Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 1/2013

01.01.2013 | Leitthema

Evolution und Infektionsbiologie neuer Influenza-A-Viren mit pandemischem Potenzial

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. H.D. Klenk

Erschienen in: Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz | Ausgabe 1/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Influenza-A-Viren kommen natürlicherweise in großer Vielfalt bei Wasservögeln vor. Aufgrund einer hohen genetischen Flexibilität können sie sich bei der Übertragung auf eine andere Spezies (Huhn, Schwein, Mensch) an den neuen Wirt anpassen und dann zum Ausbruch von Tierseuchen und Influenzapandemien führen. Wegen nachgewiesener Humanpathogenität und fehlenden Immunschutzes der Bevölkerung gelten H5N1-, H7N7-, H9N2- und H2N2-Viren als Erreger mit hohem pandemischem Potenzial. Der unerwartete Ausbruch einer H1N1-Pandemie im Jahr 2009 zeigt jedoch, dass die Zuverlässigkeit solcher Vorhersagen begrenzt ist. Wirtsspezifität, Pathogenität und Übertragbarkeit der Viren beruhen auf dem komplexen Wechselspiel der viralen Proteine mit zellulären Faktoren. Zentrale Rollen spielen dabei Rezeptorspezifität und Fusionsaktivität des Hämagglutinins, Kerntransport der Polymerase und Interferonantagonismus des NS1-Proteins.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Olsen B, Munster VJ, Wallensten A et al (2006) Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. Science 312:384–388PubMedCrossRef Olsen B, Munster VJ, Wallensten A et al (2006) Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. Science 312:384–388PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT et al (1992) Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev 56:152–179PubMed Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT et al (1992) Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev 56:152–179PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexander DJ, Brown IH (2009) History of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Rev Sci Tech 28:19–38PubMed Alexander DJ, Brown IH (2009) History of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Rev Sci Tech 28:19–38PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Matrosovich MN, Gambaryan AS, Klenk HD (2008) Receptor specificity of influenza viruses and its alteration during interspecies transmission. In: Klenk HD, Matrosovich M, Stech J (Hrsg) Avian influenza. Karger, Basel, S 134–155 Matrosovich MN, Gambaryan AS, Klenk HD (2008) Receptor specificity of influenza viruses and its alteration during interspecies transmission. In: Klenk HD, Matrosovich M, Stech J (Hrsg) Avian influenza. Karger, Basel, S 134–155
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Scholtissek C (1990) Pigs as „mixing vessels“ for the creation of new pandemic influenza A viruses. Med Princ Pract 2:65–71 Scholtissek C (1990) Pigs as „mixing vessels“ for the creation of new pandemic influenza A viruses. Med Princ Pract 2:65–71
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (2009) Pandemic influenza—including a risk assessment of H5N1. Rev Sci Tech 28:187–202PubMed Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (2009) Pandemic influenza—including a risk assessment of H5N1. Rev Sci Tech 28:187–202PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Reid AH, Fanning TG, Hultin JV, Taubenberger JK (1999) Origin and evolution of the 1918 „Spanish“ influenza virus hemagglutinin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:1651–1656PubMedCrossRef Reid AH, Fanning TG, Hultin JV, Taubenberger JK (1999) Origin and evolution of the 1918 „Spanish“ influenza virus hemagglutinin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:1651–1656PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Kobasa D, Takada A, Shinya K et al (2004) Enhanced virulence of influenza A viruses with the haemagglutinin of the 1918 pandemic virus. Nature 431:703–707PubMedCrossRef Kobasa D, Takada A, Shinya K et al (2004) Enhanced virulence of influenza A viruses with the haemagglutinin of the 1918 pandemic virus. Nature 431:703–707PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Tumpey TM, Garcia-Sastre A, Mikulasova A et al (2002) Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:13849–13854PubMedCrossRef Tumpey TM, Garcia-Sastre A, Mikulasova A et al (2002) Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:13849–13854PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Tumpey TM, Garcia-Sastre A, Taubenberger JK et al (2004) Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:3166–3171PubMedCrossRef Tumpey TM, Garcia-Sastre A, Taubenberger JK et al (2004) Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:3166–3171PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Hoeven N, Pappas C, Belser JA et al (2009) Human HA and polymerase subunit PB2 proteins confer transmission of an avian influenza virus through the air. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:3366–3371CrossRef Van Hoeven N, Pappas C, Belser JA et al (2009) Human HA and polymerase subunit PB2 proteins confer transmission of an avian influenza virus through the air. