Background
Several countries use plants as a best source of medicine to treat infections and other disorders and nowadays most potent and powerful drugs are derived from plants [1]. Natural products derived from plant extracts/fractions are novel therapeutic agents for various infectious as well as degenerative diseases. In herbal medicines various parts of the plant (root, stem, flower, fruit, twigs exudates and modified plant organs) are used having diverse therapeutic properties. To utilize these plants, collected on minute scale by local communities and folk healers, while to trade for herbal industries numerous other plants are collected in large amount as a raw material [2]. People of developed and developing countries have turned back their attention towards botanicals for a substitutive health care services as they are an accessible and economical source in comparison to synthetic medicines. In recent years for the management and protection against pathogens, a large number of plants have been examined for their antimicrobial characteristics as an integrative system of medicine. For the treatment of human pathogenic diseases, use of plant extracts or fractions having antimicrobial properties can be of great importance. Natural biological active compounds in plants have a significant role in plants defense mechanism and also important for their unambiguous physiological action in human body. Because of the therapeutic property, secondary metabolites (flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids) are becoming a part of the integrative health care system as supportive and alternative medicines [3]. For the cure of infectious diseases the unsystematic use of commercial antimicrobial medicines has led to development of numerous drug resistances in human pathogenic microorganisms. Besides, a number of side effects like hypersensitivity, allergic reactions and immune suppression are rarely associated with the antibiotics. Further, food preservation requires evaluation of natural resources such as herbal fractions and isolates with antimicrobial properties as the long historic use of herbs has proved their safety and efficacy in various traditional medicine systems. Recent trends for the use of natural remedies as antimicrobial have increased their use in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products which have been screened in vitro and indicated antimicrobial and other diverse properties [4]. Novel compounds have a vast therapeutic ability, lessen various adverse effects, and are often coupled with synthetic antimicrobials. One of the valuable means used to screen bioactive compounds from plant extracts is brine shrimp lethality assay [5]. It is considered as a convenient probe for primary evaluation of toxicity [6]. Medicinal plants are good source to obtain a wide range of drugs in view of the fact that, a single plant can be used to treat more than one ailment. Rumex hastatus D. Don, belongs to the Polygonaceae family. The plant is suffrutescent richly branching shrub. It grows up to 90 to 120 cm tall and leaves with petioles of the same length as the blade; blade hastate, panicles terminal with erect-divergent, mostly simple branches, nut up to 2 mm long, brown, and long spindle-shaped roots. It is distributed in northern Pakistan, north east Afghanistan and south west of China, growing between 700 to 2500 m, sometimes grows as pure population [7]. The present study is therefore arranged to screen and evaluate antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and cytotoxic activities as well as phytochemical analysis of crude methanol extract.
Methods
Extract preparation
R. hastatus District roots were collected from Havelian, Abbottabad, Pakistan. The plant specimen are documented by their native names and then authenticated by Prof. Dr. Mir Ajab Khan, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Voucher specimens with Accession No. 27813 (R. hastatus) were placed at the Herbarium of Pakistan. Shade dried roots were powdered in a Willy Mill to 60-mesh size and used for solvent extraction. Five kilogram of each powdered sample was extracted twice with 10 L of 95 % methanol at 25 °C for 48 h. For filtration Whatman No. 1 filter paper was used and then the filtrate was concentrated on rotary evaporator (Panchun Scientific Co., Kaohsiung, Taiwan) under reduced pressure at 40 °C. In order to resolve the compounds with escalating polarity, a part of the extract was suspended in distilled water and partitioned with n-hexane (HRR), chloroform (CRR), ethyl acetate (ERR), n-butanol (BRR) and residual aqueous fraction (ARR).
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Determination of the phytochemical constituents
Antimicrobial activities
All the microbes obtained from Department of Microbiology QAU, Islamabad, Pakistan while antibiotics were obtained from GlaxoSmithKline however the thymol and camptothecin are purchased from Sigma.
