Background
Methods
Preparation of the dataset
Generation of the pharmacophore model
Validation of the generated pharmacophore model
Database screening for extracting the candidate compounds
Drug-likeness assessment
Molecular docking studies
Density functional theory
Molecular dynamics simulations
Results
HypoGen based pharmacophore model generation
Hypo no | Total costa | Cost difference | RMSDb | Correlation | Featuresc | Max fit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypo1 | 111.95 | 71.22 | 0.7 | 0.97 | HyAli, 2HyB,RA | 11.4 |
Hypo 2 | 113.31 | 69.86 | 0.7 | 0.96 | HyAli, 2HyB,RA | 11.5 |
Hypo 3 | 116.45 | 66.71 | 0.8 | 0.95 | HyAli,HyB,RA,HBA | 11.9 |
Hypo 4 | 116.47 | 66.69 | 1.0 | 0.94 | HBA, HBD 2HyB | 10.7 |
Hypo 5 | 117.11 | 66.05 | 0.9 | 0.94 | HyAli,HyB,RA,HBA | 11.5 |
Hypo 6 | 119.51 | 63.65 | 1.0 | 0.93 | HBA,HBD,2HyB | 11.26 |
Hypo 7 | 119.52 | 63.65 | 0.9 | 0.95 | HBA,2HyB,RA | 12.65 |
Hypo 8 | 119.82 | 63.35 | 0.9 | 0.94 | HBA,Hy-Ali,HD,RA | 12.33 |
Hypo 9 | 119.94 | 63.23 | 1.2 | 0.91 | HBA,Hy-Ali,2HyB, RA | 11.98 |
Hypo10 | 120.52 | 62.65 | 1.1 | 0.91 | HBA,HBD,HY-Ali | 7.8 |
Name | Fit value | Experimental IC50 (nmol/L) | Predicted IC 50 (nmol/L) | Errora | Experimental scale | Predicted scale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Molecule1 | 10.47 | 0.2 | 0.191 | −1.04 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule2 | 8.58 | 5.2 | 14.9 | 2.86 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule3 | 8.40351 | 7.79 | 22.7 | 2.91 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule4 | 8.4847 | 7.85 | 18.83 | 2.39 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule5 | 7.6927 | 10 | 116.68 | 11.66 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule6 | 8.4082 | 10.3 | 22.46 | 2.18 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule7 | 8.95463 | 11.2 | 6.38 | −1.75 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule8 | 8.44562 | 11.5 | 20.61 | 1.79 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule9 | 8.42254 | 23.9 | 21.73 | −1.09 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule10 | 8.004 | 24 | 56.97 | 2.37 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule11 | 8.36497 | 24.7 | 24.816 | 1 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule12 | 8.50932 | 26 | 17.79 | −1.46 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule13 | 8.20893 | 26.9 | 35.54 | 1.32 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule14 | 7.99567 | 29 | 58.08 | 2 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule15 | 8.48967 | 29.51 | 18.62 | −1.58 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule16 | 8.36485 | 32.4 | 24.82 | −1.3 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule17 | 8.19005 | 43.1 | 37.12 | −1.16 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule18 | 7.79069 | 73 | 93.11 | 1.27 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule19 | 8.47375 | 101 | 19.31 | −5.22 | +++ | +++ |
Molecule20 | 5.74562 | 15,400 | 10,329.50 | −1.49 | + | + |
Molecule21 | 5.23885 | 16,600 | 33,178.10 | 1.99 | + | + |
Molecule22 | 5.71617 | 22,600 | 11,054.20 | −2.04 | + | + |
Molecule23 | 5.7456 | 41,200 | 10,330.10 | −3.98 | + | + |
Molecule24 | 5.74648 | 45,000 | 10,309.20 | −4.36 | + | + |
Validation of the pharmacophore model, Hypo1
Fischer’s randomization method
Test set validation
Decoy set validation
S. no | Parameters | Values |
---|---|---|
1 | Total number of molecules in database (D) | 710 |
2 | Total number of actives in database (A) | 15 |
3 | Total number of hit molecules from the database (Ht) | 17 |
4 | Total number of active molecules in hit list (Ha) | 14 |
5 | % Yield of active [(Ha/Ht) | 82 |
6 | % Ratio of actives [(Ha/A) X 100] | 93 |
7 | Enrichment Factor (EF) | 44.17 |
8 | False negatives (A-Ha) | 1 |
9 | False Positives (Ht–Ha) | 3 |
10 | Goodness of fit score (GH) | 0.79 |
Identifying the novel lead molecules through virtual screening
Molecular docking studies
Density functional theory studies
Name | HOMO (eV) | LUMO (eV) | ∆E (eV) | IC50 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Compound 1 | −0.17 | −0.02 | 0.14 | |
Compound 2 | −0.18 | −0.06 | 0.11 | |
Compound 3 | −0.19 | −0.07 | 0.12 | |
Compound 4(Hit) | −0.15 | −0.08 | 0.07 | |
T1 | −0.18 | − 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.2 |
T2 | −0.20 | −0.11 | 0.09 | 5.2 |
T12 | −0.18 | − 0.07 | 0.10 | 26 |
T14 | −0.18 | −0.07 | 0.10 | 29 |
T23 | −0.18 | −0.09 | 0.08 | 41,000 |
T24 | −0.20 | −0.11 | 0.09 | 45,000 |
Molecular dynamics simulations
Name of the compound | Hydrogen bonds < 3 Å | van der Waals interactions | π-π | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Residue atom | Ligand atom | Bond length | |||
Reference | Cys919:HN Asp1046:NH Asp1046: O | N7 O26 H62 | 2.2 2.0 2.0 | Val848, Lys868, Glu885, Ile892, asn900, Leu901, Lys920, Phe921, Gly922, Asn923, Leu1019, leu1044, His1026 Phe1047 | Leu840, Ala866, Ala866, Val898, Leu889, Leu1035 |
Hit | Glu885:OE2 Cys919: O Asp1046:HN | H36 H35 N5 | 1.88 2.9 2.3 | Ala866, Glu850, Ile888, Ile892, Val898, Val914, Lys920, Asn923, Gly922, Leu1019, His1026, Ile1044, Phe1047 | Leu840, Val848, Leu889, Lys868, Phe918, Leu1035 |
Challenging the identified lead molecule against CDK2 protein
Name of the compound | Hydrogen bonds < 3 Å | van der Waals interactions | π-π | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Residue atom | Ligand atom | Bond length | |||
Co-crystal | Leu83: O Leu83:HN Asp86:HN Lys89:HZ2 Lys89:HZ3 | H42 N20 O31 O32 O32 | 2.2 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.4 | Gly11, Glu12, Lys20, Lys33, Val64, Glu81, Gln85, Lys88, Gln131, Asn132, Leu148, | Val18, Ala31, Phe80, Phe82, Leu134, Ala144 |
Reference | Glu12: O Gly16:HN Lys89:HZ2 Lys89:HZ2 Lys89:HZ3 | H43 O27 O34 O31 O29 | 3.0 2.2 2.3 1.9 2.5 | Gly11, Tyr15, Val18, Gln85, Asp86, Asp127, Lys129, Gln131, Asn132, Leu134, Leu298, | Phe82 |
Hit | Leu83:HN Lys89:HZ2 Gln131: O | O25 O24 H36 | 2.1 2.4 2.2 | Gly11, Glu12, Ala31, Lys33, Val64, Phe82, His84, Gln85, Asp86, Lys129, Asn132, Asp145, Ala144, Val164 | Ile10, Val18, Leu134, Leu298 |