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:3366–3371CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Watanabe T, Watanabe S, Shinya K et al (2009) Viral RNA polymerase complex promotes optimal growth of 1918 virus in the lower respiratory tract of ferrets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:588–592PubMedCrossRef Watanabe T, Watanabe S, Shinya K et al (2009) Viral RNA polymerase complex promotes optimal growth of 1918 virus in the lower respiratory tract of ferrets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:588–592PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat McAuley JL, Hornung F, Boyd KL et al (2007) Expression of the 1918 influenza A virus PB1-F2 enhances the pathogenesis of viral and secondary bacterial pneumonia. Cell Host Microbe 2:240–249PubMedCrossRef McAuley JL, Hornung F, Boyd KL et al (2007) Expression of the 1918 influenza A virus PB1-F2 enhances the pathogenesis of viral and secondary bacterial pneumonia. Cell Host Microbe 2:240–249PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC et al (2006) Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus. Nature 443:578–581PubMed Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC et al (2006) Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus. Nature 443:578–581PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Kawaoka Y, Webster RG (1989) Interplay between carbohydrate in the stalk and the length of the connecting peptide determines the cleavability of influenza virus hemagglutinin. J Virol 63:3296–3300PubMed Kawaoka Y, Webster RG (1989) Interplay between carbohydrate in the stalk and the length of the connecting peptide determines the cleavability of influenza virus hemagglutinin. J Virol 63:3296–3300PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Scholtissek C, Rohde W, Hoyningen V von, Rott R (1978) On the origin of the human influenza virus subtypes H2N2 and H3N2. Virology 87:13–20PubMedCrossRef Scholtissek C, Rohde W, Hoyningen V von, Rott R (1978) On the origin of the human influenza virus subtypes H2N2 and H3N2. Virology 87:13–20PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakajima K, Desselberger U, Palese P (1978) Recent human influenza A (H1N1) viruses are closely related genetically to strains isolated in 1950. Nature 274:334–339PubMedCrossRef Nakajima K, Desselberger U, Palese P (1978) Recent human influenza A (H1N1) viruses are closely related genetically to strains isolated in 1950. Nature 274:334–339PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Scholtissek C, Hoyningen V von, Rott R (1978) Genetic relatedness between the new 1977 epidemic strains (H1N1) of influenza and human influenza strains isolated between 1947 and 1957 (H1N1). Virology 89:613–617PubMedCrossRef Scholtissek C, Hoyningen V von, Rott R (1978) Genetic relatedness between the new 1977 epidemic strains (H1N1) of influenza and human influenza strains isolated between 1947 and 1957 (H1N1). Virology 89:613–617PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Kilbourne ED, Smith C, Brett I et al (2002) The total influenza vaccine failure of 1947 revisited: major intrasubtypic antigenic change can explain failure of vaccine in a post-World War II epidemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:10748–10752PubMedCrossRef Kilbourne ED, Smith C, Brett I et al (2002) The total influenza vaccine failure of 1947 revisited: major intrasubtypic antigenic change can explain failure of vaccine in a post-World War II epidemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:10748–10752PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA et al (2009) Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 325:197–201PubMedCrossRef Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA et al (2009) Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 325:197–201PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Claas EC, Osterhaus AD, Beek R van et al (1998) Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Lancet 351:472–477PubMedCrossRef Claas EC, Osterhaus AD, Beek R van et al (1998) Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Lancet 351:472–477PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Subbarao K, Klimov A, Katz J et al (1998) Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science 279:393–396PubMedCrossRef Subbarao K, Klimov A, Katz J et al (1998) Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science 279:393–396PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Cauthen AN, Swayne DE, Schultz-Cherry S et al (2000) Continued circulation in China of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses encoding the hemagglutinin gene associated with the 1997 H5N1 outbreak in poultry and humans. J Virol 74:6592–6599PubMedCrossRef Cauthen AN, Swayne DE, Schultz-Cherry S et al (2000) Continued circulation in China of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses encoding the hemagglutinin gene associated with the 1997 H5N1 outbreak in poultry and humans. J Virol 74:6592–6599PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Guan Y, Peiris JS, Lipatov AS et al (2002) Emergence of multiple genotypes