Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 6/2014

01.12.2014 | Original Paper

Examining Patient Race and Area Predictors of Inpatient Admission for Schizophrenia Among Hospital Users in California

verfasst von: Anna Durbin, David Rudoler, Janet Durbin, Audrey Laporte, Russell C. Callaghan

Erschienen in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health | Ausgabe 6/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

According to international research African-Caribbean and Black African populations have increased risk of hospitalization for schizophrenia, compared to Whites. Less is known about admission risk for other racial–ethnic groups. This study investigated racial–ethnic differences in hospital admission for schizophrenia in California. It also investigated the influence of area social factors (racial–ethnic neighborhood composition, and per capita income) and health service factors (presence of primary care clinics). The study sample included individuals admitted to a California hospital during 1990–2005 with a primary appendicitis related diagnosis, and without a prior or concurrent indication of schizophrenia. The adjusted logistic model examined how patient racial–ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic, Other), other personal, area social characteristics and presence of primary care clinics influenced hospital admissions for schizophrenia. Black individuals were almost twice as likely as Whites to be admitted while Hispanics and Other race individuals were less to be admitted. In addition, male sex, having more comorbidities and living in areas with greater proportions of non-Whites increased risk. The increased risk for Blacks compared to Whites was consistent with the existing literature. However, this is among the first studies to report that Hispanics had a reduced risk of admission for schizophrenia, compared to Whites. Future studies may want to include a broader range of health services to better understand patterns of care use among individuals with schizophrenia.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. Achieving the promise: transforming mental health care in America. Rockville, MD: 2003. Report nr DHHS pub SMA-03-03882. New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. Achieving the promise: transforming mental health care in America. Rockville, MD: 2003. Report nr DHHS pub SMA-03-03882.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat US Department of Health and Human Services. Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity. A supplement to mental health: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: 2001. US Department of Health and Human Services. Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity. A supplement to mental health: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: 2001.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharpley M, Hutchinson G, McKenzie K, Murray RM. Understanding the excess of psychosis among the African-Caribbean population in England. Review of current hypotheses. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;Suppl 40:s60–8.CrossRef Sharpley M, Hutchinson G, McKenzie K, Murray RM. Understanding the excess of psychosis among the African-Caribbean population in England. Review of current hypotheses. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;Suppl 40:s60–8.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Fearon P, Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Lloyd T, Hutchinson G, Tarrant J, Fung WL, Holloway J, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP study. Psychol Med. 2006;36(11):1541–50.PubMedCrossRef Fearon P, Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Lloyd T, Hutchinson G, Tarrant J, Fung WL, Holloway J, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP study. Psychol Med. 2006;36(11):1541–50.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Morgan C, Hutchinson G. The social determinants of psychosis in migrant and ethnic minority populations: a public health tragedy. Psychol Med. 2010;40:705.CrossRef Morgan C, Hutchinson G. The social determinants of psychosis in migrant and ethnic minority populations: a public health tragedy. Psychol Med. 2010;40:705.CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Barnes A. Race, schizophrenia, and admission to state psychiatric hospitals. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2004;31(3):241–52.PubMedCrossRef Barnes A. Race, schizophrenia, and admission to state psychiatric hospitals. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2004;31(3):241–52.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Flaskerud JH, Hu LT. Relationship of ethnicity to psychiatric diagnosis. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1992;180(5):296–303.PubMedCrossRef Flaskerud JH, Hu LT. Relationship of ethnicity to psychiatric diagnosis. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1992;180(5):296–303.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Neighbors HW, Trierweiler SJ, Ford BC, Muroff JR. Racial differences in DSM diagnosis using a semi-structured instrument: the importance of clinical judgment in the diagnosis of African Americans. J Health Soc Behav. 2003;44(3):237–56.PubMedCrossRef Neighbors HW, Trierweiler SJ, Ford BC, Muroff JR. Racial differences in DSM diagnosis using a semi-structured instrument: the importance of clinical judgment in the diagnosis of African Americans. J Health Soc Behav. 2003;44(3):237–56.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Kales HC, Blow FC, Bingham CR, Copeland LA, Mellow AM. Race and inpatient psychiatric diagnoses among elderly veterans. Psychiatr Serv. 2000;51(6):795–800.PubMedCrossRef Kales HC, Blow FC, Bingham CR, Copeland LA, Mellow AM. Race and inpatient psychiatric diagnoses among elderly veterans. Psychiatr Serv. 2000;51(6):795–800.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Bresnahan M, Begg MD, Brown A, Schaefer C, Sohler N, Insel B, Vella L, Susser E. Race and risk of schizophrenia in a US birth cohort: Another example of health disparity? Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(4):751–8.PubMedCrossRef Bresnahan M, Begg MD, Brown A, Schaefer C, Sohler N, Insel B, Vella L, Susser E. Race and risk of schizophrenia in a US birth cohort: Another example of health disparity? Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(4):751–8.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat King M, Coker E, Leavey G, Hoare A, Johnson-Sabine E. Incidence of psychotic illness in London: comparison of ethnic groups. BMJ. 1994;309(6962):1115–9.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral King M, Coker E, Leavey G, Hoare A, Johnson-Sabine E. Incidence of psychotic illness in London: comparison of ethnic groups. BMJ. 1994;309(6962):1115–9.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhurga D. Ethnic factors and service utilization. Curr Opin Psychiatr. 2002;15:201.CrossRef Bhurga D. Ethnic factors and service utilization. Curr Opin Psychiatr. 2002;15:201.CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat van Os J, Castle DJ, Takei N, Der G, Murray RM. Psychotic illness in ethnic minorities: clarification from the 1991 census. Psychol Med. 1996;26(1):203–8.CrossRef van Os J, Castle DJ, Takei N, Der G, Murray RM. Psychotic illness in ethnic minorities: clarification from the 1991 census. Psychol Med. 1996;26(1):203–8.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, Thorup A, Ohlenschlaeger J, le Quach P, Christensen TO, Krarup G, Jorgensen P, Nordentoft M. Five-year follow-up of a randomized multicenter trial of intensive early intervention vs standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness: the OPUS trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(7):762–71.PubMedCrossRef Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, Thorup A, Ohlenschlaeger J, le Quach P, Christensen TO, Krarup G, Jorgensen P, Nordentoft M. Five-year follow-up of a randomized multicenter trial of intensive early intervention vs standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness: the OPUS trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(7):762–71.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Bao Y, Fisher J, Studnicki J. Racial differences in behavioral inpatient diagnosis: examining the mechanisms using the 2004 Florida inpatient discharge data. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2008;35(3):347–57.PubMedCrossRef Bao Y, Fisher J, Studnicki J. Racial differences in behavioral inpatient diagnosis: examining the mechanisms using the 2004 Florida inpatient discharge data. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2008;35(3):347–57.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Lancet Global Mental Health Group, Chisholm D, Flisher AJ, Lund C, Patel V, Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Tomlinson M. Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action. Lancet. 2007;370(9594):1241–52.PubMedCrossRef Lancet Global Mental Health Group, Chisholm D, Flisher AJ, Lund C, Patel V, Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Tomlinson M. Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action. Lancet. 2007;370(9594):1241–52.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Kapusta ND, Posch M, Niederkrotenthaler T, Fischer-Kern M, Etzersdorfer E, Sonneck G. Availability of mental health service providers and suicide rates in Austria: a nationwide study. Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61(12):1198–203.PubMedCrossRef Kapusta ND, Posch M, Niederkrotenthaler T, Fischer-Kern M, Etzersdorfer E, Sonneck G. Availability of mental health service providers and suicide rates in Austria: a nationwide study. Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61(12):1198–203.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Samele C, Patel M, Boydell J, Leese M, Wessely S, Murray R. Physical illness and lifestyle risk factors in people with their first presentation of psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42(2):117–24.PubMedCrossRef Samele C, Patel M, Boydell J, Leese M, Wessely S, Murray R. Physical illness and lifestyle risk factors in people with their first presentation of psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42(2):117–24.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Shi L. Experience of primary care by racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Med Care. 1999;37(10):1068–77.PubMedCrossRef Shi L. Experience of primary care by racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Med Care. 1999;37(10):1068–77.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Snowden LR. Barriers to effective mental health services for African Americans. Ment Health Serv Res. 2001;3(4):181–7.PubMedCrossRef Snowden LR. Barriers to effective mental health services for African Americans. Ment Health Serv Res. 2001;3(4):181–7.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Hjern A, Wicks S, Dalman C. Social adversity contributes to high morbidity in psychoses in immigrants–a national cohort study in two generations of Swedish residents. Psychol Med. 2004;34(6):1025–33.PubMedCrossRef Hjern A, Wicks S, Dalman C. Social adversity contributes to high morbidity in psychoses in immigrants–a national cohort study in two generations of Swedish residents. Psychol Med. 2004;34(6):1025–33.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Westman J, Sundquist J, Johansson LM, Johansson SE, Sundquist K. Country of birth and suicide: a follow-up study of a national cohort in Sweden. Arch Suicide Res. 2006;10(3):239–48.PubMedCrossRef Westman J, Sundquist J, Johansson LM, Johansson SE, Sundquist K. Country of birth and suicide: a follow-up study of a national cohort in Sweden. Arch Suicide Res. 2006;10(3):239–48.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Leao TS, Sundquist J, Frank G, Johansson LM, Johansson SE, Sundquist K. Incidence of schizophrenia or other psychoses in first- and second-generation immigrants: a national cohort study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(1):27–33.PubMedCrossRef Leao TS, Sundquist J, Frank G, Johansson LM, Johansson SE, Sundquist K. Incidence of schizophrenia or other psychoses in first- and second-generation immigrants: a national cohort study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(1):27–33.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Sundquist K, Frank G, Sundquist J. Urbanisation and incidence of psychosis and depression: follow-up study of 4.4 million women and men in Sweden. Br J Psychiatr. 2004;184:293–8.CrossRef Sundquist K, Frank G, Sundquist J. Urbanisation and incidence of psychosis and depression: follow-up study of 4.4 million women and men in Sweden. Br J Psychiatr. 2004;184:293–8.CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldberg S, Fruchter E, Davidson M, Reichenberg A, Yoffe R, Weiser M. The relationship between risk of hospitalization for schizophrenia, SES, and cognitive functioning. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(4):664–70.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Goldberg S, Fruchter E, Davidson M, Reichenberg A, Yoffe R, Weiser M. The relationship between risk of hospitalization for schizophrenia, SES, and cognitive functioning. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(4):664–70.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Durbin A, Lin E, Taylor L, Callaghan RC. First-generation immigrants and hospital admission rates for psychosis and affective disorders: an ecological study in Ontario. Can J Psychiatr. 2011;56(7):418–26. Durbin A, Lin E, Taylor L, Callaghan RC. First-generation immigrants and hospital admission rates for psychosis and affective disorders: an ecological study in Ontario. Can J Psychiatr. 2011;56(7):418–26.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Loffler W, Hafner H. Ecological pattern of first admitted schizophrenics in two German cities over 25 years. Soc Sci Med. 1999;49(1):93–108.PubMedCrossRef Loffler W, Hafner H. Ecological pattern of first admitted schizophrenics in two German cities over 25 years. Soc Sci Med. 1999;49(1):93–108.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams DR. Race, socioeconomic status, and health. the added effects of racism and discrimination. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;896:173–88.PubMedCrossRef Williams DR. Race, socioeconomic status, and health. the added effects of racism and discrimination. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;896:173–88.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Chow JC, Jaffee K, Snowden L. Racial/ethnic disparities in the use of mental health services in poverty areas. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(5):792–7.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Chow JC, Jaffee K, Snowden L. Racial/ethnic disparities in the use of mental health services in poverty areas. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(5):792–7.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Newbold B. The short-term health of Canada’s new immigrant arrivals: evidence from LSIC. Ethn Health. 2009;14(3):315–36.PubMedCrossRef Newbold B. The short-term health of Canada’s new immigrant arrivals: evidence from LSIC. Ethn Health. 2009;14(3):315–36.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat McGrath J, Saha S, Welham J, El Saadi O, MacCauley C, Chant D. A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: The distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology. BMC Med. 2004;28(2):13.CrossRef McGrath J, Saha S, Welham J, El Saadi O, MacCauley C, Chant D. A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: The distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology. BMC Med. 2004;28(2):13.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Callaghan RC, Cunningham JK, Sajeev G, Kish SJ. Incidence of Parkinson’s disease among hospital patients with methamphetamine-use disorders. Mov Disord. 2010;25(14):2333–9.PubMedCrossRef Callaghan RC, Cunningham JK, Sajeev G, Kish SJ. Incidence of Parkinson’s disease among hospital patients with methamphetamine-use disorders. Mov Disord. 2010;25(14):2333–9.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Sauerland S, Lefering R, Neugebauer EA. Laparoscopic versus open surgery for suspected appendicitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;18(4):CD001546. Sauerland S, Lefering R, Neugebauer EA. Laparoscopic versus open surgery for suspected appendicitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;18(4):CD001546.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin HC, Hsiao FH, Pfeiffer S, Hwang YT, Lee HC. An increased risk of stroke among young schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res. 2008;101:234.PubMedCrossRef Lin HC, Hsiao FH, Pfeiffer S, Hwang YT, Lee HC. An increased risk of stroke among young schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res. 2008;101:234.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartz AH, Perlman BB, Paris M, Schmidt K, Thornton JC. Psychiatric diagnoses as reported to Medicaid and as recorded in patient charts. Am J Public Health. 1980;70(4):406–8.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Schwartz AH, Perlman BB, Paris M, Schmidt K, Thornton JC. Psychiatric diagnoses as reported to Medicaid and as recorded in patient charts. Am J Public Health. 1980;70(4):406–8.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Rawson NS, Malcolm E, D’Arcy C. Reliability of the recording of schizophrenia and depressive disorder in the Saskatchewan health care data files. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1997;32(4):191–9.PubMedCrossRef Rawson NS, Malcolm E, D’Arcy C. Reliability of the recording of schizophrenia and depressive disorder in the Saskatchewan health care data files. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1997;32(4):191–9.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Kashner TM. Agreement between administrative files and written medical records: a case of the department of veterans affairs. Med Care. 1998;36(9):1324–36.PubMedCrossRef Kashner TM. Agreement between administrative files and written medical records: a case of the department of veterans affairs. Med Care. 1998;36(9):1324–36.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat MIRCal—inpatient data reporting manual. MIRCal—inpatient data reporting manual.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Editing criteria handbook. Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development [Internet] Sacramento, CA; c1995. Editing criteria handbook. Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development [Internet] Sacramento, CA; c1995.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. Primary care and specialty clinics annual utilization data; 2009. Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. Primary care and specialty clinics annual utilization data; 2009.
