Background
Methods
Participants
Study setting
Soweto
Lenasia
Eldorado Park
Brixton
Procedures
Measures
Socio-demographic information
Sexual behavior
Alcohol and drug use
Experience of traumatic events
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographics and sexual behaviour
Exposure to and experience of violence
Ever seen an act of violence in the community (n = 552, 67%) | Ever experienced an act of violence in the community (n = 228, 28%) | Ever seen violence in the family (n = 265, 32%) | Ever experienced violence in the family (n = 194, 24%) | Ever been touched in an uncomfortable sexual way (n = 83, 10%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender
| |||||
Male (n = 353, 43%) | 244 (69) | 126 (36) | 100 (28) | 84 (24) | 25 (7) |
Female (n = 469, 57%) | 308 (66) | 102 (22) | 165 (35) | 110 (23) | 58 (12) |
Ethnic group
| |||||
Black (n = 506, 62%) | 365 (72) | 133 (26) | 175 (35) | 136 (27) | 49 (10) |
Coloured (n = 107, 13%) | 71 (66) | 27 (25) | 35 (33) | 20 (19) | 5 (5) |
Indian (n = 106, 13%) | 36 (34) | 23 (22) | 17 (16) | 13 (12) | 11 (10) |
White (n = 103, 13%) | 80 (78) | 45 (44) | 38 (37) | 25 (24) | 18 (17) |
Repeated Grade
| |||||
Never repeated (n = 551, 67%) | 353 (64) | 121 (22) | 161 (29) | 117 (21) | 50 (9) |
Repeated (n = 271, 33%) | 199 (73) | 107 (39) | 104 (38) | 77 (28) | 33 (12) |
Parents Alive
| |||||
Both parents alive (n = 548, 67%) | 352 (64) | 144 (26) | 169 (31) | 113 (21) | 55 (10) |
Single parent alive (n = 230, 28%) | 169 (73) | 67 (29) | 79 (34) | 66 (29) | 22 (10) |
None alive (n = 44, 5%) | 31 (70) | 17 (39) | 17 (39) | 15 (34) | 6 (14) |
Parents Marital Status
| |||||
Married (n = 348, 42%) | 212 (61) | 92 (26) | 98 (28) | 73 (21) | 36 (10) |
Single (n = 213, 26%) | 161 (76) | 57 (27) | 71 (33) | 56 (26) | 21 (10) |
Other (n = 164, 20%) | 114 (70) | 48 (29) | 66 (40) | 35 (21) | 14 (9) |
Household Head
| |||||
Female (n = 447, 54%) | 317 (71) | 134 (30) | 155 (35) | 121 (27) | 49 (11) |
Male (n = 373, 45%) | 233 (62) | 93 (25) | 109 (29) | 71 (19) | 34 (9) |
Parent’s Education Level
| |||||
Primary (n = 29, 4%) | 12 (41) | 7 (24) | 11 (38) | 7 (24) | 2 (7) |
Secondary (n = 149, 18%) | 104 (70) | 38 (26) | 50 (34) | 37 (25) | 15 (10) |
Matric (n = 287, 35%) | 194 (68) | 82 (29) | 88 (31) | 71 (25) | 33 (11) |
Post-School Training (n = 102, 12%) | 62 (61) | 25 (25) | 25 (25) | 18 (18) | 6 (6) |
Don’t know (n = 255, 31%) | 180 (71) | 76 (30) | 91 (36) | 61 (24) | 27 (11) |
Source of water
| |||||
Tap water in home (n = 805, 98%) | 543 (67) | 223 (28) | 259 (32) | 190 (24) | 82 (10) |
Community tap/Other (n = 11, 1%) | 6 (55) | 5 (45) | 4 (36) | 3 (27) | 1 (9) |
Sexually active
| |||||
Yes (n = 369, 45%) | 273 (74) | 127 (34) | 137 (37) | 95 (26) | 46 (12) |
No (n = 453, 55%) | 279 (62) | 101 (22) | 128 (28) | 99 (22) | 37 (8) |
Number of sexual partners
