Background
Methods
Setting
Group intervention
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Group psychodynamic psychotherapy provided opportunities for each member to learn about themselves and their interpersonal and intra-psychic functioning, by creating a safe atmosphere that encouraged interaction and invited reflection.
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Psychosocial rehabilitation groups (e.g. newspaper reading groups) had a more practical focus, whilst pursuing the improvement of patients’ cognitive and social skills.
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Psycho-educational groups (such as a “wellness group”) provided patients with information about their psychiatric disorders, pharmacological treatments and healthy living.
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Expressive groups (such as arts and music therapy groups) gave patients the opportunity to be creative and encouraged self-expression.
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Body oriented groups included a relaxation group and psycho-motor group.
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“Other” groups represented groups where patients could discuss issues and raise concerns.
Generation of the item pool
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients
Diagnosis (number of patients with that diagnosis and percentage in relation to the total) | Psychodynamic therapy | Psychosocial rehabilitation group | Psycho-educational group | Expressive group | Bodily mediated group | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schizophrenia | 57 (34%) | 44 (77%) | 92 (56%) | 16 (28%) | 40 (70%) | 29 (51%) | 11 (19%) |
Delusional Disorder | 4 (2%) | 3 (75%) | 1 (25%) | 1 (23%) | 2 (50%) | 1 (25%) | 0 (0%) |
Schizo-affective Disorder | 10 (6%) | 8 (80%) | 7 (70%) | 3 (30%) | 7 (70%) | 4 (40%) | 4 (40%) |
Bipolar Disorder | 29 (18%) | 26 (90%) | 12 (41%) | 8 (28%) | 12 (41%) | 12 (41%) | 5 (17%) |
Major Depression | 27 (16%) | 26 (96%) | 13 (48%) | 10 (37%) | 13 (48%) | 12 (44%) | 5 (9%) |
Anxiety Disorder | 1 (1%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Eating Disorder | 12 (7%) | 11 (92%) | 1 (8%) | 1 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (8%) | 2 (17%) |
Personality Disorder | 26 (16%) | 25 (96%) | 15 (58%) | 8 (31%) | 15 (58%) | 11 (42%) | 3 (12%) |
Total | 166 (100%) | 144 (87%) | 81 (49%) | 47 (28%) | 89 (54%) | 70 (42%) | 30 (18%) |
Principal components analysis
Variable | Eigenvalue | Mean of random eigenvalues | 95 percentile of random eigenvalues | Proportion of variance | Cumulative proportion of variance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1
|
8.858
|
2.585
|
2.750
|
.227
|
.227
|
2
|
5.569
|
1.858
|
1.963
|
.143
|
.370
|
3
|
2.071
|
1.744
|
1.823
|
.053
|
.423
|
4 | 1.637 | 1.657 | 1.724 | .042 | .465 |
5 | 1.557 | 1.585 | 1.641 | .040 | .505 |
6 | 1.300 | 1.523 | 1.584 | .033 | .538 |
7 | 1.231 | 1.461 | 1.516 | .032 | .570 |
8 | 1.117 | 1.407 | 1.452 | .029 | .599 |
Component 1: cognitive improvement | Component 2: group learning | Component 3: relationships | Component 4: difficulties in open expression | Component 5: sharing of emotions and experiences | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Area | Pattern | Structure | Pattern | Structure | Pattern | Structure | Pattern | Structure | Pattern | Structure |
36. I listened to others carefully in the group | CI |
.898
|
.905
| .053 | .254 | .017 | .163 | -.021 | .223 | -.038 | .028 |
30. I paid attention to what others said in the group | CI |
.872
|
.859
| -.161 | .067 | .071 | .175 | .042 | .266 | .015 | .053 |
35. I expressed my thoughts clearly in the group | CI |
.505
|
.547
| .288 | .374 | -.313 | -.096 | .040 | .186 | .253 | .278 |
33. I could remember what was said in the group | CI |
.462
|
.527
| .267 | .384 | -.145 | .054 | .049 | .203 | .224 | .278 |
29. In the group, I realised how much my behavioural problems have improved | GL | -.205 | -.011 |
.727
|
.717
| .056 | .244 | .052 | .099 | .076 | .225 |
19. I understood the reasons for my behaviour in the group | EE | .016 | .190 |
.665
|
.712
| .095 | .295 | .003 | .107 | .086 | .239 |
21. In the group, I understood better how I usually deal with my problems | GL | .093 | .257 |
.605
|
.679
| .155 | .344 | -.010 | .114 | .057 | .214 |
