A comparison of panoramic radiography (PAN) alone and PAN together with small field of view cone beam computed tomography (sFOV-CBCT) for diagnosis of symptomatic pathologies of the maxillary sinus was carried out by clinicians of different experience.
Methods
Corresponding radiographic images (PAN/sFOV-CBCT) of 28 patients with symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies were chosen and analyzed by two general practitioners (GP), two junior maxillofacial surgeons (MS1), and three senior maxillofacial surgeons (MS2) via questionnaire.
Results
Visibility of maxillary pathologies in PAN was significantly different between the groups (GP 39%, MS1 48%, MS2 61%; p < 0.05). The number of incidental findings varied within examiner groups in PAN with a significant increase in MS2 (p = 0.027). The majority of examiners rated an additional sFOV-CBCT as “reasonable”/“required” with a significant influence of the examining groups (GP 98.2%, MS1 94.6%, MS2 80.9%; p = 0.008). In 58% of cases, an additional sFOV-CBCT was seen as “affecting therapy” with significant differences between the groups (GP 68%, MS1 50%, MS2 55%; p < 0.001).
Conclusions
PAN alone is not sufficient for the evaluation of pathologies of the maxillary sinus. But, depending on the examiners’ clinical experience, it remains a useful diagnostic tool. Along with the observers’ training, significant benefits of an additional sFOV-CBCT for evaluation of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies were detected.
Background
Non-symptomatic abnormalities of the maxillary sinus such as mucosal thickening, retention cysts, and opacification are reported to occur in up to 74% of all cases [1‐6]. For diagnosis of symptomatic pathologies of the maxillary sinus like retention cysts, polyps, and tumors, panoramic radiographies (PAN) are commonly used and widely available. In PAN, not every area of interest is accurately detected and allocated. Furthermore, small maxillary sinus lesions with diameter less than 3 mm show poor detection rates [7]. Three-dimensional imaging is useful in the maxilla for a wide range of clinical settings, such as trauma, bone pathology, and neoplastic diseases, as well as in dental implantology and sinus augmentation [8‐12].
Computed tomography (CT) is an excellent tool for maxillary sinus examination and diagnosis [13, 14]. A survey among 331 otolaryngologists showed that the majority (75%) did not obtain confirmatory CT scan before initial non-surgical therapy. Though, prior proceeding with sinus surgery, an average of one (59%) or even two (37%) CT scans was reported [15]. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is mostly used for dental implant planning [6, 10, 16] and offers diagnostic options similar to CT scans but without contrast agents and with about 10–50% less radiation exposure [17, 18]. Especially if small fields of view are used for CBCT, radiation exposure is significantly reduced. However, this exposure to radiation as well as the costs are still significantly higher when compared to those of conventional dental imaging [19‐22]. For diagnosis and general preoperative planning, both PAN and CBCT are described to be useful and important diagnostic tools [11, 23, 24]. Nonetheless, there are only few studies [7, 12, 14, 25] and some case reports [26‐28] that showed an additional clinical benefit of CBCT for evaluation of maxillary sinus when compared to PAN. In most studies, non-symptomatic sites were visualized in order to exclude pathologic findings prior to dental implant surgery [1, 7, 23, 24, 29, 30].
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In order to justify CBCT use for clinical examination and diagnosis of the maxillary sinus, the aim of this study was to compare the subjective quality rating of PAN and PAN together with a small field of view (sFOV) CBCT to evaluate symptomatic maxillary sinus by clinicians with different training and clinical experience.
