Background
Methods
Study population
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Maternal characteristics
Fetal cardiac morphology and function
Basic evaluation of fetuses
Imaging acquisition in the four-chamber view
Measurements of the global heart size and shape in the four-chamber view
Evaluation of ventricular shape and contractility
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | GDM group (mean ± SD) | Control group (mean ± SD) | P-value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24+0–27+6 weeks (n = 31) | 28+0–40+0 weeks (n = 27) | Total (n = 58) | 24+0–27+6 weeks (n = 31) | 28+0–40+0 weeks (n = 27) | Total (n = 58) | P1 | P2 | P3 | |
Maternal age (years) | 31.1 ± 3.7 | 33.6 ± 3.1 | 32.3 ± 3.6 | 31.7 ± 3.1 | 29.8 ± 3.8 | 30.8 ± 3.5 | 0.456 | 0.000 | 0.033 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 4.6 | 25.1 ± 4.2 | 25.0 ± 4.4 | 22.2 ± 3.2 | 22.7 ± 3.1 | 22.4 ± 3.1 | 0.008 | 0.020 | 0.000 |
Gestational age (weeks) | 25.7 ± 1.4 | 30.7 ± 1.8 | 28.0 ± 2.9 | 25.8 ± 1.2 | 30.7 ± 2.5 | 28.1 ± 3.1 | 0.199 | 0.788 | 0.750 |
FHR (bpm) | 148.26 ± 8.1 | 146.00 ± 8.47 | 147.12 ± 8.36 | 147.26 ± 6.2 | 144.11 ± 7.03 | 145.68 ± 7.09 | 0.586 | 0.377 | 0.315 |
EFW (Kg) | 0.89 ± 0.18 | 1.70 ± 0.34 | 1.28 ± 0.49 | 0.90 ± 0.16 | 1.73 ± 0.55 | 1.29 ± 0.57 | 0.817 | 0.801 | 0.946 |
HbA1c (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.57 |
Prenatal changes in fetal cardiac morphology in the GDM and control groups
Indices | GDM group (mean ± SD) | Control group (mean ± SD) | P-value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24+0–27+6 weeks (n = 31) | 28+0–40+0 weeks (n = 27) | Total (n = 58) | 24+0–27+6 weeks (n = 31) | 28+0–40+0 weeks (n = 27) | Total (n = 58) | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | |
4CV-GSI | 1.22 ± 0.09 | 1.19 ± 0.07 | 1.21 ± 0.08 | 1.29 ± 0.08 | 1.26 ± 0.08 | 1.27 ± 0.08 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.254 | 0.094 |
LV-GLS | -18.36% ± 1.11% | -18.14% ± 1.88% | -18.26% ± 1.51% | -22.91% ± 1.39% | -22.46% ± 1.27% | -22.70% ± 1.34% | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.200 | 0.578 |
RV-GLS | -18.30% ± 1.27% | -18.77% ± 1.41% | -18.52% ± 1.35% | -23.01% ± 1.55% | -22.43% ± 1.84% | -22.74% ± 1.70% | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.197 | 0.182 |
LV-FAC | 36.43% ± 4.42% | 34.01% ± 4.96% | 35.30% ± 4.79% | 43.66% ± 5.05% | 40.85% ± 4.82% | 42.36% ± 5.10% | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.035 | 0.054 |
RV-FAC | 31.26% ± 4.63% | 30.47% ± 4.49% | 30.89% ± 4.54% | 36.69 ± 2.87% | 36.92% ± 3.78% | 36.80% ± 3.30% | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.786 | 0.513 |
Indices | Difference between GDM and controls at 24+0–27+6 weeks | Difference between GDM and controls at 28+0–40+0 weeks | Difference in controls between 24+0–27+6 weeks and 28+0–40+0 weeks | Difference in GDM between 24+0–27+6 weeks and 28+0–40+0 weeks | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (95% CI) | P-value | Coefficient (95% CI) | P-value | Coefficient (95% CI) | P-value | Coefficient (95% CI) | P-value | |
4CV-GSI | -0.30 (-0.53, 0) | 0.022 | -0.44 (-0.65, -0.14) | 0.001 | -0.02 (-0.27, 0.30) | 0.865 | -0.24 (-0.51, 0.04) | 0..085 |