of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Hong Kong SAR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:8950–8955PubMedCrossRef Guan Y, Peiris JS, Lipatov AS et al (2002) Emergence of multiple genotypes of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Hong Kong SAR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:8950–8955PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J et al (2004) Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia. Nature 430:209–213PubMedCrossRef Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J et al (2004) Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia. Nature 430:209–213PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Neumann G, Green MA, Macken CA (2010) Evolution of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses and the emergence of dominant variants. J Gen Virol 91:1984–1995PubMedCrossRef Neumann G, Green MA, Macken CA (2010) Evolution of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses and the emergence of dominant variants. J Gen Virol 91:1984–1995PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y (2005) Influenza: lessons from past pandemics, warnings from current incidents. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:591–600PubMedCrossRef Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y (2005) Influenza: lessons from past pandemics, warnings from current incidents. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:591–600PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu J, Xiao H, Lei F et al (2005) Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds. Science 309:1206PubMedCrossRef Liu J, Xiao H, Lei F et al (2005) Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds. Science 309:1206PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Herfst S, Schrauwen EJ, Linster M et al (2012) Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science 336:1534–1541PubMedCrossRef Herfst S, Schrauwen EJ, Linster M et al (2012) Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science 336:1534–1541PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Imai M, Watanabe T, Hatta M et al (2012) Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets. Nature 486:420–428PubMed Imai M, Watanabe T, Hatta M et al (2012) Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets. Nature 486:420–428PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Fouchier RA, Schneeberger PM, Rozendaal FW et al (2004) Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:1356–1361PubMedCrossRef Fouchier RA, Schneeberger PM, Rozendaal FW et al (2004) Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:1356–1361PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Kolfschooten F van (2003) Dutch veterinarian becomes first victim of avian influenza. Lancet 361:1444PubMedCrossRef Kolfschooten F van (2003) Dutch veterinarian becomes first victim of avian influenza. Lancet 361:1444PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Peiris M, Yuen KY, Leung CW et al (1999) Human infection with influenza H9N2. Lancet 354:916–917PubMedCrossRef Peiris M, Yuen KY, Leung CW et al (1999) Human infection with influenza H9N2. Lancet 354:916–917PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat WHO (2003) Disease alert: 10 December 2003. Influenza A(H9N2) in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. In: World Health Organization. www.who.int/csr/don/2003 WHO (2003) Disease alert: 10 December 2003. Influenza A(H9N2) in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. In: World Health Organization. www.who.int/csr/don/2003
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi YK, Ozaki H, Webby RJ et al (2004) Continuing evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in Southeastern China. J Virol 78:8609–8614PubMedCrossRef Choi YK, Ozaki H, Webby RJ et al (2004) Continuing evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in Southeastern China. J Virol 78:8609–8614PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Klenk HD, Garten W, Matrosovich M (2011) Molecular mechanisms of interspecies transmission and pathogenicity of influenza viruses: lessons from the 2009 pandemic. Bioessays 33:180–188PubMedCrossRef Klenk HD, Garten W, Matrosovich M (2011) Molecular mechanisms of interspecies transmission and pathogenicity of influenza viruses: lessons from the 2009 pandemic. Bioessays 33:180–188PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Matrosovich MN, Klenk HD, Kawaoka Y (2006) Receptor specificity, host-range and pathogenicity of influenza viruses. In: Kawaoka Y (Hrsg) Influenza virology: current topics. Caister Academic Press, Wymondham, S 95–137 Matrosovich MN, Klenk HD, Kawaoka Y (2006) Receptor specificity, host-range and pathogenicity of influenza viruses. In: Kawaoka Y (Hrsg) Influenza virology: current topics. Caister Academic Press, Wymondham, S 95–137
