Background
Methods
Development of the database
Table name | Description |
---|---|
Ethnobotanical relevée
| Details of the ethnobotanical relevée, like site, coordinates, source (e.g. collector) and spatial relevance. This relevée can then contain information on multiple plants. |
Plant
| Information relative to the plant, like reference to the phytonym, source (e.g. informant), reliability of the phytonym identification and general notes. A plant can then contain details on multiple uses. |
Plant use
| Information on the use of the plant, namely classified use and use category, use description and reliability (especially for information from the ancient treatises or archeological remains). |
Plant preparation
| The preparation of the plant is stored according to preparation mode and plant part used. Multiple steps for the preparation of a single plant use (receipt) can also be recorded. |
Phytonym
| Different phytonyms, of different types. In this table are stored also the scientific names, including synonyms. |
Taxon assignment
| Join table storing the taxon assignments to the phytonyms, with the source and the reliability. For the case of scientific phytonyms, and for most of the Italian phytonyms, the reliability is considered sure. A phytonym can have multiple putative identifications. |
Taxon
| Scientific name of the taxon, organized in a hierarchical structure (at different taxonomic levels), e.g. Labiatae > Thymus > Thymus serpyllum. Only the accepted scientific synonym is stored in this table. |
Specimen
| Herbal specimen information. |
Herbal collection
| Details on the herbal collection. |
Life form
| Different life forms, organized in a hierarchical structure (with different detail levels), e.g. Therophytes > erect. |
Phytonym type
| Ancient, Italian, popular and scientific names. |
Plant part
| Different plant parts, organized in a hierarchical structure (with different detail levels), e.g. aerial part > leaf > young leaf. |
Preparation
| Different preparation steps, organized in a hierarchical structure (with different detail levels), e.g. cooked > boiled, fried. |
Reliability
| Sure, nearly sure, probable, presumed, doubtful, wrong. |
Site
| Different sites, organized in a hierarchical structure (at different spatial scales), e.g. Mediterranean > Italy > South Italy > Campania > Napoli. |
Source
| Source description, can be of different types (bibliographic reference, collector, informant, herbal, archeological). According to the referencing tables, only subsets of this table can be selected. |
Spatial relevance
| Point, local, municipality, region, province, nation. |
Taxonomic level
| Family, genus, species, subspecies. |
Use
| Different plant uses, organized in a hierarchical structure (with different detail levels), including medicinal (e.g. health > neurological disease > headache), ceremonial, alimentary, domestic and veterinary uses. |
Use category
| Ancient medicine, official medicine, popular, ceremonial |
Campania as a case study
Results and discussion
Data since the XVIII century
Time (period) | Number of data | Number of information sources | Number of species |
---|---|---|---|
2000–2007
| 333 426 * | 4 | 162 238 * |
1950–1999
| 645 242 * | 27 | 282 138 * |
1900–1949
| 103 | 13 | 60 |
1850–1899
| 150 | 9 | 120 |
1800–1849
| 59 | 9 | 49 |
Total
| 1958 | 62 | 558 |
Species | Medicinal | Food | Domestic | Ceremonial | Veterinary |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | ● | ||||
Ajuga reptans L. | ● | ||||
Allium cepa L. * | ● | ● | |||
Allium sativum L. * | ● | ● | ● | ||
Apium graveolens L. | ● | ||||
Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. | ● | ||||
Artemisia absinthium L. | ● | ● | |||
Asparagus acutifolius L. | ● | ||||
Asparagus officinalis L. * | ● | ● | |||
Brassica oleracea L. * | ● | ● | ● | ||
Brassica rapa L. s.l. * | ● | ● | |||
Chamaerops humilis L. * | ● | ● | |||
Cichorium intybus L. s.l. | ● | ● | |||
Clematis flammula L. | ● | ● | |||
Clematis vitalba L. | ● | ||||