| |||||
None or one (n = 564, 69%) | 356 (63) | 136 (24) | 171 (30) | 122 (22) | 52 (9) |
More than one (n = 258, 31%) | 196 (76) | 92 (36) | 94 (36) | 72 (28) | 31 (12) |
Ever had alcohol
| |||||
Yes (n = 539, 66%) | 404 (75) | 186 (35) | 213 (40) | 148 (27) | 57 (11) |
No (n = 280, 34%) | 148 (53) | 42 (15) | 52 (19) | 46 (16) | 25 (9) |
Had alcohol in the past 6 months
| |||||
Yes (n = 430, 53%) | 339 (79) | 156 (36) | 171 (40) | 128 (30) | 43 (10) |
No (n = 388, 47%) | 212 (55) | 72 (19) | 94 (25) | 65 (17) | 39 (10) |
Ever had drugs
| |||||
Yes (n = 166, 20%) | 127 (77) | 73 (44) | 69 (42) | 47 (28) | 22 (13) |
No (n = 651, 80%) | 423 (65) | 153 (24) | 196 (30) | 146 (22) | 59 (9) |
Had drugs in the past 6 months
| |||||
Yes (n = 108, 13%) | 78 (72) | 45 (42) | 40 (37) | 30 (28) | 15 (14) |
No (n = 708, 87%) | 472 (67) | 182 (26) | 224 (32) | 164 (23) | 66 (9) |
Alcohol and drugs
Violence/trauma by gender
Variable | Ever seen any violence | Ever seen an act of violence in the community | Ever experienced an act violence in the community | Ever seen violence in the family | Ever experienced violence in the family | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | p-value | Male | Female | p-value | Male | Female | p-value | Male | Female | p-value | Male | Female | p-value | |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||||||
Ethnic group
| |||||||||||||||
Black | 171 (82.2) | 238 (79.9) | 0.5 | 156 (75.0) | 209 (70.4) | 0.3 | 70 (33.7) | 63 (21.4) | 0.0021 | 64 (30.9) | 111 (37.9) | 0.1 | 58 (27.9) | 78 (26.3) | 0.7 |
Coloured | 35 (77.8) | 44 (71.0) | 0.4 | 29 (64.4) | 42 (67.7) | 0.7 | 14 (31.1) | 13 (21.0) | 0.2 | 14 (31.1) | 21 (33.9) | 0.8 | 10 (22.2) | 10 (16.1) | 0.4 |
Indian | 23 (48.9) | 29 (49.2) | 0.98 | 19 (40.4) | 17 (29.3) | 0.2 | 14 (29.8) | 9 (15.3) | 0.1 | 5 (10.6) | 12 (21.1) | 0.2 | 5 (10.6) | 8 (13.6) | 0.6 |
White | 45 (84.9) | 43 (86.0) | 0.9 | 40 (75.5) | 40 (80.0) | 0.6 | 28 (52.8) | 17 (34.0) | 0.1 | 17 (32.7) | 21 (43.8) | 0.3 | 11 (20.8) | 14 (28.0) | 0.4 |
Repeated Grade in School
| |||||||||||||||
Never repeated | 148 (74.4) | 250 (71.0) | 0.4 | 134 (67.3) | 219 (62.6) | 0.3 | 57 (28.6) | 64 (18.3) | 0.0049 | 52 (26.3) | 109 (31.6) | 0.2 | 48 (24.1) | 69 (19.6) | 0.2 |
Repeated | 126 (81.8) | 104 (88.9) | 0.1 | 110 (71.4) | 89 (76.1) | 0.4 | 69 (44.8) | 38 (32.8) | 0.0451 | 48 (31.4) | 56 (48.7) | 0.0040 | 36 (23.4) | 41 (35.3) | 0.0311 |
Parents Alive
| |||||||||||||||
Both parents alive | 179 (75.2) | 221 (71.3) | 0.3 | 160 (67.2) | 192 (62.1) | 0.2 | 82 (34.5) | 62 (20.1) | 0.0002 | 64 (27.1) | 105 (34.2) | 0.1 | 48 (20.2) | 65 (21.0) | 0.8 |
Single parent alive | 78 (81.3) | 112 (83.6) | 0.6 | 71 (74.0) | 98 (73.1) | 0.9 | 36 (37.5) | 31 (23.5) | 0.0218 | 29 (30.2) | 50 (39.1) | 0.2 | 27 (28.1) | 39 (29.3) | 0.8 |
