Background
Methods
Design and participants
Procedures
Outcome measures
Ethics
Usual care and intervention delivery
Usual care - healthy eating during pregnancy booklet
Intervention – HSP workshop and healthy eating during pregnancy booklet
Statistics
Results
Participants
Characteristic | Mean (SD, range) or percentage | Mean (SD, range) or percentage | Maternity hospital Population |
---|---|---|---|
Intervention sample (n = 178) | Usual care sample (n = 182) | ||
Age
(years)
| 29.5 (5.1;18–44) | 29.0 (4.7; 19–41) | 29.4 (5.8) |
< 20 years | 2.8% | 2.2% | 5.0% |
20-24 years | 12.9% | 15.9% | 48.6% |
25-29years | 34.8% | 35.2% | |
30-34 years | 32.0% | 33.5% | 41.5% |
35-39 years | 15.2% | 12.6% | |
≥ 40 | 2.2% | 0.5% | 5.0% |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m
2
) | 25.4 (5.2) | 24.6 (5.5) | 24.7 (6.6) |
Underweight (<18.5) | 4.5% | 6.6% | 7.5% |
Healthy weight (18.5-24.9) | 48.3% | 51.6% | 55.2% |
Overweight (25–29.9) | 26.4% | 25.3% | 19.9% |
Obese (≥ 30) | 17.4% | 14.3% | 15.9% |
Missing | 3.4% | 2.2% | 1.5% |
Education: | - | ||
Did not finish high school | 27.5% | 30.8% | |
Trade/apprenticeship/diploma | 29.2% | 30.2% | - |
Degree/higher degree | 43.3% | 38.5% | - |
Household income (gross, per year) | - | ||
<$20,000 | 1.1% | 1.6% | - |
$20,001-35000 | 6.2% | 5.5% | - |
$35,001-50,000 | 14.6% | 11.0% | - |
$50,001-70,000 | 18.5% | 20.9% | - |
$70,001-100,000 | 29.8% | 24.2% | - |
>$100,000 | 19.7% | 25.3% | - |
Refused to answer | 5.1% | 6.6% | - |
Not sure | 4.5% | 3.3% | - |
Missing | 0% | 1.1% | - |
Marital status
| - | ||
Married/de facto | 90.4% | 93.4% | - |
Separated/Divorced | 2.2% | 0.6% | - |
Never Married | 7.3% | 5.5% | - |
Missing | 0% | 0.6% | - |
Employment
| - | ||
Full time work | 49.4% | 52.7% | - |
Part time/ Casual work | 19.1% | 23.1% | - |
Studying | 6.2% | 5.5% | - |
Full time home duties | 15.7% | 11.5% | - |
Unemployed | 9.6% | 6.6% | - |
Missing | 0% | 0.5% | - |
ATSI status
| - | ||
Aboriginal, but not Torres Strait Islander | 0.6% | 0.5% | - |
Neither | 99.4% | 98.9% | - |
Missing | 0% | 0.5% | - |
Gravida
| 2.1 (1.5) | 2.0 (1.4) | - |
Parity
| 0.6 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.8) | - |
Stage of gestation – weeks
| 14.5 (3.0) | 14.2 (3.0) | - |
Health behaviors | Analysis | Baseline difference (HSP - UC) | HSP 1 (n) | HSP2 (n) | HSP mean difference over time | Usual care 1 (n) | Usual care 2 (n) | UC mean difference over time | Between group difference, time 2: HSP - UC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of women meeting pregnancy fruit guidelines
| ITT* | p = 0.66 | 8.5 (15) | 7.3 (13) | −1.2% | 9.9 (18) | 4.4 (8) | - 5.5% | +4.3%, p = 0.009
|
PP* | - | 6.8 (6) | 12.5 (11) | +5.7% | 9.9 (27) | 3.7 (10) | −6.2% | +11.9%, p = 0.001
| |
Percentage of women meeting pregnancy vegetable guidelines
| ITT | p = 0.60 | 6.2 (11) | 6.2 (11) | 0% | 4.9 (9) | 4.9 (9) | 0% | 0%, p = 0.75 |
PP | - | 9.1 (8) | 11.4 (10) | +2.3% | 4.4 (12) | 3.7 (10) | −0.7% | +3.0%, p = 0.13 | |
Percentage of women with correct GWG knowledge
| ITT |
p = 0.57
| 0 (0) | 1.1 (2) | +1.1% | 0 (0) | 1.1 (2) | +1.1% | 0%, p = 0.63
|
PP | - | 0 (0) | 2.3 (2) | +2.3% | 0 (0) | 0.7 (2) | +0.7% | +1.6%, p = 0.36
| |
Percentage of women with correct GWG knowledge
(‘rounded’)
| ITT |
p = 0.85
| 1.1 (2) | 8.3 (9) | +8.3% | 1.1 (2) | 4.8 (6) | +4.8% | +3.5%, p = 0.25
|
PP* | - | 1.1(1) | 10.2 (9) | +9.1% | 1.1 (3) | 2.2 (6) | +1.1% | +8.0%, p = 0 . 009