Castanea sativa Mill. * | ● | ● | |||
Colchicum autumnale L. * | ● | ● | |||
Conium maculatum L. | ● | ||||
Cyclamen hederifolium Aiton | ● | ● | |||
Cydonia oblonga Mill. * | ● | ● | |||
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | ● | ||||
Datura stramonium L. S.l. | ● | ||||
Dianthus sp. | ● | ||||
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. | ● | ||||
Erica arborea L. | ● | ● | |||
Euonymus europaeus L. | ● | ||||
Euphorbia helioscopia L. s.l. | ● | ||||
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. subsp. corsica (Hoek.) Kerguélen | ● | ||||
Fragaria vesca L. s.l. | ● | ● | |||
Fraxinus ornus L. s.l. | ● | ● | |||
Fumaria capreolata L. s.l. | ● | ● | |||
Fumaria officinalis L. s.l. | ● | ● | |||
Hordeum vulgare L. * | ● | ● | |||
Juglans regia L. * | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Lactuca sativa L. * | ● | ● | |||
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. s.l. | ● | ● | |||
Malus domestica (Borkh.) Borkh. * | ● | ● | |||
Matricaria chamomilla L. | ● | ||||
Mentha sp. | ● | ● | |||
Mentha × piperita L. * | ● | ● | |||
Nerium oleander L. s.l. * | ● | ||||
Olea europaea L. * | ● | ● | ● | ||
Origanum majorana L. * | ● | ● | |||
Origanum vulgare L. S.l. | ● | ● | |||
Papaver rhoeas L. s.l. | ● | ||||
Parietaria judaica L. | ● | ● | |||
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre | ● | ● | |||
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss * | ● | ● | |||
Pimpinella anisum L. * | ● | ● | |||
Plantago major L. s.l. | ● | ||||
Portulaca oleracea L. s.l. | ● | ||||
Quercus sp. | ● | ||||
Rubus sp. | ● | ● | ● | ||
Ruscus aculeatus L. | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Ruta sp. | ● | ||||
Ruta graveolens L. * | ● | ||||
Salix alba L. | ● | ||||
Sambucus nigra L. | ● | ● | |||
Sanguisorba minor Scop. s.l. | ● | ||||
Sedum telephium L. s.l. | ● | ||||
Sonchus oleraceus L. | ● | ||||
Sonchus tenerrimus L. | ● | ||||
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. s.l. | ● | ||||
Teucrium chamaedrys L. s.l. | ● | ||||
Trifolium incarnatum L. s.l. | ● | ||||
Triticum aestivum L. * | ● | ● | |||
Typha latifolia L. | ● | ||||
Verbena sp. | ● | ||||
Verbena officinalis L. | ● | ||||
Vitis vinifera L. * | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Botanical name | Uses description | Part used | Preparations | Authors |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | Against labour pains | Aerial part | Decoction | Cirelli, 1853 [35] |
Emmenagogue | Aerial part | Infusion | Limoncelli, 1862 [28] | |
Local application on sores | Leaves | External use | Gusumpaur, 1887 [36] | |
Respiratory system affections: emollient, expectorant | Aerial part | Infusion | Antonone et al., 1988 [37] | |
Resolvent for contusions, antiecchymotic | Aerial part | Decoction | De Feo et al., 1992 [38] | |
Antitussive, for sore-throat and loss of speech. Externally against hair loss and dandruff | Aerial part | Infusion | De Feo, Senatore, 1993 [39] | |
Abortive, regulator of menses, anti-cough | Aerial part | Decoction of leaves with some dried figs, an apple, some Prunus cerasus L. fruits, some pieces of Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb epicarpus | De Natale, Pollio, 2007 [40] | |
Expectorant, antitussive, in the treatment of bronchitis, against dandruff and seborrhea | Aerial part | Decoction, infusion and tincture | La Palometa, Grieco, 2003 [41] | |
Antihelmintic | Aerial part | Decoction | De Natale, Pollio, (unpubl.) | |
Artemisia absinthium L. | Against malaria, abdominal pains, antihelmintic (external use) | Aerial part | Decotion (internal use), poultice (external use) | Cirelli, 1853 [35] |
Against malaria | Aerial part | External use: poultice with Allium sp., Ruta sp., Mentha sp. on the wrist | Jamalio, 1918 [42] | |
Abdominal pains | Aerial part | Potion with rue and minth | ||