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Matrosovich MN, Matrosovich TY, Gray T et al (2004) Human and avian influenza viruses target different cell types in cultures of human airway epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:4620–4624PubMedCrossRef Matrosovich MN, Matrosovich TY, Gray T et al (2004) Human and avian influenza viruses target different cell types in cultures of human airway epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:4620–4624PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S et al (2006) Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway. Nature 440:435–436PubMedCrossRef Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S et al (2006) Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway. Nature 440:435–436PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Riel D van, Munster VJ, Wit E de et al (2007) Human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals. Am J Pathol 171:1215–1223PubMedCrossRef Riel D van, Munster VJ, Wit E de et al (2007) Human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals. Am J Pathol 171:1215–1223PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu Y, Childs RA, Matrosovich T et al (2010) Altered receptor specificity and cell tropism of D222G hemagglutinin mutants isolated from fatal cases of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza virus. J Virol 84:12069–12074PubMedCrossRef Liu Y, Childs RA, Matrosovich T et al (2010) Altered receptor specificity and cell tropism of D222G hemagglutinin mutants isolated from fatal cases of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza virus. J Virol 84:12069–12074PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Boettcher E, Matrosovich T, Beyerle M et al (2006) Proteolytic activation of influenza viruses by serine proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT from human airway epithelium. J Virol 80:9896–9898CrossRef Boettcher E, Matrosovich T, Beyerle M et al (2006) Proteolytic activation of influenza viruses by serine proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT from human airway epithelium. J Virol 80:9896–9898CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Boettcher-Friebertshäuser E, Freuer C, Sieloff F et al (2010) Cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin by airway proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT differs in subcellular localization and susceptibility to protease inhibitors. J Virol 84:5605–5614CrossRef Boettcher-Friebertshäuser E, Freuer C, Sieloff F et al (2010) Cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin by airway proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT differs in subcellular localization and susceptibility to protease inhibitors. J Virol 84:5605–5614CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Tashiro M, Ciborowski P, Klenk HD et al (1987) Role of Staphylococcus protease in the development of influenza pneumonia. Nature 325:536–537PubMedCrossRef Tashiro M, Ciborowski P, Klenk HD et al (1987) Role of Staphylococcus protease in the development of influenza pneumonia. Nature 325:536–537PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Garten W, Klenk HD (2008) Cleavage activation of the influenza virus hemagglutinin and its role in pathogenesis. In: Klenk HD, Matrosovich MN, Stech J (Hrsg) Avian influenza. Karger, Basel, S 156–167 Garten W, Klenk HD (2008) Cleavage activation of the influenza virus hemagglutinin and its role in pathogenesis. In: Klenk HD, Matrosovich MN, Stech J (Hrsg) Avian influenza. Karger, Basel, S 156–167
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Veits J, Weber S, Stech O et al (2012) Avian influenza virus hemagglutinins H2, H4, H8, and H14 support a highly pathogenic phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:2579–2584PubMedCrossRef Veits J, Weber S, Stech O et al (2012) Avian influenza virus hemagglutinins H2, H4, H8, and H14 support a highly pathogenic phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:2579–2584PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Suguitan AL Jr, Matsuoka Y, Lau YF et al (2012) The multibasic cleavage site of the hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) avian influenza virus acts as a virulence factor in a host-specific manner in mammals. J Virol 86:2706–2714PubMedCrossRef Suguitan AL Jr, Matsuoka Y, Lau YF et al (2012) The multibasic cleavage site of the hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) avian influenza virus acts as a virulence factor in a host-specific manner in mammals. J Virol 86:2706–2714PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Qi L, Kash JC, Dugan VG et al (2011) The ability of pandemic influenza virus hemagglutinins to induce lower respiratory pathology is associated with decreased surfactant protein D binding. Virology 412:426–434PubMedCrossRef Qi L, Kash JC, Dugan VG et al (2011) The ability of pandemic influenza virus hemagglutinins to induce lower respiratory pathology is associated with decreased surfactant protein D binding. Virology 412:426–434PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Skehel JJ, Wiley DC (2000) Receptor binding and membrane fusion in virus entry: the influenza hemagglutinin. Annu Rev Biochem 69:531–569PubMedCrossRef Skehel JJ, Wiley DC (2000) Receptor binding and membrane fusion in virus entry: the influenza hemagglutinin. Annu Rev Biochem 