None alive | 17 (89.5) | 21 (84.0) | 0.6 | 13 (68.4) | 18 (75.0) | 0.6 | 8 (42.1) | 9 (36.0) | 0.7 | 7 (36.8) | 10 (40.0) | 0.8 | 9 (47.4) | 6 (24.0) | 0.1 |
Parents Marital Status
| |||||||||||||||
Married | 112 (72.7) | 131 (67.5) | 0.3 | 103 (66.9) | 109 (56.5) | 0.0482 | 56 (36.4) | 36 (18.7) | 0.0002 | 39 (25.7) | 59 (30.9) | 0.3 | 32 (20.8) | 41 (21.1) | 0.9 |
Single | 71 (88.8) | 111 (83.5) | 0.3 | 63 (78.8) | 98 (73.7) | 0.4 | 30 (37.5) | 27 (20.5) | 0.0067 | 24 (30.0) | 47 (35.6) | 0.4 | 18 (22.5) | 38 (28.6) | 0.3 |
Other | 52 (76.5) | 76 (79.2) | 0.7 | 44 (64.7) | 70 (73.7) | 0.2 | 21 (30.9) | 27 (28.1) | 0.7 | 23 (33.8) | 43 (45.7) | 0.1 | 16 (23.5) | 19 (19.8) | 0.6 |
Household Head
| |||||||||||||||
Female | 149 (81.4) | 211 (79.9) | 0.7 | 130 (71.0) | 187 (71.1) | 0.98 | 70 (38.3) | 64 (24.4) | 0.0018 | 55 (30.1) | 100 (38.8) | 0.1 | 45 (24.6) | 76 (28.9) | 0.3 |
Male | 124 (73.4) | 142 (69.6) | 0.4 | 113 (66.9) | 120 (59.1) | 0.1 | 56 (33.1) | 37 (18.2) | 0.0009 | 44 (26.3) | 65 (32.3) | 0.2 | 38 (22.5) | 33 (16.2) | 0.1 |
Parents Educational Level
| |||||||||||||||
Primary School | 85 (76.6) | 138 (79.8) | 0.5 | 73 (65.8) | 119 (68.8) | 0.6 | 41 (36.9) | 42 (24.3) | 0.0221 | 29 (26.4) | 73 (42.9) | 0.0049 | 19 (17.1) | 49 (28.3) | 0.0308 |
Up to Secondary School | 156 (78.8) | 177 (74.4) | 0.3 | 143 (72.2) | 155 (65.7) | 0.1 | 70 (35.4) | 50 (21.2) | 0.0010 | 61 (31.0) | 77 (32.9) | 0.7 | 56 (28.3) | 52 (21.9) | 0.1 |
Post-school training | 33 (75.0) | 39 (67.2) | 0.4 | 28 (63.6) | 34 (58.6) | 0.6 | 15 (34.1) | 10 (17.5) | 0.1 | 10 (22.7) | 15 (26.8) | 0.6 | 9 (20.5) | 9 (15.5) | 0.5 |
Sexually Active
| |||||||||||||||
Yes | 165 (82.9) | 145 (85.3) | 0.5 | 151 (75.9) | 122 (72.2) | 0.4 | 71 (35.7) | 56 (32.9) | 0.6 | 64 (32.3) | 73 (43.2) | 0.0318 | 46 (23.1) | 49 (28.8) | 0.2 |
No | 109 (70.8) | 209 (69.9) | 0.8 | 93 (60.4) | 186 (62.4) | 0.7 | 55 (35.7) | 46 (15.5) | <.0001 | 36 (23.5) | 92 (31.6) | 0.1 | 38 (24.7) | 61 (20.5) | 0.3 |
Number of sexual partners
| |||||||||||||||
None or one | 140 (72.5) | 269 (72.5) | 0.99 | 120 (62.2) | 236 (63.8) | 0.7 | 65 (33.7) | 71 (19.3) | 0.0002 | 44 (23.0) | 127 (35.1) | 0.0036 | 43 (22.3) | 79 (21.4) | 0.8 |
More than one | 134 (83.8) | 85 (86.7) | 0.5 | 124 (77.5) | 72 (74.2) | 0.5 | 61 (38.1) | 31 (31.6) | 0.3 | 56 (35.0) | 38 (38.8) | 0.5 | 41 (25.6) | 31 (31.6) | 0.3 |
Ever had alcohol
| |||||||||||||||
Yes | 218 (82.3) | 237 (86.2) | 0.2 | 200 (75.5) | 204 (74.5) | 0.8 | 106 (40.0) | 80 (29.2) | 0.0084 | 84 (31.8) | 129 (47.4) | 0.0002 | 66 (24.9) | 82 (29.8) | 0.2 |
No | 56 (63.6) | 116 (60.1) | 0.6 | 44 (50.0) | 104 (54.2) | 0.5 | 20 (22.7) | 22 (11.5) | 0.0150 | 16 (18.4) | 36 (19.3) | 0.9 | 18 (20.5) | 28 (14.6) | 0.2 |
Had alcohol in the past 6 months
| |||||||||||||||
Yes | 193 (86.2) | 184 (88.9) | 0.4 | 180 (80.4) | 159 (77.2) | 0.4 | 89 (39.7) | 67 (32.5) | 0.1 | 71 (31.7) | 100 (48.8) | 0.0003 | 59 (26.3) | 69 (33.3) | 0.1 |