1. treatment of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia; 2. stimulate liver function, against biliary calculosis and dyspepsia; 3. external use as cicatrizant for wound and sores; 4. to cure mumps | Aerial part | 1. decoction; 2. infusion; 3. topic use (crushed leaves); 4. topic use (maceration in olive oil) | ||
Antihelmintic | Aerial part | Infusion with Ruta sp., Mentha sp., Matricaria chamomilla L. | De Natale, Pollio, (unpubl.) | |
Parietaria judaica L. | Treatment of pneumonia (antidolorific, external use) | Aerial part | poultice mixed with Cicuta virosa L. | Cirelli, 1853 [35] |
Against rhagads (external use) | Aerial part | Poultice | Cavara, 1954 [44] | |
1. cholagogue and to treat cystitis and in renal and biliary lithiasis; 2. externally to treat sprains and haematomas; 3. fresh plant rubbed on the part to treat nettle rashes and insect bites | Aerial part | 1. infusion; 2. decoction; 3. fresh plant | De Feo et al., 1992 [43] | |
Diuretic, depurative, hemorrhoid lenitive, vermifuge, antitussive, antiecchymotic, resolvent for skin inflammation, sedative in cases of intestinal colic | Aerial part | Infusion, local application, crushed | De Feo et al., 1992 [38] | |
1. Diuretic digestive refresher, mild laxative; 2. externally, to allay subcutaneous bleeding | Aerial part | 1. Infusion; 2. decoction | De Feo, Senatore, 1993 [39] | |
Diuretic, to cure renal diseases | Aerial part | Decoction | De Natale, Pollio, (unpubl.) | |
Antiinflammatory, resolutive, for urinal tract. Against cystitis, the decoction of the fresh plant has to be drunk regularly (after a break of some weeks the cure should be repeated). | Aerial part | Decoction | Scherrer et al., 2005 [45] | |
Gastrointestinal inflammations and colitis | Aerial part | Local application |
Extension of the temporal context to the Antiquity
Affection | Part(s) of plant | Preparation | Occurrence in XIX-XXI century TK of Campania | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adiantum capillus-veneris
L.
| ||||
Corpus Hippocraticum
| diuretic | aerial part | decoction | |
jaundice | aerial part | potion | ||
to promote menses | aerial part | potion | ○ | |
uterine affection | aerial part | potion | ||
against leucorrhaea | aerial part | potion with wine | ||
rectum prolapsus | aerial part | local application | ||
to relieve partum complaints | aerial part | potion | ||
to easy placenta expulsion | aerial part | potion | ||
to facilitate the conception | aerial part | local fumigation | ||
Dioscorides
| against asthma | aerial part | decoction | ○ |
jaundice | aerial part | decoction | ||
mycosis | aerial part | decoction | ||
lithiasis and related affections | aerial part | decoction | ||
against diarrhoea | aerial part | decoction | ||
gynecological affections | aerial part | potion with wine | ○ | |
emmenagogue | aerial part | potion with wine | ○ | |
against hair losses | aerial part | local application, also in mixture with laudanum, hyssop and honey | ● | |
against alopaecia | aerial part | local application | ● | |
skin affections | aerial part | local application | ● | |
Pliny
| affections of the liver and spleen | aerial part | decoction | |
against asthma | aerial part | decoction | ||
against excoriations of infants | aerial part | liniment combined with rose-oil, local application | ||
against head-ache | aerial part | local application | ||
antidote to the venom of serpents and spiders | aerial part | local application | ||
anti-hæmorrhagic | aerial part | potion with vinegar | ||
calculi of the bladder | aerial part | potion | ||
diuretic | aerial part | potion with wine | ||
expulsion of after-birth, emmenagogue | aerial part | potion | ○ | |
looseness of the bowels | aerial part | decoction in wine | ||
skin affections | aerial part | local application | ○ | |
strangury and affections of the kidneys | aerial part | liniment, local application | ||
Pseudo Apuleius
| abdominal pain | leaves | wine potion with coriander and pepper seeds | ○ |
Petagna
| respiratory system affections | aerial part | infusion, sirup | ● |
Artemisia absinthium
L.