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Stata Statistical Software: release 11. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP. [Internet]; c2009. Stata Statistical Software: release 11. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP. [Internet]; c2009.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler RC, Birnbaum H, Demler O, Falloon IR, Gagnon E, Guyer M, Howes MJ, Kendler KS, Shi L, Walters E, et al. The prevalence and correlates of non affective psychosis in the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). Biol Psychiatr. 2005;58(8):668–76.CrossRef Kessler RC, Birnbaum H, Demler O, Falloon IR, Gagnon E, Guyer M, Howes MJ, Kendler KS, Shi L, Walters E, et al. The prevalence and correlates of non affective psychosis in the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). Biol Psychiatr. 2005;58(8):668–76.CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Earl T, Williams D, Anglade S. An update on the mental health of black Americans: Puzzling dilemmas and needed research. J Black Psychol. 2011;37(4):485–98.CrossRef Earl T, Williams D, Anglade S. An update on the mental health of black Americans: Puzzling dilemmas and needed research. J Black Psychol. 2011;37(4):485–98.CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Trierweiler SJ, Neighbors HW, Munday C, Thompson EE, Binion VJ, Gomez JP. Clinician attributions associated with the diagnosis of schizophrenia in African American and non-African American patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(1):171–5.PubMedCrossRef Trierweiler SJ, Neighbors HW, Munday C, Thompson EE, Binion VJ, Gomez JP. Clinician attributions associated with the diagnosis of schizophrenia in African American and non-African American patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(1):171–5.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Whaley AL. Cultural mistrust of white mental health clinicians among African Americans with severe mental illness. Am J Orthopsychiatr. 2001;71(2):252–6.CrossRef Whaley AL. Cultural mistrust of white mental health clinicians among African Americans with severe mental illness. Am J Orthopsychiatr. 2001;71(2):252–6.CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat DeCoux Hampton M. The role of treatment setting and high acuity in the overdiagnosis of schizophrenia in African Americans. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2007;21(6):327–35.PubMedCrossRef DeCoux Hampton M. The role of treatment setting and high acuity in the overdiagnosis of schizophrenia in African Americans. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2007;21(6):327–35.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Snowden LR, Cheung FK. Use of inpatient mental health services by members of ethnic minority groups. Am Psychol. 1990;45(3):347–55.PubMedCrossRef Snowden LR, Cheung FK. Use of inpatient mental health services by members of ethnic minority groups. Am Psychol. 1990;45(3):347–55.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Dassori AM, Miller AL, Saldana D. Schizophrenia among Hispanics: Epidemiology, phenomenology, course, and outcome. Schizophr Bull. 1995;21(2):303–12.PubMedCrossRef Dassori AM, Miller AL, Saldana D. Schizophrenia among Hispanics: Epidemiology, phenomenology, course, and outcome. Schizophr Bull. 1995;21(2):303–12.PubMedCrossRef
56.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Folsom DP, Gilmer T, Barrio C, Moore DJ, Bucardo J, Lindamer LA, Garcia P, Hawthorne W, Hough R, Patterson T, Jeste DV. A longitudinal study of the use of mental health services by persons with serious mental illness: do Spanish-speaking Latinos differ from English-speaking Latinos and Caucasians? Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(8):1173–80.PubMedCrossRef Folsom DP, Gilmer T, Barrio C, Moore DJ, Bucardo J, Lindamer LA, Garcia P, Hawthorne W, Hough R, Patterson T, Jeste DV. A longitudinal study of the use of mental health services by persons with serious mental illness: do Spanish-speaking Latinos differ from English-speaking Latinos and Caucasians? Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(8):1173–80.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Bain MR, Chalmers JW, Brewster DH. Routinely collected data in national and regional databases–an under-used resource. J Public Health Med. 1997;19(4):413–8.PubMedCrossRef Bain MR, Chalmers JW, Brewster DH. Routinely collected data in national and regional databases–an under-used resource. J Public Health Med. 1997;19(4):413–8.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Examining Patient Race and Area Predictors of Inpatient Admission for Schizophrenia Among Hospital Users in California
verfasst von
Anna Durbin
David Rudoler
Janet Durbin
Audrey Laporte
Russell C. Callaghan
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2014
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health / Ausgabe 6/2014
Print ISSN: 1557-1912
Elektronische ISSN: 1557-1920
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013-9831-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2014

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 6/2014 Zur Ausgabe