Methods
Patients and examiners
In an experimental diagnostic comparison, radiographic images of 15 female and 13 male patients were assessed. Patients’ radiographs were selected from the Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery of the University Medical Centre of Mainz and Rostock, Germany. All patients have had referrals to the hospitals with symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies and received PAN (Orthophos XG Plus (Sirona Dental Systems GmbH, Bensheim, Germany)) as well as CBCT (KaVo 3D eXam, KaVo Dental GmbH, Biberach/Riß, Germany or Accuitomo Morita, J. MORITA Mfg. Corp., Kyoto, Japan) for radiographic analysis and diagnosis. All CBCT images contained a limited field of view (size of FOV 60 × 60 mm) for the pathological site only (sFOV-CBCT). Clinical information were given to all examiners before rating. Patients with incomplete medical records were excluded. Seven examiners with a different professional training and experience in using PAN and CBCT were participating. They were two general practitioners with 2–3 years of clinical experience (GP), two junior maxillofacial surgeons with 2–3 years of clinical experience (MS1), and three senior maxillofacial surgeons with 6–7 years of clinical experience (MS2). A standardized questionnaire for PAN (three questions) and CBCT (two questions) was given to each individual separately to answer. The participant examined only PAN in the first part of the project. Afterwards, he/she filled out the respective questionnaire. At the next step, he/she examined the CBCT scans and answered its related questions. All examiners had undergone a structured postgraduate curriculum for usage of CBCT before, and they used CBCT on daily basis. This curriculum, as demanded by German authorities for using CBCT, consisted of at least two classroom-based trainings (each for 1 day) together with 25 documented CBCT cases and a written examination. Besides, there was no further training for this study. In each case, the same reading environment using a beamer (Epson® EB G5450WU, Epson® Germany, Meerbusch, Germany; data sheet: resolution 1920 × 1200, brightness 4000 lumens, contrast ratio 1000:1) and a 2 × 3 m screen was provided. This study on anonymous radiographic images was performed in accordance to the current version of the Declaration of Helsinki [31].
Questionnaire
The first question for PAN addressed the imaging quality in the clinical relevant area of interest (clinical data were given). Three answers were possible: 1 = good visibility and can be evaluated, 2 = visible but cannot be evaluated, and 3 = not visible. The second question asked for an additional need for CBCT scans. Three answers were possible: 1 = required, 2 = reasonable, and 3 = not required. The third question was referring to the number of additional incidental findings in PAN not related to the sinus disease that led to the radiographic examination.
For CBCT, the first question was referring to a possible additional value in the area of interest. The examiners had to choose between three possible answers (1 = showed no additional information, 2 = was useful, 3 = was affecting therapy). The second question targeted the number of incidental findings in CBCT in addition to PAN not related to the sinus disease that led to the radiographic examination.
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Statistics
Due to the experimental design, no prior power analysis was conducted. All results in this study were expressed as number of cases, incidence value (percentage), or as arithmetic means ± standard deviation (SD). For comparison of groups, one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey B simultaneous post hoc tests as well as chi-square tests were performed and descriptive p values of the tests are reported. A p value ≤0.05 was termed significant. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
This study focused on three different aspects in our analysis—PAN, PAN and CBCT, as well as the influence of the different clinical and radiological experience (examples in Figs. 1 and 2).
Fig. 1
a Panoramic radiography with area of interest (maxillary sinus) and b, c examples of corresponding images in cone beam computed tomography
Fig. 2
a Panoramic radiography with area of interest (maxillary sinus) and b, c examples of corresponding images in cone beam computed tomography
(a)
Panoramic radiography (PAN)
×
×
When assessing PAN, the ratings were significantly lower at “good visible and can be evaluated” (9.9%) compared to “visible but cannot be evaluated” (39.5%; p < 0.001) and compared to “not visible” (50.6%; p < 0.001) ratings (Table 1). An additional CBCT was needed in most cases (“required” (28%) and “reasonable” (63.3%) versus “not required” (8.7%; Table 2)). All examiners found an average number of 1.7 ± 1.3 additional findings in PAN (Table 3). The three most common findings were retained third molars with putative follicular cysts (22% of all findings), followed by radiological insufficient root filling (21%) and caries/insufficient filling of teeth (19%; Table 4).