| ||||
Corpus Hippocraticum
| against sterility | aerial part | not described | |
emmenagogue | aerial part | local application, macerated in white wine | ||
jaundice | aerial part | not described | ||
opistotonus (neck rigidity) | aerial part | not described | ||
post partum affections | aerial part | infusion | ||
uterine affections | aerial part | local application | ||
Dioscorides
| against animal bites or poisonous plants | aerial part | wine potion | |
against mosquito bites | aerial part | poultice mixed with oil | ||
dropsy and spleen pains | aerial part | poultice with Cyprus ointment | ||
ear and tooth pains | aerial part | decoction | ||
eye affections | aerial part | local application: the plant mixed with oil or honey | ||
jaundice, inappetence | aerial part | decoction | ||
sore throat | aerial part | ointment with figs soda and rye-grass flour | ||
stomach and visceral pains | aerial part | poultice (topic application) or potion | ||
tonic | aerial part | wine potion | ||
Pliny
| antidote to animal and plant poisons | aerial part | potion with vinegar or wine | |
antihelmintic | aerial part | potion of the extracted juice | ● | |
diuretic | aerial part | potion with gallic nard | ||
ear affections | aerial part | decoction, local application or liniment of the plant bruised with honey | ● | |
emmenagogue | aerial part | taken with honey or employed as a pessary | ||
eye affections | aerial part | local application, with raisin wine or honey | ||
jaundice | aerial part | eaten raw, with parsley or adiantum | ||
liver complaints | aerial part | potion with gallic nard | ○ | |
iliac regions affection | aerial part | plaster with Cyprian wax or figs | ||
purgative | seeds | potion with sea water and honey | ||
sea sickness | aerial part | potion drunken as a preventive | ||
skin affections | aerial part | water infusion | ||
spleen diseases | aerial part | potion with vinegar and figs | ||
stomach affections | aerial part | decoction, or raw with rue, pepper, and salt | ||
to dispel nausea and flatulency | aerial part | potion with the addition of sile, gallic narde and a little vinegar | ||
tonic | aerial part | decoction | ○ | |
wounds | aerial part | local application | ● | |
Pseudo Apuleius
| not reported | ---- | -------- | |
Petagna
| hypochondria, hysteria | leaves | extract through the soap | ○ |
To stimulate liver function | leaves | extract through the soap | ○ | |
against malaria | ---- | 1/2 spoon of juice of the plant with clove in wine | ● | |
against scurvy | leaves | infusion | ||
against dropsy | leaves | infusion | ||
antihelmintic | leaves | 1 spoon of essence | ● | |
headache | Powdered leaves mixed with sugar, or infusion of diluted wine | |||
eyes inflammation | powder of leaves mixed with sugar, or infusion of diluted wine | ● | ||
edemata | leaves | fresh leaves | ||
gangrene | leaves | boiled in the sea water | ||
Parietaria judaica
L.
| ||||
Corpus Hippocraticum
| abortive | leaves | potion | |
Dioscorides
| skin affection | leaves | local application | ● |
glandular inflammation | leaves | local application | ||
oedema | leaves | local application | ||
ulcerations | leaves | juice and white lead ointment | ||
sore throat | leaves | ointment or juice gargle | ||
earache | leaves | ointment with rose oil | ||
cough | leaves | juice | ||
Pliny
| for suppurated abscesses | leaves | the juice taken warm | |
to cure convulsions | leaves | the juice taken warm | ||
to cure ruptures, bruises | leaves | the juice taken warm | ● | |
Pseudo Apuleius
| gout | aerial part | decoction mixed with pork fat and applied on foots or knee | |
Petagna
| emollient | leaves | juice, decoction with bearberry | |
resolvent | leaves | juice, decoction with bearberry | ○ | |
diuretic | leaves | juice, decoction with bearberry | ○ |