-400) |
Induction of ulcer
Scoring of Ulcer | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal stomach | Red coloration | Spot ulcer | Hemorrhagic streak | Ulcers | Perforation |
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 3 |
Groups | Treatment |
---|---|
Group 1 | 5 ml/kg/day distilled water, p.o.; (Normal control) |
Group 2 | 5 ml/kg/day distilled water, p.o. + 25 ml per kg of 0.3 M HCl in 60% ethanol; (Ethanol control) |
Group 3 | 20 mg/kg/day omeprazole, p.o. + 25 ml per kg of 0.3 M HCl in 60% ethanol; |
Group 4 | 100 mg/kg/day methanolic extract of P. niruri, p.o. + 25 ml per kg of 0.3 M HCl in 60% ethanol; |
Group 5 | 200 mg/kg/day methanolic extract of P. niruri, p.o. + 25 ml per kg of 0.3 M HCl in 60% ethanol; |
Group 6 | 400 mg/kg/day methanolic extract of P. niruri, p.o. + 25 ml per kg of 0.3 M HCl in 60% ethanol; |
Histological investigation
Statistical analysis
Results
Preliminary phytochemical analysis
Phytoconstituents | Methanolic extract of P. niruri
|
---|---|
Carbohydrates | + |
Saponins | + |
Alkaloids | + |
Glycosides |
–
|
Terpenoids | + |
Steroids | + |
Flavonoids | + |
Phenolics and Tannins | + |
Anthraquinone |
–
|
Coumarins glycosides | + |
Carrageenan induced acute inflammation
Groups | NC | CC | IP-20 | MEPN-100 | MEPN-200 | MEPN-400 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dose mg/kg | --------- | ------- | 20 mg/kg ibuprofen | 100 mg/kg extract | 200 mg/kg extract | 400 mg/kg extract |
Initial paw thickness (cm) | 0.49 ± 0.07 | 0.42 ± 0.06 | 0.45 ± 0.09b*
| 0.44 ± 0.05b*
| 0.44 ± 0.08b*
| 0.43 ± 0.06b*
|
Paw thickness (cm) after 1 h | 0.49 ± 0.05 | 0.74 ± 0.08a*
| 0.52 ± 0.07b*
| 0.6 ± 0.07b,c
| 0.58 ± 0.05b,c
| 0.51 ± 0.07b*
|
Paw thickness (cm) after 2 h | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.83 ± 0.07a**
| 0.57 ± 0.05b**
| 0.67 ± 0.04b,c
| 0.63 ± 0.05b*
| 0.57 ± 0.06 b**
|
Paw thickness (cm) after 3 h | 0.49 ± 0.05 | 0.91 ± 0.09a**
| 0.62 ± 0.10b**
| 0.7 ± 0.06b,c
| 0.66 ± 0.06b*
| 0.6 ± 0.08b**
|
Paw thickness (cm) after 4 h | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.99 ± 0.11a**
| 0.58 ± 0.10b**
| 0.68 ± 0.09b*
| 0.62 ± 0.07b**
| 0.56 ± 0.09 b**
|
Paw thickness (cm) after 5 h | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.96 ± 0.09a**
| 0.49 ± 0.07b**
| 0.65 ± 0.10b*
| 0.59 ± 0.07b**
| 0.48 ± 0.06 b**
|
Paw thickness (cm) after 6 h | 0.48 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.07a**
| 0.33 ± 0.09b**
| 0.50 ± 0.06b**
| 0.42 ± 0.07b**
| 0.29 ± 0.07 b**
|
Histopathology of paw tissue
Effect of P. niruri on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer
Groups | Ulcer index | % Protection |
---|---|---|
Normal control | 1.56 ± 0.04 | - |
Ethanol control | 14.8 ± 1.03a**
| - |
Omeprazole 20 mg/kg | 3.7 ± 0.06b**
| 75.00 |
MEPN 100 mg/kg | 4.5 ± 0.05b**
| 69.59 |
MEPN 200 mg/kg | 3.8 ± 0.03b**
| 74.32 |
MEPN 400 mg/kg | 2.9 ± 0.05b**
| 80.40 |