| |
Percentage of women meeting pregnancy physical activity guidelines
| ITT |
p = .33
| 44.9 (80) | 37.1 (66) | −7.8% | 40.1 (73) | 30.8 (56) | −9.3% | −1.5%, p= 0.66
|
PP | - | 51.1 (45) | 55.7 (49) | +4.6% | 39.7 (108) | 26.8 (73) | −12.9% | +17.5%, p = 0.83
| |
Percentage of women smoking before
(pre)
and during pregnancy
| ITT |
p = 0.97 (pre) p = 0.88
| 18.0 (32)(pre) 16.3 (29) | 5.1 (9) | −1.7% (pre) - 11.2% | 18.1 (33) (pre) 17.0 (31) | 7.7 (14) | −1.1% (pre) −9.3% | −2.3%, p=.41
|
PP | - | 11.4 (10) 8.0 (7) | 3.4 (3) | +4.6% | 20.2 (55) 19.5 (53) | 7.4 (20) | +12.1% | - 7.5%, p=0.37
|
Health behaviors | Analysis | Baseline difference (HSP - UC) | HSP 1 (n) | HSP 2 (n) | HSP mean difference over time | Usual care 1 (n) | Usual care 2 (n) | UC mean difference over time | Between group difference, time 2: HSP - UC (95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean serves of fruit per day (± SD)
| ITT | p = 0.60 | 1.9 ± 1.2 (176) | 2.2 ± 1.1 (112) | 0.3 ± 1.0 (112) | 1.8 ± 1.2 (182) | 1.9 ± 1.1 (126) | 0.2 ± 0.9 (128) | +0.2 (−0.1-0.4), p= 0.14
|
PP* | - | 2.0 ± 1.0 (87) | 2.4 ± 1.0 (72) | 0.4 ± 1.0 (72) | 1.8 ± 1.2 (271) | 1.9 ± 1.1 (168) | 0.1 ± 0.9 (168) | +0.4 (0.1-0.6), p = 0 . 004
| |
Serves of vegetables per day (± SD)
| ITT | p = 0.24 | 2.5 ± 1.3 (177) | 2.9 ± 1.3 (112) | 0.4 ± 1.1 (112) | 2.3 ± 1.3 (182) | 2.5 ± 1.3 (129) | 0.2 ± 1.1 (129) | +0.2 (−0.1 - 0.5), p = 0.11
|
PP* | - | 2.7 ± 1.4 (87) | 3.3 ± 1.3 (72) | 0.6 ± 1.1 (72) | 2.3 ± 1.2 (272) | 2.4 ±1.2 (169) | 0.2 ± 1.0 (169) | +0.4 (0.1-0.7), p = 0 . 006
| |
Diet quality – Fat score (± SD)
| ITT | p = 0.61 | 3.3 ± 0.5 (174) | 3.4 ± 0.5 (109) | 0.1 ± 0.4 (108) | 3.3 ± 0.5 (180) | 3.4 ± 0.5 (126) | 0.1 ± 0.3 (126) | −0.02 (−0.07-0.1), p = 0.68 |
PP* | - | 3.3 ± 0.5 (86) | 3.4 ± 0.4 (69) | 0.1 ± 0.3 (69) | 3.3 ± 0.5 (268) | 3.3 ± 0.5 (166) | 0.04 ± 0.3 (165) |
0.09 (0.003 - 0.2), p = 0 . 049
| |
Diet quality – Fibre score (± SD)
| ITT | p = 0.64 | 2.8 ± 0.7 (174) | 2.9 ± 0.6 (109) | 0.1 ± 0.3 (108) | 2.7 ± 0.7 (180) | 2.8± 0.7 (126) | 0.1 ± 0.4 (126) | 0.06 (−0.04-0.2), p = 0.24
|
PP | - | 2.9 ± 0.6 (86) | 3.0 ± 0.6 (69) | 0.1 ± 0.4 (69) | 2.7 ± 0.7 (268) | 2.8 ± 0.7 (166) | 0.06 ± 0.4 (165) | 0.07 (−0.05 - 0.2), p = 0.25
| |
Diet quality – Total score (± SD)
| ITT | p = 0.89 | 3.1 ± 0.5 (174) | 3.2 ± 0.5 (109) | 0.1 ± 0.3 (108) | 3.1 ± 0.5 (180) | 3.2 ± 0.4 (126) | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.04 (−0.03 - 0.1), p = 0.31
|
PP* | - | 2.1 ± 0.5 (86) | 2.5 ± 0.4 (69) | 0.1 ± 0.3 (69) | 1.5 ± 0.4 (268) | 2.1 ± 0.4 (166) | 0.05 ± 0.3 (165) |
0.09 (0.009 - 0.2), p = 0 . 027
| |
Weekly minutes of physical activity (Median; IQR) | ITT |
p = 0.33
| 150 (45,270) (177) | 190 (100 , 330) (110) | 11.2 ± 196.3 (109) | 150 (60, 300) (182) | 130 (60, 279) (127) | −15.8 ± 214.8 (127) | +27.0 (−26.1 - 80.1), p = 0 . 32
|
PP | - | 180 (90, 300) (87) | 230 (120, 330) (165) | +11.5 ± 195.5 (71) | 150 (40, 300) (272) | 130 (60, 277) (72) | −9.7 ± 211.3 (165) | +21.3 (−36.5 -79.1), p = 0 . 47
| |
Intention to breastfeed (Median; IQR) | ITT |
p= 0.30
| 14 (10,16) (172) | 15 (12.5, 16) (118) | 0.8 ± 3.1 (99) | 13.5 (10, 15.5) (168) | 15 (12,16) (105) | 0.9 ± 2.3 (114) | −0.06 (−0.8 - 0.7), p = 0.88
|
PP | - | 14.8 (12,16) (82) | 15.5 (13,16) (69) | 0.7 ± 2.8 (65) | 13.5 (10, 15.5) (258) | 14.7 (11.5, 16) (154) | 0.9 ± 2.7 (148) | −0.3 ( −1.1 - 0.5), p = 0.43
|