Background
Methods
Participants
Etiology
|
N
|
Sex
|
Age
|
---|---|---|---|
M = Male
|
Mean & Std Dev
| ||
F = Female
| |||
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | 24 | M = 15; F = 9 | 54.44 (12.29) |
Head Injury | 14 | M = 11; F = 3 | 48.25 (15.27) |
Anoxia | 5 | M = 5; F = 0 | 49.80 (11.05) |
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) | 6 | M = 5; F = 1 | 42.50 (8.60) |
Total | 49 | M = 36; F = 13 | 48.75 (11.80) |
Lesion
|
IAES - 41 score cut off
| ||
---|---|---|---|
Apathy
|
No apathy
|
Total
| |
Left parietal | 3 | 2 | 5 |
Right parietal | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Bilateral parietal | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Left fronto-temporal | 3 | 4 | 7 |
Right fronto-temporal | 5 | 2 | 7 |
Bilateral fronto-temporal | 14 | 8 | 22 |
Total (N)
| 27 | 19 | 46 |
Test
|
Participant type
|
Sex
|
Age
|
---|---|---|---|
M = Male
|
Mean & Std Dev
| ||
F = Female
| |||
Moral sense test | AP = 15 | M = 14; F = 1 | 52.83 (15.03) |
N = 42 | NA = 8 | M = 7; F = 1 | 58.13 (13.43) |
C = 19 | M = 10; F = 9 | 43.74 (18.63) | |
Social awareness test | AP = 13 | M = 12; F = 1 | 53.46 (13.31) |
N = 50 | NA = 12 | M = 7; F = 5 | 56.00 (13.98) |
C = 25 | M = 12; F = 13 | 42.28 (18.11) | |
Reality Known | AP =11 | M = 9; F = 2 | 53.30 (15.08) |
N = 20 | NA = 9 | M = 8; F = 1 | 55.33 (14.37) |
Reality Unknown | AP = 9 | M = 8; F = 1 | 51.67 (15.02) |
N = 21 | NA = 12 | M = 10; F = 2 | 55.25 (14.67) |
Ekman 60 Test | AP = 21 | M = 20; F = 1 | 58.91 (12.14) |
N = 69 | NA = 14 | M = 9; F = 5 | 55.82 (15.29) |
C = 34 | M = 20; F = 14 | 51.48 (17.06) | |
Emotion Hexagon Test | AP = 20 | M = 19; F = 1 | 53.58 (15.89) |
N = 60 | NA = 13 | M = 10; F = 3 | 57.8 (14.55) |
C = 27 | M = 15; F = 15 | 54.74 (17.89) |
Materials and procedure
Apathy and depressive symptom measures
Executive function tests
The Brixton test
The Stroop test
The Hayling test
Social cognition tests
Moral sense test
Social awareness test
Theory of mind tests
Emotion perception tests
Summary on tests
Data analysis
Results
Apathy and depression
Executive functions
Brixton test
Hayling test
Stroop test
Social cognition
Moral sense test
Control (n = 17)
|
Apathy (n = 7)
|
No apathy (n = 7)
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harm |
Mean
|
Std Dev
|
Mean
|
Std Dev
|
Mean
|
Std Dev
|
Intended | 2.14 | 0.94 | 4.63 | 1.52 | 2.91 | 1.23 |
Foreseen | 3.06 | 0.85 | 4.63 | 1.30 | 3.82 | 1.41 |
Intended harm
Foreseen harm
Social awareness test
Theory of mind tests
Reality known test
Apathy | No apathy | Manova statistic | |
---|---|---|---|
Reality Known Task