Antibacterial activity
For antibacterial activity the strains used were Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Enterobactor aerogenes (ATCC 13048), Escherichia coli (ATCC 15224), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 618), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 10240), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella typhy (ATCC 0650), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538). Antibacterial activity of plant extract and its derived fractions was investigated by agar well diffusion method [11] using nutrient agar medium. Extract and fractions of different concentration were prepared in DMSO. Erythromycin and nalidixic acid were used as positive controls whereas DMSO was used as a negative control. The lowest concentration inhibiting growth was taken as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
Antifungal activity
The agar tube dilution method was used for antifungal activity of plant extracts was determined according to the protocol reported by Duraipandiyan and Ignacimuthu [12] using Aspergillus flavus (0064), Aspergillus fumigatus (66), Aspergillus niger (0198) and Fusarium solani (0300). Tubes were prepared in triplicate for each fungus species. Percentage inhibition of fungal growth for each concentration of fractions was determined by the following formula;
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Percentage inhibition of fungal growth = (100 - linear growth in test (mm) / linear growth in control (mm) × 100
Cytotoxic brine shrimp assay
R. hastatus and its various fractions were analyzed by using brine shrimps hatched in saline [13]1 10, 100, 1000 ppm was incubated with brine shrimps. After 24 h of incubation survivors were counted with help of 3× magnifying glass and calculation was done using Abbot’s formula;
% Death = (Sample-control/control) × 100
Antitumor potato disc assay
R. hastatus and its derived fractions were analyzed for their antitumor activity by antitumor potato disc assay reported by Ferrigini et al., [14]. Bacterial culture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (At 10) was used. Number of tumors per disc was counted and percentage inhibition for each concentration was determined as follows:
% age inhibition = 100 - [(average number of tumors of sample) / (Average number of tumors of negative control)] × 100
20 % tumor inhibition was considered significant.
Statistical analysis
Data of in vitro assays recorded were analyzed with help computerized Graph prism pad software to determined standard error, IC50 and LD50.
Results and discussion
Plants and plant derived fractions are used for medication since prehistory. As reported by World Health Organization (WHO) about 80 % of the world’s population depends mainly on conventional medicines that involve the use of plant extracts [15, 16]. The folkloric use of R. hastatus for treating infections may be justified by the charisma of anthraquinones as they possess antimicrobial [17] and antiparasitic properties [18]. Coumarins are known as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticarcinogenic and hepatoprotective agent like hydroxycoumarins have ability to chelate metal ions and scavenge free radicals [19]. Present study supports the examined plant parts as large sources of bioactive chemicals specifically with reference to alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins and saponins that ought to be isolated and monitored for biological activities as reported in traditional and therapeutic utilization [19].
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In the present study R. hastatus roots showed alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids and saponins were present in MRR and its various fractions such as HRR, ERR, CRR, BRR and ARR (Table 1). Presence of tannins was not detected in HRR and ARR while terpenoids were remained absent in HRR and ERR. Cardiac glycosides were present in MRR, ERR and BRR while coumarins were not reported in ERR and ARR. Analysis of phlobatannins revealed their presence only in MRR and BRR.
Table 1
Phytochemical constituent of R. hastatus methanol extract and its fractions
Phytochemical constituents | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MRR | HRR | ERR | CRR | BRR | ARR | |
Alkaloids | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Anthraquinones | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Cardiac glycosides | + | - | + | - | + | - |
Coumarins | + | + | - | + | + | - |
Flavonoids | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Phlobatannins | + | - | - | - | + | - |
Saponins | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Tannins | + | - | + | + | + | - |
Terpenoids | + | - | - | + | + | + |
In the present study different bioassays were used to characterize the plant fractions. The MIC measurement is a quantitative method, corresponds to the lowest applied amount of test material able to inhibit any visible microbial growth. According to Lambert and Pearson [20], MIC is a standard measure documented for the susceptibility of organisms to inhibitors in biological assays. The antibacterial activity was tested against both gram-negative bacteria as well as gram-positive bacteria. Table 2 describes the antibacterial activity as MIC value of various fractions of plant samples against tested bacteria. The results obtained from the present study for all tested bacteria ranged from 0.1 to 10 mg/ml. Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by MIC value (1 mg/ml) of MRR; 2.5 mg/ml of HRR, BRR; 5 mg/ml of CRR while rest of the fractions didn’t inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. On the other hand, Bacillus subtilis was inhibited by ERR (0.1 mg/ml); MRR (1 mg/ml); BRR (0.5 mg/ml); ARR (2.5 mg/ml); CRR (5 mg/ml) while remaining fractions did not inhibit the growth of the respective bacteria (Table 2). In case of gram negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae‘s growth was inhibited by MRR (5 mg/ml); HRR, ERR (10 mg/ml) while remaining fractions did not inhibit the growth of the respective bacteria. Pseudomonas aeroginosa inhibited the growth at 0.1 mg/ml. Growth of Salmonella typhy was inhibited by HRR (0.5 mg/ml); BRR (0.25 mg/ml); while rest of the fractions inhibited the growth at 0.1 mg/ml. However, BRR inhibited the growth of Enterobacter aerogenes with MIC (1 mg/ml); CRR, MRR (2.5 mg/ml); ARR (5 mg/ml); while remaining fractions did not show inhibition of the concerned bacteria (Table 2). MIC against Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli had no value, showing no antibacterial activity of any of the fractions. The activity against both type of bacteria (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) indicate that fractions contain broad spectrum of antibiotic compounds or metabolic toxins. These fractions may possibly be functional for the strengthening of new antimicrobial drugs. Numbers of authors have focused on antibacterial and antifungal potency of flavonoids [21, 22]. Antimicrobial activity may be attributed to plant bioactive compounds to make complex with bacterial cell wall [17] and thus inhibiting the microbial growth.