No | 81 (62.8) | 168 (64.6) | 0.7 | 64 (49.6) | 148 (57.1) | 0.2 | 37 (28.7) | 35 (13.6) | 0.0003 | 29 (22.8) | 65 (25.7) | 0.5 | 25 (19.4) | 40 (15.4) | 0.3 |
Ever had drugs
| |||||||||||||||
Yes | 90 (82.6) | 53 (91.4) | 0.1 | 83 (76.1) | 44 (77.2) | 0.9 | 50 (45.9) | 23 (41.1) | 0.6 | 41 (37.6) | 28 (49.1) | 0.2 | 27 (24.8) | 20 (35.1) | 0.2 |
No | 184 (75.4) | 298 (73.0) | 0.5 | 161 (66.0) | 262 (64.4) | 0.7 | 76 (31.1) | 77 (18.9) | 0.0004 | 59 (24.4) | 137 (34.3) | 0.0085 | 57 (23.4) | 89 (21.8) | 0.6 |
Had drugs in the past 6 months
| |||||||||||||||
Yes | 64 (80.0) | 26 (89.7) | 0.2 | 58 (72.5) | 20 (71.4) | 0.9 | 33 (41.3) | 12 (42.9) | 0.9 | 25 (31.3) | 15 (53.6) | 0.0353 | 20 (25.0) | 10 (35.7) | 0.3 |
No | 209 (76.8) | 325 (74.4) | 0.5 | 186 (68.4) | 286 (65.6) | 0.4 | 93 (34.2) | 89 (20.5) | <0.0001 | 74 (27.4) | 150 (35.0) | 0.0371 | 64 (23.5) | 100 (22.9) | 0.8 |
Factors associated with violence (Multivariate regression results: 4 different models)
Ever seen an act of violence in the community | Ever experienced an act of violence in the community | Ever seen violence in the family | Ever experienced violence in the family | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multivariate | Multivariate | Multivariate | Multivariate | |||||
OR (CI) | p-value | OR (CI) | p-value | OR (CI) | p-value | OR (CI) | p-value | |
Gender
| ||||||||
Male | - | - | 1.6 (1.1-2.2) | 0.0143 | Ref | - | - | |
Female | - | - | Ref | 1.8 (1.3-2.6) | 0.0008 | - | - | |
Ethnic group
| ||||||||
Black | 4.6 (2.7-7.9) | <0.0001 | 01.0 (0.5-1.7) | 0.8 | 2.2 (1.1-4.1) | 0.0183 | 2.1 (1.1-3.9) | 0.0247 |
Coloured | 3.9 (2.0-7.4) | <0.0001 | 0.9 (0.4-1.9) | 0.8 | 2.0 (0.9-4.3) | 0.1 | 1.4 (0.6-3.0) | 0.4 |
Indian | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
White | 8.0 (4.0-16.2) | <0.0001 | 2.1 (1.05-4.2) | 0.0367 | 3.0 (1.4-6.3) | 0.0042 | 2.0 (0.9-4.2) | 0.1 |
Repeated Grade
| ||||||||
Never repeated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
Repeated | 1.5 (1.01-2.1) | 0.0462 | 2.3 (1.6-3.3) | <0.0001 | 1.6 (1.1-2.2) | 0.0117 | 1.4 (1.0-2.0) | 0.1 |
Parents Alive
| ||||||||
Both parents alive | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ref | |
Single parent alive | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.5 (1.01-2.1) | 0.0423 |
None alive* | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.8 (0.9-3.6) | 0.1 |
Number of sexual partners
| ||||||||
None or one | Ref | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
More than one | 1.7 (1.1-2.5) | 0.0115 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Ever had alcohol
| ||||||||
Yes | 2.1 (1.5-2.9) | <0.0001 | 2.6 (1.7-4.0) | <0.0001 | 2.9 (2.0-4.3) | <0.0001 | 1.8 (1.2-2.6) | 0.0033 |
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |