Introduction
Methods
Variablea | Control individuals | Individuals with T2D | HbA1c ≤52 mmol/mol (≤6.9%) | HbA1c 53–62 mmol/mol (7.0–7.8%) | HbA1c 63–72 mmol/mol (7.9–8.7%) | HbA1c 73–82 mmol/mol (8.8–9.7%) | HbA1c ≥83 mmol/mol (≥9.7%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individualsb, n | 1,323,504 | 266,305 | 158,091 | 53,731 | 26,558 | 13,077 | 14,848 |
Age and sex | |||||||
Women, n (%) | 599,742 (45.3) | 120,641 (45.3) | 74,560 (47.2) | 24,095 (44.8) | 11,162 (42.0) | 5252 (40.2) | 5572 (37.5) |
Age years | 61.9 (11.6) | 62.0 (11.6) | 62.7 (11.5) | 62.4 (11.4) | 60.7 (11.7) | 58.9 (11.7) | 57.2 (11.5) |
Socioeconomic status | |||||||
Swedish born, n (%) | 1,156,415 (87.4) | 217,396 (81.6) | 131,296 (83.1) | 43,488 (80.9) | 21,089 (79.4) | 10,263 (78.5) | 11,260 (75.8) |
Marital status, n (%) | |||||||
Divorced | 219,483 (16.6) | 45,970 (17.3) | 26,198 (16.6) | 9378 (17.5) | 4900 (18.5) | 2477 (18.9) | 3017 (20.3) |
Married | 757,676 (57.2) | 145,885 (54.8) | 88,961 (56.3) | 29,350 (54.6) | 13,918 (52.4) | 6627 (50.7) | 7029 (47.3) |
Single | 219,019 (16.5) | 46,110 (17.3) | 25,541 (16.2) | 8909 (16.6) | 5046 (19.0) | 2830 (21.6) | 3784 (25.5) |
Widowed | 127,262 (9.6) | 28,340 (10.6) | 17,391 (11.0) | 6094 (11.3) | 2694 (10.1) | 1143 (8.7) | 1018 (6.9) |
Education, n (%) | |||||||
≤9 years | 424,310 (32.5) | 104,051 (39.8) | 60,943 (39.1) | 21,955 (41.7) | 10,723 (41.3) | 5133 (40.3) | 5297 (36.5) |
10–12 years | 542,668 (41.5) | 112,736 (43.1) | 66,869 (42.9) | 22,407 (42.5) | 11,160 (43.0) | 5597 (43.9) | 6703 (46.2) |
College/university | 339,790 (26.0) | 44,903 (17.2) | 27,985 (18.0) | 8310 (15.8) | 4090 (15.7) | 2013 (15.8) | 2505 (17.3) |
Disposable income (SEKc), median (interquartile range) | 1652 (1163–2425) | 1453 (1091–2114) | 1470 (1109–2134) | 1416 (1067–2071) | 1408 (1054–2030) | 1425 (1056–2081) | 1506 (1088–2231) |
Coexisting conditions at baseline, n (%) | |||||||
Atrial fibrillation | 35,645 (2.7) | 11,078 (4.2) | 6932 (4.4) | 2234 (4.2) | 1025 (3.9) | 497 (3.8) | 390 (2.6) |
Acute myocardial infarction | 36,703 (2.8) | 16,765 (6.3) | 10,218 (6.5) | 3548 (6.6) | 1656 (6.2) | 720 (5.5) | 623 (4.2) |
Coronary heart disease | 77,025 (5.8) | 32,637 (12.3) | 19,896 (12.6) | 6973 (13.0) | 3213 (12.1) | 1373 (10.5) | 1182 (8.0) |
Stroke | 36,059 (2.7) | 12,262 (4.6) | 7661 (4.8) | 2499 (4.7) | 1172 (4.4) | 498 (3.8) | 432 (2.9) |
Renal dialysis or transplantation | 1334 (0.1) | 394 (0.1) | 238 (0.2) | 83 (0.2) | 44 (0.2) | 12 (0.1) | 17 (0.1) |
Cancer | 74,773 (5.6) | 16,814 (6.3) | 10,386 (6.6) | 3453 (6.4) | 1613 (6.1) | 665 (5.1) | 697 (4.7) |
Variables from the NDR | |||||||
Diabetes duration (years) | NA | 2.8 (3.0) | 2.4 (2.7) | 3.4 (3.2) | 3.7 (3.3) | 3.6 (3.4) | 2.4 (3.2) |
Debut age of diabetes (years) | NA | 59.2 (11.5) | 60.3 (11.4) | 59.0 (11.3) | 57.0 (11.5) | 55.4 (11.5) | 54.8 (11.6) |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | NA | 53.8 (15.2) | 44.6 (5.0) | 56.5 (2.6) | 66.8 (2.8) | 76.9 (2.8) | 98.1 (13.0) |
HbA1c (%) | NA | 7.1 (1.39) | 6.2 (0.46) | 7.3 (0.24) | 8.3 (0.26) | 9.2 (0.26) | 11.1 (1.19) |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | NA | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.0 (0.9) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.1) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | NA | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.2) | 5.6 (1.4) |