Table 2
The Minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml) of R. hastatus
Bacteria | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MRR | HRR | ERR | CRR | BRR | ARR | Erythromycin | Nalidixic acid | |
B. subtilis
| 1.0 ± 0.01 | - | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 2.5 ± 0.07 | 0.006 ± 0.0001 | 0.001 ± 0.0007 |
E. aerogenes
| 2.5 ± 0.02 | - | - | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.01 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 0.007 ± 0.0002 | 0.002 ± 0.001 |
E. coli
| - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.009 ± 0.0002 | 0.07 ± 0.009 |
K. pneumoniae
| 5.0 ± 0.3 | 10.0 ± 0.2 | 10.0 ± 0.9 | - | - | - | 0.004 ± 0.0002 | 0.001 ± 0.0004 |
M. luteus
| - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.006 ± 0.0001 | 0.001 ± 0.0003 |
S. typhy
| 0.1 ± 0.001 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.001 ± 0.0002 | 0.007 ± 0.0008 |
P. aeroginosa
| 0.1 ± 0.002 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.003 ± 0.0001 | 0.001 ± 0.0001 |
S. aureus
| 1.0 ± 0.07 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | - | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.01 | - | 0.007 ± 0.0002 | 0.001 ± 0.0009 |
Our results suggest that antimicrobial activity of plant fractions doesn’t depends on only phenolics but other secondary metabolites are also involved. While, R. hastatus roots showed that inhibition against A. niger ranged from 20.4 ± 2.85 % to 68.3 ± 1.48 %, A. flavus at the range from 23.6 ± 1.32 % to 69.4 ± 3.18 %, A. fumigatus at a range from 15.5 ± 2.34 % to 51.3 ± 1.67 % and F. solani at a range from 14.1 ± 1.51 % to 34.9 ± 2.28 % (Table 3).
Table 3
Antifungal activity of the crude extract and various fractions of R. hastatus (Percent inhibition)
MRR | HRR | ERR | CRR | BRR | ARR | Terbinafin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. niger
| 39.1 ± 1.39 | 40.2 ± 2.83 | 48.9 ± 1.66 | 68.3 ± 1.48 | 28.4 ± 2.51 | 20.4 ± 2.85 | 84.5 ± 2.13 |
F. solani
| 25.4 ± 2.53 | 15.8 ± 1.39 | 14.1 ± 1.51 | 31.7 ± 2.49 | 31.7 ± 2.49 | 31.7 ± 2.49 | 81.78 ± 2.12 |
A. flavus
| 69.4 ± 3.18 | 36.4 ± 1.89 | 28.0 ± 1.34 | 36.0 ± 1.68 | 56.2 ± 2.77 | 23.6 ± 1.32 | 87.6 ± 2.70 |
A. fumigatus
| 22.6 ± 2.32 | 27.0 ± 2.56 | 43.2 ± 1.80 | 51.3 ± 1.67 | 15.5 ± 2.34 | 40.5 ± 1.07 | 88.4 ± 3.16 |
For the investigation of bioactive compounds, biological assays especially brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) is considered as necessary and suitable tools. According to Meyer et al. [6] who categorized crude extracts and pure compounds into toxic (LC50 value < 1000 ppm) and non-toxic (LC50 value > 1000 ppm), all tested showed good brine shrimp larvicidal activity excluding HRR. Moreover, Peteros and Uy [23] signified the presence of effective cytotoxic substances of plant extracts having LC50 values < 100 ppm to brine shrimp lethality.
