Background
Methods
Study design
Study setting
Study participants
Data collection
Quantitative strand
Qualitative strand
Data analysis
Quantitative strand
Qualitative strand
Results
Characteristics of mother and delivery
Characteristics | Observed (n = 170) | Non-observed (n = 920) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Primipara | 54.1% | 44.2% | 0.018 |
Age (median and IQR) | 23 [19–28] | 24 [20–30] | 0.074 |
Assisted vaginal birth | 7.7% | 7.6% | 0.99 |
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Maternal age | ||
15–19 | 43 | 25.3 |
20–29 | 97 | 57.1 |
30–39 | 25 | 14.7 |
40–45 | 5 | 2.9 |
(median) [IQR] | (23) [19–28] | |
Parity | ||
Primipara | 88 | 51.8 |
Multipara | 82 | 48.2 |
Gestational week | ||
Less than 37 weeks | 16 | 9.4 |
37 - 41 weeks | 151 | 88.8 |
More than 42 weeks | 3 | 1.8 |
Fundal height [N = 143] | ||
Less than 32 cm | 100 | 69.9 |
32 cm or more | 43 | 30.1 |
(median) [IQR] | (30) [29–32] | |
Complication during current pregnancy | ||
None | 133 | 78.2 |
Hypertensive disorders | 25 | 14.7 |
Gestational diabetes | 6 | 3.5 |
Others | 6 | 3.5 |
Duration of the 2nd stage of labour | ||
30 min or less | 115 | 67.6 |
More than 30 min | 55 | 32.4 |
(median) [IQR] | (19) [9–35] | |
Mode of delivery | ||
Normal vaginal | 154 | 90.6 |
Vacuum extraction or forceps | 16 | 9.4 |
Time of delivery | ||
Between 6 pm and 6 am (night shift) | 82 | 48.2 |
Between 6 am and 6 pm (day shift) | 88 | 51.8 |
Birth attendant | ||
Midwife | 119 | 70.0 |
Medical doctor | 49 | 28.8 |
Nurse | 2 | 1.2 |
Perineal or vaginal laceration | ||
None | 29 | 17.1 |
1st degree | 31 | 18.2 |
2nd degree | 81 | 47.6 |
3rd degree | 20 | 11.8 |
4th degree | 9 | 5.3 |
Baby weight at birth | ||
Less than 2500 g | 14 | 8.2 |
2500–3499 g | 137 | 80.6 |
3500–3999 g | 18 | 10.6 |
4000 g or more | 1 | 0.6 |
(mean) [SD] | (2940) [415] | |
Baby condition at birth | ||
Resuscitation or/and admission to NICU | 28 | 16.5 |
Intrapartum foetal death | 1 | 0.6 |
Description of intrapartum care during the 2nd and 3rd stage of labour
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Position at the birth of baby | ||
Supine | 3 | 1.8 |
Semi-Fowler’s positions (less than 45°) | 167 | 98.2 |
Method of pushing | ||
Not forced | 126 | 74.1 |
Valsalva manoeuvre instructed | 44 | 25.9 |
Episiotomy | ||
Performed – median | 98 | 57.6 |
Performed – medio-lateral | 3 | 1.8 |
Not performed | 69 | 40.6 |
Episiotomy by parity | ||
Performed in primiparae [n = 88] | 81 | 92.0 |
Performed in multiparae [n = 82] | 20 | 24.4 |
Fundal pressure | ||
Performed | 53 | 31.2 |
Not performed | 117 | 68.8 |
Foetal heart rate monitoring | ||
Not monitored | 97 | 57.1 |
Intermittent auscultation | 33 | 19.4 |
Cardiotocograph | 40 | 23.5 |
Labour augmentation by oxytocin | ||
Not conducted | 110 | 64.7 |
By drip infusion only | 36 | 21.2 |
By injection (im or iv) | 21 | 12.4 |
By drip infusion and injection (im or iv) | 3 | 1.8 |
Prophylactic use of oxytocin in the third stage | ||
Administrated | 170 | 100 |
Dose of oxytocin | ||
10 IU | 149 | 87.7 |
Less than 10 IU | 21 | 12.4 |
Delayed umbilical cord clamping [n = 138] | ||
Performed | 69 | 50.0 |
Not performed | 69 | 50.0 |
Controlled cord traction | ||
Performed | 168 | 98.8 |
Not performed | 2 | 1.2 |
Counter pressure during CCT [n = 168] | ||
Conducted | 157 | 93.4 |
Not conducted | 11 | 6.6 |