Table 1
Results of the question “Based on PAN, the clinical area of interest, is…”
Question
General practitioner (n = 2)
Junior maxillofacial surgeon (n = 2)
Senior maxillofacial surgeon (n = 3)
p value*
1 = good visibility and can be evaluated
3 (5.4%)
5 (8.9%)
13 (15.5%)
p < 0.002
2 = visible but cannot be evaluated
19 (33.9%)
22 (39.3%)
38 (45.2%)
3 = not visible
34 (60.7%)
29 (51.8%)
33 (39.3%)
*One-way ANOVA test with post hoc Tukey B: GP versus MS1 p = 0.034, MS1 versus MS2 p = 0.211, and GP versus MS2 p = 0.001
Table 2
Results of the question “An additional sFOV-CBCT of the clinical area of interest is…”
Question
General practitioner (n = 2)
Junior maxillofacial surgeon (n = 2)
Senior maxillofacial surgeon (n = 3)
p value*
1 = required
14 (25.0%)
21 (37.5%)
18 (21.4%)
p = 0.008
2 = reasonable
41 (73.2%)
32 (57.1%)
50 (59.5%)
3 = not required
1 (1.8%)
3 (5.4%)
16 (19.0%)
*One-way ANOVA test with post hoc Tukey B: GP versus MS1 p = 0.369, MS1 versus MS2 p = 0.006, and GP versus MS2 p = 0.038
Table 3
Number of additional incidental findings in PAN and sFOV-CBCT not related to the sinus disease that led to the radiographic examination
Number of cases
General practitioner (n = 2)
Junior maxillofacial surgeon (n = 2)
Senior maxillofacial surgeon (n = 3)
p value*
Number of incidental findings in PAN
(n = 28)
1.5 ± 1.3
1.6 ± 1.1
2.1 ± 1.5
p = 0.027
Number of additional, incidental findings in sFOV-CBCT
(n = 28)
0.7 ± 0.5
0.6 ± 0.5
0.7 ± 0.7
p = 0.912
*One-way ANOVA test
Table 4
Description of incidental findings in PAN not related to the sinus disease that led to the radiographic examination
Additional incidental findings in panoramic radiography
Relative incidence (%) in relation to total number of therapy affecting findings
Retained third molar/follicular cyst
22
Insufficient root filling
21
Caries/insufficient filling of teeth
19
Apical ostitis
17
Remaining root remnants
9
Periodontal bone loss
8
Anatomic particularities (enlargement of the mental foramen/retromolar foramen/bifid nerve)
4
(b)
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)
The majority of the answers indicated the usefulness of an additional sFOV-CBCT. Whereas it only “showed no additional information” in 10.1% and was “useful” in 32.4% of cases, an additional CBCT was rated as “affecting therapy” in 57.5% of cases (Table 5).
Table 5
Results of the question “Is there an additional clinical value of sFOV-CBCT?”
Question
General practitioner (n = 2)
Junior maxillofacial surgeon (n = 2)
Senior maxillofacial surgeon (n = 3)
p value*
1 = it showed no additional information
2 (3.6%)
5 (8.9%)
15 (17.9%)
p < 0.001
2 = it was useful
16 (28.6%)
23 (41.1%)
23 (27.4%)
3 = it was affecting therapy
38 (67.8%)
28 (50.0%)
46 (54.8%)
*One-way ANOVA test with post hoc Tukey B: GP versus MS1 p = 0.002, MS1 versus MS2 p = 0.890, and GP versus MS2 p = 0.001
Overall, the examiners observed an average number of 0.6 ± 0.6 additional incidental findings (Table 3). The findings were radiological caries/insufficient filling of teeth (88%) as well as insufficient root filling (22%).
(c)
Influence of examiners’ clinical background
In PAN, MS1 (51.8%) and MS2 (39.3%) rated significantly less for “not visible” when compared to GPs (60.7%; p < 0.001). The difference was significant between MS1 and MS2 as well (p < 0.05). Significantly more “good visibility” ratings were obtained for MS2 (15.5%) when compared to MS1 (8.9%; p = 0.021) and GP (5.4%; p < 0.001; Table 1). A significant higher number of additional incidental findings in PAN was seen in MS2 (mean = 2.1 ± 1.5) versus GP (mean = 1.5 ± 1.3; p = 0.021) as well as in MS2 versus MS1 (mean = 1.6 ± 1.1; p = 0.048; Table 3).
GPs rated an additional CBCT significantly less often to be “not required” (1.8%) when compared to MS1 (5.4%; p = 0.038) and to MS2 (19%; p = 0.006). Moreover, GPs rated significantly more for a CBCT to be “reasonable” or “required” (98.2%) when compared to MS1 (94.6%; p = 0.002) and compared to MS2 (80.9%; p = 0.001; Table 2). Also, in the GP group, the additional CBCT was seen significantly more often to be “affecting therapy” (67.8%) when compared to MS1 (50%) and to MS2 (53.8%; all p < 0.001; Table 5). Between the groups, there was no difference in the average number of additional incidental diagnoses in sFOV-CBCT scans (GD, average = 0.7 ± 0.5; MS1, average = 0.6 ± 0.5; MS2, average = 0.7 ± 0.7; p = 0.912, Table 3).