Smokers, n (%) | NA | 41,537 (17.0) | 22,818 (15.7) | 8447 (17.1) | 4669 (19.2) | 2571 (21.5) | 3032 (22.7) |
BMI (kg/m2) | NA | 30.2 (5.5) | 29.9 (5.3) | 30.5 (5.5) | 30.6 (5.6) | 31.0 (5.9) | 30.6 (6.0) |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | NA | 138.9 (17.6) | 138.2 (17.3) | 139.9 (17.8) | 140.2 (18.1) | 140.3 (18.6) | 139.0 (18.7) |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | NA | 79.6 (9.7) | 79.0 (9.5) | 79.9 (9.7) | 80.6 (9.7) | 81.4 (10.0) | 82.3 (10.3) |
Albuminuria, n (%) | NA | ||||||
No albuminuria | NA | 159,089 (81.8) | 97,256 (84.2) | 31,816 (80.4) | 15,170 (77.6) | 7172 (75.5) | 7675 (74.8) |
Microalbuminuria | NA | 24,436 (12.6) | 12,839 (11.1) | 5299 (13.4) | 2983 (15.3) | 1580 (16.6) | 1735 (16.9) |
Macroalbuminuria | NA | 10,929 (5.6) | 5472 (4.7) | 2460 (6.2) | 1404 (7.2) | 742 (7.8) | 851 (8.3) |
eGFR (ml min−1 [1.73 m] −2) | NA | 84.3 (23.0) | 82.2 (21.5) | 84.3 (23.1) | 87.4 (24.6) | 91.0 (26.0) | 97.1 (27.5) |
Antihypertensive therapy, n (%) | NA | 153,251 (61.5) | 94,757 (63.9) | 31,267 (62.1) | 14,390 (57.9) | 6507 (53.5) | 6330 (47.1) |
Statin therapy, n (%) | NA | 99,690 (40.0) | 61,013 (41.1) | 20,876 (41.4) | 9476 (38.3) | 4276 (35.3) | 4049 (30.2) |
Glucose-lowering therapy, n (%) | NA | ||||||
No pharmacological treatment | NA | 104,635 (39.3) | 82,506 (52.2) | 13,920 (25.9) | 4234 (15.9) | 1726 (13.2) | 2249 (15.1) |
Oral agents | NA | 120,556 (45.3) | 60,650 (38.4) | 29,949 (55.7) | 14,884 (56.0) | 7110 (54.4) | 7963 (53.6) |
Insulin | NA | 21,252 (8.0) | 8529 (5.4) | 4845 (9.0) | 3598 (13.5) | 2072 (15.8) | 2208 (14.9) |
Insulin + oral agents | NA | 19,862 (7.5) | 6406 (4.1) | 5017 (9.3) | 3842 (14.5) | 2169 (16.6) | 2428 (16.4) |
Group | Heart failure events (any diagnosis), n | Event rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) | Heart failure events (primary or secondary diagnosisa), n | Event rate per 1000 person-years (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | ||||
Controls | 50,157 | 6.2 (6.2, 6.3) | 22,259 | 2.7 (2.7, 2.8) |
T2D | 18,715 | 11.9 (11.8, 12.1) | 9326 | 5.9 (5.7, 6.0) |
Individuals with T2D by HbA1c [mmol/mol (%)] | ||||
≤52 (≤6.9) | 9860 | 10.8 (10.6, 11.0) | 4784 | 5.2 (5.0, 5.3) |
53–62 (7.0–7.8) | 4395 | 13.4 (13.0, 13.8) | 2204 | 6.6 (6.3, 6.9) |
63–72 (7.9–8.7) | 2336 | 13.8 (13.2, 14.3) | 1208 | 7.0 (6.6, 7.4) |
73–82 (8.8–9.7) | 1169 | 14.5 (13.7, 15.4) | 599 | 7.3 (6.7, 7.9) |
≥83 (≥9.7) | 955 | 12.5 (11.8, 13.4) | 531 | 6.9 (6.3, 7.5) |
Individuals with T2D by albuminuria and stage 5 CKDb | ||||
No albuminuria | 9691 | 9.9 (9.7, 10.1) | 4769 | 4.8 (4.7, 5.0) |
Microalbuminuria | 2386 | 16.4 (15.7, 17.0) | 1269 | 8.5 (8.1, 9.0) |
Macroalbuminuria | 1566 | 25.4 (24.1, 26.7) | 821 | 12.9 (12.1, 13.9) |
Stage 5 CKD | 70 | 31.9 (24.9, 40.3) | 28 | 12.3 (8.2, 17.8) |
Individuals with T2D by eGFR (ml min−1 [1.73 m] −2) and stage 5 CKDb | ||||
>90 | 2511 | 6.3 (6.1, 6.6) | 1173 | 2.9 (2.8, 3.1) |
60–90 | 6428 | 10.1 (9.9, 10.3) | 3169 | 4.9 (4.7, 5.1) |
45–60 | 2604 | 21.1 (20.3, 21.9) | 1294 | 10.2 (9.7, 10.8) |
30–45 | 989 | 41.4 (38.9, 44.1) | 513 | 20.6 (18.8, 22.4) |
15–30 | 219 | 65.9 (57.5, 75.2) | 123 | 35.2 (29.2, 42.0) |
Stage 5 CKD | 70 | 31.9 (24.9, 40.3) | 28 | 12.3 (8.2, 17.8) |