Exploring the role of inflammatory regulatory effects of probiotics as adjuvants in cancer development management with considering possible challenges: a comprehensive review

Probiotics have gained significant interest due to their versatile therapeutic and preventive potential. These beneficial microorganisms have primarily been studied in gastrointestinal disorders and, due to their inflammatory regulatory effects, have then been investigated for their effects on a wide range of conditions, from acute illnesses and chronic diseases to inflammation-related diseases, including cancer. Probiotics can not only restore microbiome balance following different treatments, from antibiotic therapy to some cancer treatments, but also, with their immunomodulatory and inflammatory regulation effects, they can induce potent immune responses in different conditions with minor side effects. Moreover, as they can secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as chemokine, they can be applied to prevent the development of many inflammation disorders. Therefore, studies have been directed to survey probiotic adjuvant effects, especially regarding their potential in the reduction of inflammation to become chronic. Probiotics, as an adjuvant, can increase the antigens displayed to related cells and thus activate different immune response compartments. Moreover, probiotic adjuvant can modulate inflammation in cancer development, making them strong candidates for regulating inflammation. With the increase and improvement in our knowledge about the adjuvant role of probiotics in the inflammatory processes underlying cancer development, it is pivotal to review current studies in this field. Therefore, the current study strives to provide a review of the latest studies regarding the probiotic’s adjuvant effect in the field of immunology and oncology research to benefit the scientific community.