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Our findings were in strong accordance to that of Peteros and Uy [23] and suggest isolating new active compounds. R. hastatus roots for cytotoxicity were tested and their ranking order for effective cytotoxic was found as BRR > MRR > CRR > ARR > ERR > HRR (Table 4). About all of the tested samples showed their toxic effect at 1000 ppm apart HRR.). The larvicidal activity of R. hastatus were in consistent with the Hussain et al. [24] who reported the cytotoxic activity of methanol extracts of Rumex species and found that R. hastatus showed significant activity against brine shrimp larvae. It is considered that presence of a wide range of biologically active compounds with different structures and their synergistic effects may add to the overall activity of particular fraction.
Table 4
Illustration of % age mortality of brine shrimps at different concentrations of extract and fractions and respective LD50 values
Extracts | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
10 ppm | 100 ppm | 1000 ppm | LD50 (ppm) | |
MRR | 1.76 ± 0.05 | 2.28 ± 0.17 | 3.65 ± 0.15 | 60.0 ± 3.5 |
HRR | 1.05 ± 0.31 | 2.11 ± 0.02 | 2.18 ± 0.09 | >1000 |
ERR | 1.66 ± 0.05 | 1.50 ± 0.03 | 1.79 ± 0.06 | 705.5 ± 5.2 |
CRR | 2.65 ± 0.22 | 2.13 ± 0.05 | 1.52 ± 0.12 | 65.7 ± 4.1 |
BRR | 2.53 ± 0.31 | 2.81 ± 0.03 | 3.05 ± 0.09 | 15.4 ± 1.5 |
ARR | 3.15 ± 0.08 | 3.16 ± 0.06 | 1.72 ± 0.23 | 100 ± 2.7 |
Thymol | 1.62 ± 0.04 | 2.89 ± 0.07 | 2.75 ± 0.13 | <10 ± 0.07 |
Antitumor potato disc is one of the best bioassay used for the detection of biologically active components in the botanical extracts [25]. Tumor inducing plasmid multiplies the plant’s cells excluding apoptosis phase and ultimately tumor is formed that has similarity with human and animal cancers, histology and nucleic acid [26, 27]. Several scientists have been used these methods over the past 15 years, and they appear to be adaptable to the purpose of standardization or quality control of bioactive compounds in such heterogeneous botanicals [28]. Table 5 describes that the ranking order for effective antitumor screening of fractions of R. hastatus roots was found as MRR > BRR > ARR > CRR > ERR > HRR. Different strains can be used to induce tumor on potato discs but strain Atl0 was found more prominent for producing tumor [29, 30] [29, 30]. Our results are in accord to other studies [31] who reported that tumor inhibition rates on potato discs are dependent on the concentration of the samples. Our findings confirm the previous reports of Islam et al. [30] and Ashraf et al. [32] who reported that the antitumor activity perhaps endorsed with the nature of biological active compounds and their strong solubility with appropriate solvent and also justifying the statement of Fatima et al. [31] that tumor induction was variable in case of different solvent extracts.
Table 5
% tumors inhibition of various fractions of R. hastatus against potato disc tumor
Extracts | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
10 ppm | 100 ppm | 1000 ppm | IC50 (ppm) | |
MRR | 26.24 ± 1.20 | 69.33 ± 1.56 | 87.00 ± 0.85 | 60 |
HRR | 19.43 ± 0.75 | 26.00 ± 0.52 | 37.47 ± 1.08 | >1000 |
ERR | 35.43 ± 0.38 | 47.62 ± 0.94 | 58.17 ± 1.20 | 340 |
CRR | 32.47 ± 1.32 | 56.80 ± 2.17 | 75.82 ± 2.63 | 80 |
BRR | 19.86 ± 0.44 | 64.36 ± 0.77 | 84.33 ± 1.43 | 70 |
ARR | 24.65 ± 0.63 | 63.33 ± 2.43 | 78.33 ± 2.61 | 70 |
Camptothecin | 49.2 ± 1.2 | 69.5 ± 2.3 | 88.9 ± 3.2 | 11 |
Conclusions
The result of this study indicates the potential of R. hastatus roots as a source of therapeutic agent against microbial infection and tumor diseases.
Acknowledgment
We acknowledge HEC Pakistan for fund provision in the compilation of the research work.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
SS made significant contribution to acquisition of data, analysis, drafting of the manuscript. MRK and RAK (ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0453-2090) have made substantial contribution to conception and design, interpretation of data, drafting and revising the manuscript for intellectual content. TAH participated in the analysis design and drafting of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.