Discussion
In dentistry, PAN is a widely available, useful, and important diagnostic tool for diagnosis and general preoperative planning [32] with less radiation exposure then CBCT [21]. While most dentists have used it routinely successful for years and gained significant experience in doing so [33], there are certain limitations in dependence of the region to be examined [10]. The high number of “not visible” ratings of the area of interest in the study at hand underlines this conclusion. Nevertheless, PAN showed several additional incidental findings showing its important value being a basic diagnostic tool, also in preventive dentistry [32, 33]. It is noticeable that most of these incidental findings were described by senior surgeons. This demonstrates the impact of clinical experience of evaluation of PAN [12, 34]. A lack of experience in 2D imaging might even result in unnecessary additional 3D diagnostics (such as additional CBCTs) [12].
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For the diagnosis of symptomatic pathologies in the maxillary sinus, PAN alone is not sufficient. Benefits (in dependence of clinical and radiological experience) offered from additional sFOV-CBCT imaging were proven in the presented study. The high number of “therapy affecting” ratings when adding CBCT supports such statement. Wolf et al. reported the general demand for three-dimensional imaging of maxillary sinus in order to minimize intra- and postoperative complications and to localize any foreign body in relation to other anatomical structures [35]. Similarly, various studies reported an average of one or more CT scans prior proceeding with sinus surgery [15]. Sharma et al. recommended CT scans prior sinus surgery in order to guide the surgeon [36]. Other researcher found the same diagnostic accuracy of CBCT scans of maxillary sinus pathologies when compared to sinus endoscopy [37] which underlines the importance of CBCT within this field. As shown by others as well [2, 38‐43], a better evaluation of anatomical structures was found when using CBCT. CBCT scans offer an extremely valuable diagnostic and clinical tool for maxillary sinus pathologies in general [36, 44, 45] for vital findings like posterior superior alveolar arteries in the lateral sinus wall [46] as well as for anatomical variations [47]. Especially in cases with symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies, three-dimensional diagnostic is helpful [13, 36, 48] and a sFOV-CBCT offers limited radiation exposure as well.
The influence of clinical experience of evaluation of PAN [34] as well as the clinical experience and routine analysis of 3D radiographs (as assumed for maxillofacial surgeons when compared to those for general practitioners) strongly influence the diagnostic value of additional three-dimensional imaging. The number of incidental findings in CBCT in addition to those seen in PAN was not of major difference and did not correlate to the examiners’ experience. This difference can be explained by using sFOV-CBCTs for evaluation of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies only. The smaller field of view shows less incidental findings, but the radiation exposure will be kept lower as well. Nonetheless, sFOV-CBCT is not meant to be a replacement for PAN especially for patients’ screening. It seems that advanced diagnostic tools such as CBCT offer an effective solution with more precise diagnosis of the maxillary sinus when compared to PAN together with a lower radiation dose compared to a CT.
There are some limitations of the study and potential bias caused by the experimental design, the subjective evaluation, and the low number of patients. Nevertheless, the additional value of CBCT strongly depends on the level on medical and radiographic knowledge of the anatomy of sites of interest [16, 38] and the surrounding structures [2]. Based on the findings of this study and the literature, an adjunct sFOV-CBCT is a valuable diagnostic tool for cases of symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies.
Conclusions
Depending on the observers’ clinical and radiological experience, PAN alone may not be sufficient for evaluation of pathologies of the maxillary sinus. On the contrary, significant benefits of sFOV-CBCT for diagnosing symptomatic maxillary sinus pathologies were reported. Having sFOV-CBCT seems to have added additional information and confidence in comparison to PAN alone. Nonetheless, also with the examiners’ increased clinical experience, PAN remains a valuable diagnostic tool.
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Authors’ contributions
The organization of data acquisition as well as preparation and evaluation of questionnaires were conducted by PM, BA, HS, and PWK. MD, BA, AA, BF, and PWK did the statistical evaluation together with the preparation, drafting, and finalization of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
Michael Dau, Paul Marciak, Bial Al-Nawas, Henning Staedt, Abdulmonem Alshiri, Bernhard Frerich, and Peer Wolfgang Kämmerer declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards [31].
Informed consent
This experimental diagnostic comparison was performed without any further consequences for the patient. According to this and the hospital laws of the individual states (see Krankenhausgesetz RLP and MV), no formal consent was required.
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