69:531–569PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Ping J, Keleta L, Forbes NE et al (2011) Genomic and protein structural maps of adaptive evolution of human influenza A virus to increased virulence in the mouse. PLoS One 6:e21740PubMedCrossRef Ping J, Keleta L, Forbes NE et al (2011) Genomic and protein structural maps of adaptive evolution of human influenza A virus to increased virulence in the mouse. PLoS One 6:e21740PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Karlas A, Machuy N, Shin Y et al (2010) Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies human host factors crucial for influenza virus replication. Nature 463:818–822PubMedCrossRef Karlas A, Machuy N, Shin Y et al (2010) Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies human host factors crucial for influenza virus replication. Nature 463:818–822PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Koenig R, Stertz S, Zhou Y et al (2010) Human host factors required for influenza virus replication. Nature 463:813–817CrossRef Koenig R, Stertz S, Zhou Y et al (2010) Human host factors required for influenza virus replication. Nature 463:813–817CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Gabriel G, Herwig A, Klenk HD (2008) Interaction of polymerase subunit PB2 and NP with importin alpha1 is a determinant of host range of influenza A virus. PLoS Pathog 4:e11PubMedCrossRef Gabriel G, Herwig A, Klenk HD (2008) Interaction of polymerase subunit PB2 and NP with importin alpha1 is a determinant of host range of influenza A virus. PLoS Pathog 4:e11PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Hale BG, Randall RE, Ortin J, Jackson D (2008) The multifunctional NS1 protein of influenza A viruses. J Gen Virol 89:2359–2376PubMedCrossRef Hale BG, Randall RE, Ortin J, Jackson D (2008) The multifunctional NS1 protein of influenza A viruses. J Gen Virol 89:2359–2376PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Jackson D, Hossain MJ, Hickman D et al (2008) A new influenza virus virulence determinant: the NS1 protein four C-terminal residues modulate pathogenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:4381–4386PubMedCrossRef Jackson D, Hossain MJ, Hickman D et al (2008) A new influenza virus virulence determinant: the NS1 protein four C-terminal residues modulate pathogenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:4381–4386PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Obenauer JC, Denson J, Mehta PK et al (2006) Large-scale sequence analysis of avian influenza isolates. Science 311:1576–1580PubMedCrossRef Obenauer JC, Denson J, Mehta PK et al (2006) Large-scale sequence analysis of avian influenza isolates. Science 311:1576–1580PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Javier RT, Rice AP (2011) Emerging theme: cellular PDZ proteins as common targets of pathogenic viruses. J Virol 85:11544–11556PubMedCrossRef Javier RT, Rice AP (2011) Emerging theme: cellular PDZ proteins as common targets of pathogenic viruses. J Virol 85:11544–11556PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhirnov OP, Konakova TE, Wolff T, Klenk HD (2002) NS1 protein of influenza A virus down-regulates apoptosis. J Virol 76:1617–1625PubMedCrossRef Zhirnov OP, Konakova TE, Wolff T, Klenk HD (2002) NS1 protein of influenza A virus down-regulates apoptosis. J Virol 76:1617–1625PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Schultz-Cherry S, Dybdahl-Sissoko N, Neumann G et al (2001) Influenza virus NS1 protein induces apoptosis in cultured cells. J Virol 75:7875–7881PubMedCrossRef Schultz-Cherry S, Dybdahl-Sissoko N, Neumann G et al (2001) Influenza virus NS1 protein induces apoptosis in cultured cells. J Virol 75:7875–7881PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Evolution und Infektionsbiologie neuer Influenza-A-Viren mit pandemischem Potenzial
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. H.D. Klenk
Publikationsdatum
01.01.2013
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz / Ausgabe 1/2013
Print ISSN: 1436-9990
Elektronische ISSN: 1437-1588
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-012-1584-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2013

Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 1/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Bekanntmachungen - Amtliche Mitteilungen

Richtwerte für Methylisobutylketon in der Innenraumluft

Leitlinien kompakt für die Allgemeinmedizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Facharzt-Training Allgemeinmedizin

Die ideale Vorbereitung zur anstehenden Prüfung mit den ersten 24 von 100 klinischen Fallbeispielen verschiedener Themenfelder

Mehr erfahren

Neu im Fachgebiet Allgemeinmedizin

11.04.2024 | DGP 2024 | Kongressbericht | Nachrichten

COPD früher diagnostizieren – und dann?

09.04.2024 | Sexuell übertragbare Erkrankungen | Podcast | Nachrichten

Wer kümmert sich um STI bei Frauen?

mit Dr. med. Angela Schuster und Pauline Meurer, Institut für Allgemeinmedizin, Charité Berlin
In Kooperation mit:
Zeitschrift für Allgemeinmedizin, DEGAM

Update Allgemeinmedizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.