| 9 | 8 | |
False Belief task | |||
Memory Control | 12 | 11 | P > .05 |
Anti-strategy control | 12 | 12 | |
Filler trials | 12 | 12 | |
Reality Unknown Task
|
Mean
|
Mean
| |
False Belief task | 7.56 | 7.42 | |
Working Memory | 10.11 | 9.83 | P > .05 |
Inhibition Control | 12 | 12 | |
True Belief | 10.11 | 9.83 | |
Fillers | 12 | 11.5 |
Reality unknown test
Emotion Perception tests
Ekman 60 test
Emotion | Kruskal-Walis test result | Post hoc comparisons |
---|---|---|
Bonferroni correction = 0.0167 | ||
EKMAN 60
| H(2) = 34.82, p < 0.001 | C vs A U = 52.5, p < 0.001, r = −.71* |
C vs NA U = 51.5, p < 0.001, r = −.61* | ||
A vs NA U = 140.5, ns, r = −.04 | ||
Anger | H(2) = 17.95, p < 0.001 | C vs A U = 165, p < 0.001, r = −.46* |
C vs NA U = 84, p < 0.001, r = −.51* | ||
A vs NA U = 134, ns, r = −.08 | ||
Disgust | H(2) = 22.71, p < 0.001 | C vs A U = 127.5, p < 0.001, r = −.55* |
C vs NA U = 78.5, p < 0.001, r = − .51* | ||
A vs NA U = 125.5, ns, r = −.12 | ||
Fear | H(2) = 16.78, p < 0.001 | C vs A U = 143.5, p < 0.001, r = −.5* |
C vs NA U = 170, p < 0.01, r = −.46* | ||
A vs NA U = 126, ns, r = −.12 | ||
Happiness | H(2) = 9.21, p < 0.05 | C vs A U = 289, p < 0.01, r = −.35* |
C vs NA U = 170, p < 0.01, r = −.46* | ||
A vs NA U = 136, ns, r = −.09 | ||
Sadness | H(2) = 15,47, p < 0.001 | C vs A U = 213, p = 0.01, r = −.35* |
C vs NA U = 87.5, p < 0.001, r = −.51* | ||
A vs NA U = 92.5, ns, r = .32 | ||
Surprise | H(2) = 9.27, p < 0.01. | C vs A U = 208.5, p < 0.01, r = −.35* |
C vs NA U = 137, p < 0.01, r = −.34* | ||
A vs NA U = 146, ns, r = −.001 | ||
EMOTION HEXAGON
| H(2) = 26.11, p < 0.001 | C vs A U = 45, p < 0.01, r = −.71* |
C vs NA U = 57.5, p < 0.01, r = −.54* | ||
A vs NA U = 127, ns, r = −.02 | ||
Anger | H(2) = 26.11, p < 0.001 | C vs A U = 97, p < 0.01, r = −.55* |
C vs NA U = 71, p < 0.01, r = −.48* | ||
A vs NA U = 130, ns, r = 0 | ||
Disgust | H(2) = 8.22, p < 0.05 | C vs A U = 116, ns, r = −.09 |
C vs NA U = 92.5, p = 0.015, r = − .39* | ||
A vs NA U = 116, ns, r = −.09 | ||
Fear | H(2) = 23.06, p < 0.001 | C vs A U = 67, p < 0.01, r = −.64* |
C vs NA U = 59.5, p < 0.01, r = −.53* | ||
A vs NA U = 108, ns, r = −.14 | ||
Happiness | H(2) = 9.38, p < 0.01 | C vs A U = 160, p < 0.01, r = −.44* |
C vs NA U = 143, ns, r = −.22 | ||
A vs NA U = 95, ns, r = −.25 | ||
Sadness | H(2) = 27.39, p < 0.001 | C vs A U = 72, p < 0.01, r = −.65* |
C vs NA U = 31.5, p < 0.01, r = −.69* | ||
A vs NA U = 107, ns, r = −.15 | ||
Surprise | H(2) = 6.69, p < 0.05 | C vs A U = 167, ns, r = −.33 |
C vs NA U = 107, p < 0.01, r = −.32* | ||
A vs NA U = 120, ns, r = −.06 |