23. I learned how to manage good ineractinos with others in the group | GL | .235 | .352 |
.578
|
.571
| .127 | .220 | -.032 | .074 |
-.463
| -.310 |
9. I met new and positive people in the group | R | -.034 | .091 | .045 | .246 |
.759
|
.769
| -.027 | .084 | .036 | .198 |
8. I built relationships of trust with others in the group | R | .065 | .220 | .124 | .348 |
.696
|
.763
| .044 | .185 | .078 | .256 |
5. I was helped by others in the group. | R | -.087 | .027 | .109 | .298 |
.557
|
.632
| -.070 | .033 | .334 |
.460
|
6. I socialised with others in the group | R | .306 |
.465
| .048 | .268 |
.520
|
.597
| .272 |
.424
| -.119 | .042 |
*18. I hid my feelings in the group | EE | .011 | .217 | -.199 | -.059 | .104 | .187 |
.877
|
.875
| .028 | .094 |
*38. I found it difficult to express my thoughts clearly in the group | CI | .005 | .258 | .098 | .195 | .010 | .156 |
.871
|
.881
| -.047 | .057 |
*16. I was afraid to express my opinion in the group | EE | .083 | .294 | -.057 | .061 | -.025 | .103 |
.853
|
.867
| .025 | .094 |
*13. It was hard for me to talk about my problems in the group | EE | -.123 | .122 | .186 | .225 | -.101 | .048 |
.824
|
.798
| -.012 | .075 |
2. I met people in the group who were experiencing the same problems as me | R | -.042 | -.011 | -.013 | .126 | .061 | .189 | -.065 | -.002 |
.705
|
.706
|
1. Within the group I shared my personal experiences and life problems. | R | .193 | .319 | .124 | .330 | .077 | .293 | .186 | .320 |
.599
|
.669
|
17. I talked with others about my suffering in the group | EE | .067 | .144 | .066 | .253 | .220 | .365 | -.028 | .084 |
.579
|
.639
|
12. I was able to recognise my feelings in the group | EE | .057 | .226 |
.477
|
.615
| .136 | .367 | .050 | .180 |
.409
|
.541
|
Eigenvalue | 5.27 | 2.69 | 1.79 | 1.28 | 1.15 | ||||||
Proportion of explained common variance (%) | 26.3 | 13.4 | 8.9 | 6.4 | 5.8 | ||||||
Reliability estimate+ | .902 | .830 | .813 | .928 | .793 | ||||||
Cronbach’s alpha | .742 | .702 | .753 | .845 | .725 | ||||||
Cronbach’s alpha- standardised items | .743 | .702 | .759 | .845 | .730 |
Component | 1: Cognitive improvement | 2: Group learning | 3: Relationships | 4: Difficulties in open expression | 5: Sharing of emotions and experiences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1: Cognitive Improvement
| 1 | ||||
2: Group Learning
| .230 | 1 | |||
3: Relationships
| .159 | .271 | 1 | ||
4: Difficulties in open expression
| .266 | .118 | .147 | 1 | |
5: Sharing of emotions and experiences
| .059 | .199 | .208 | .095 | 1 |
Subscale and items | Mean | Standard deviation | Cronbach’s alpha | Cronbach’s alpha (standardised items) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Sharing of emotions and experiences
| 8.13 | 3.00 | .725 | .730 |
1. Within the group I shared my personal experiences and life problems. | ||||
2. I met people in the group who were experiencing the same problems as me. | ||||
12. I was able to recognise my feelings in the group. | ||||
17. I talked with others about my suffering in the group. | ||||
2. Cognitive Improvement
| 10.02 | 2.56 | .742 | .743 |
30. I paid attention to what others said in the group. | ||||
33. I could remember what was said in the group. | ||||
35. I expressed my thoughts clearly in the group. | ||||
36. I listened to others carefully in the group. | ||||
3. Group Learning
| 8.19 | 2.82 | .702 | .702 |
19. I understood the reasons for my behaviour in the group. | ||||
21. In the group, I understood better how I usually deal with my problems. | ||||
23. I learned how to manage good interactions with others in the group. | ||||
29. In the group, I realised how much my behavioural problems have improved. | ||||
4. Difficulty in open expression
| 11.04 | 3.88 | .845 | .845 |
13. It was hard for me to talk about my problems in the group. | ||||
16. I was afraid to express my opinion in the group. | ||||
18. I hid my feelings in the group. | ||||
38. I found it difficult to express my thoughts clearly in the group. | ||||
5. Relationships
| 8.68 | 2.89 | .753 | .759 |
5. I was helped by others in the group. | ||||
6. I socialised with others in the group. | ||||
8. I built relationships of trust with others in the group. | ||||
9. I met new and positive people in the group. | ||||
Scale Total
|
46.06
|
10.14
|
.849
|
.852
|
Sum of above items |