Background
Methods
Approach and design
Study population and sample size
Sampling technique
ID | EDUCATIONAL CIRCUIT | POPULATION SIZE OF CIRCUIT | ESTIMATED NO. OF SCHOOLS REQUIRED |
---|---|---|---|
A | Achinakrom | 6 | 3 |
B | Bomfa | 8 | 4 |
C | Ejisu | 11 | 5 |
D | Fumesua | 5 | 2 |
E | Kubease | 8 | 4 |
F | Kwaso | 9 | 4 |
G | New Koforidua | 6 | 3 |
H | Ofoase | 5 | 2 |
I | Juaben | 14 | 6 |
J | Tikrom | 8 | 4 |
TOTAL | 80 | 37 |
Description of data collection procedures and tools
Data analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Characteristics of schools, and distribution of facilities
S/N | Item | Number of Schools | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
A | Functionalb water point/facility | 6 | 16 |
B | Functionalb water reservoir | 4 | 11 |
C | Soap | 25 | 68 |
D | Tap bucket (veronica bucket) | 13 | 36 |
E | Shared/communal aHW receptacle | 12 | 33 |
F | Receptacle (for waste water) | 11 | 31 |
G | Paper/tissue towel | 0 | 0 |
H | Shared cotton towel/napkin | 9 | 24 |
I | Functional handwashing station | 6 | 16 |
J | Functional toilet facility | 21 | 56 |
Financial Provision for HW Facilities | |||
K | Financial Provision for facilities | 10 | 27 |
L | Source of funds | ||
o Capitation grant | 1 | 6 | |
o Internally Generated | 9 | 94 |
A profile of facilities in schools
School Identifier | Student Enrolment M(SD) = 153(81.9) | Existing Functional Facilities | Total no. of facilities | Centrality Indices | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water Point | Hand-washing Station | Water Reservoir | Tap Bucket | Soap | Receptacle (waste water) | Toilet | Budget-Water Supply | ||||
0037 | 309 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 84.8 |
0027 | 198 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 74.8 |
0031 | 84 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 68.8 |
0023 | 178 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 59.8 |
0036 | 177 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 52.1 |
0028 | 201 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 42.7 |
0003 | 99 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 38.4 |
0015 | 46 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 37.4 |
0026 | 144 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 35.4 |
0029 | 258 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 33.7 |
0010 | 108 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 24.7 |
0001 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 23 |
0011 | 142 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 20.7 |
0025 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 18.7 |
0006 | 157 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 17.7 |
0008 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 17.7 |
0030 | 92 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 17.7 |
0034 | 180 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 17.7 |
0020 | 112 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 16.4 |
0032 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 |
0035 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 12.4 |
0024 | 196 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11.7 |
0004 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
0005 | 205 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 8.7 |
0017 | 227 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 8.7 |
0022 | 106 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 8.7 |
0007 | 296 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4.7 |
0018 | 163 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4.7 |
0033 | 334 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4.7 |
0014 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4.0 |
0021 | 134 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4.0 |
0002 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 |
0009 | 72 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 |
0012 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 |
0013 | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 |
0016 | 394 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 |
0019 | 130 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Total number of facilities | 6 | 6 | 4 | 13 | 25 | 11 | 21 | 10 | |||
Assumed centrality | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||
Weight | 16.7 | 16.7 | 25 | 7.7 | 4 | 9.0 | 4.7 | 10 |
Differences in proportions of facilities in schools
Student Enrolment | ||
---|---|---|
Response Variables | p-value (α < 0.05) | Mean(SD) |
Functional Toilet Facility | 0.04 | |
- Exist | 177(76) | |
- Does not exist | 123(82) | |
Functional HWS* | 0.69 | |
- Exist | 165(92) | |
- Does not exist | 150(81) | |
Functional HWS | ||
Explanatory Variables | p, Fisher’s Exact | Cramer’s V |
Functional Water facility | 0.00 | 0.80 |
Functional Toilet facility | 0.16 | – |
Financial Provision for WS+ | 0.03 | 0.39 |
Two-Sample Proportion Test | ||
z (p-value) | Proportion (95% CI) | |
Functional Water facility | −4.87 (0.00) | |
- Within School | 0.83 (0.54–1.13) | |
- Outside School | 0.03 (−0.03–0.10) | |
Financial Provision for water supply | −2.38 (0.02) | |
- Exist | 0.40 (0.10–0 .70) | |
- Does not exist | 0.07 (− 0.02–0.17) |