LV-GLS | 0.87 (0.81, 0.91) | 0.000 | 0.77 (0.64, 0.86) | 0.000 | 0.08 (-0.18, 0.35) | 0.579 | 0.01 (-0.30, 0.36) | 0.961 |
RV-GLS | 0.86 (0.79, 0.91) | 0.000 | 0.73 (0.59, 0.83) | 0.000 | -0.03 (-0.32, 0.30) | 0.807 | -0.07 (-0.33, 0.21) | 0.637 |
LV-FAC | -0.58 (-0.73, -0.41) | 0.000 | -0.54 (-0.71, -0.29) | 0.000 | -0.11 (-0.40, 0.22) | 0.434 | -0.03 (-0.29, 0.22) | 0.855 |
RV-FAC | -0.57 (-0.75, -0.36) | 0.000 | -0.63 (-0.80, -0.39) | 0.000 | 0.08 (-0.22, 0.41) | 0.555 | 0.08 (-0.20, 0.38) | 0.573 |
Indices | Maternal age | BMI | EFW | FHR | HbA1c | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | P-value | r | P-value | r | P-value | r | P-value | r | P-value | |
4CV-GSI | 0.136 | 0.537 | -0.050 | 0.820 | -0.295 | 0.172 | 0.192 | 0.379 | 0.055 | 0..804 |
LV-GLS | -0.012 | 0.958 | 0.082 | 0.709 | 0.339 | 0.113 | 0.321 | 0.135 | -0.199 | 0.362 |
RV-GLS | -0.023 | 0.916 | -0.321 | 0.136 | -0.152 | 0.488 | 0.167 | 0.446 | -0.163 | 0.457 |
LV-FAC | -0.060 | 0.785 | -0.136 | 0.537 | -0.527 | 0.010 | -0.197 | 0.368 | 0.378 | 0.076 |
RV-FAC | 0.134 | 0.542 | -0.079 | 0.718 | 0.048 | 0.829 | -0.490 | 0.018 | -0.111 | 0.613 |
24-segment SIs | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LV | GDM | Mean | 2.22 | 2.15 | 2.09 | 2.04 | 2.01 | 2.01 | 2.02 | 2.05 | 2.08 | 2.12 | 2.16 | 2.21 | 2.27 | 2.34 | 2.42 | 2.51 | 2.59 | 2.66 | 2.77 | 2.96 | 3.34 | 4.13 | 5.89 | 11.45 |
SD | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.65 | 0.98 | 1.95 | ||
Control | Mean | 2.04 | 1.98 | 1.93 | 1.89 | 1.88 | 1.89 | 1.92 | 1.96 | 2.00 | 2.05 | 2.09 | 2.14 | 2.20 | 2.26 | 2.34 | 2.43 | 2.51 | 2.60 | 2.70 | 2.90 | 3.27 | 4.04 | 5.75 | 11.17 | |
SD | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.92 | 1.79 | ||
P-value | 0.027 | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.031 | 0.057 | 0.105 | 0.162 | 0.219 | 0.250 | 0.271 | 0.282 | 0.291 | 0.320 | 0.356 | 0.397 | 0.441 | 0.470 | 0.491 | 0.492 | 0.477 | 0.470 | 0.466 | ||
RV | GDM | Mean | 1.87 | 1.83 | 1.78 | 1.75 | 1.72 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.72 | 1.76 | 1.80 | 1.86 | 1.93 | 2.02 | 2.12 | 2.23 | 2.36 | 2.51 | 2.71 | 3.00 | 3.48 | 4.39 | 6.35 | 12.42 |
SD | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.67 | 0.88 | 1.32 | 2.64 | ||
Control | Mean | 1.79 | 1.74 | 1.69 | 1.65 | 1.62 | 1.60 | 1.59 | 1.59 | 1.61 | 1.63 | 1.68 | 1.73 | 1.80 | 1.89 | 1.99 | 2.11 | 2.24 | 2.40 | 2.59 | 2.87 | 3.34 | 4.21 | 6.08 | 11.88 | |
SD | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.57 | 0.77 | 1.15 | 2.31 | ||
P-value | 0.198 | 0.135 | 0.092 | 0.064 | 0.045 | 0.034 | 0.027 | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.024 | 0.026 | 0.032 | 0.043 | 0.061 | 0.087 | 0.122 | 0.158 | 0.189 | 0.219 | 0.234 | 0.258 | 0.277 | 0.287 | 0.295 |
Prenatal changes in fetal cardiac function in the GDM and control groups
Reproducibility
Measurements | Intra-observer | Inter-observer | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ICC | 95% confidence interval | ICC | 95% confidence interval | |
4CV-GSI | 0.914 | 0.763–0.970 | 0.903 | 0.737–0.966 |
LV-GLS | 0.975 | 0.928–0.992 | 0.941 | 0.833–0.980 |
RV-GLS | 0.977 | 0.932–0.992 | 0.945 | 0.845–0.981 |
LV-FAC | 0.938 | 0.826–0.979 | 0.908 | 0.749–0.968 |
RV-FAC | 0.957 | 0.876–0.985 | 0.953 | 0.867–0.984 |