Background
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) T1 mapping allows for the quantitative measurement of myocardial longitudinal relaxation time (T1) [
1]. The extracellular volume fraction (ECV), which is derived from native and post-contrast T1 mapping, reflects the size of the extracellular space in the myocardium. ECV strongly correlates with the histological measurements of the extracellular matrix [
2] and can be used as an important diagnostic biomarker of disease [
3], as well as for observation of disease progression [
4] and prognosis [
5,
6]. T1 mapping, together with the ECV, introduced a new frontier in radiology and cardiology, being independent of cardiac function and enabling the quantification of important tissue properties of both the local and global myocardium [
7].
Hematocrit (HCT) measurement is necessary when calculating the ECV. However, the additional blood test is cumbersome and costly, and it delays the process of CMR examination and ECV calculation. In addition, it may cause difficulties for retrospective studies, particularly for those patients without a measured HCT.Treibel et al. [
8] reported a linear correlation between the HCT and 1/T1
blood at 1.5 T CMR. This correlation can be applied to estimate the synthetic HCT (HCTsyn) and subsequently, the ECV. The study results indicated a very strong correlation between synthetic ECV (ECVsyn) and measured ECV (ECVm), which is consistent with another study at both 1.5 T and 3 T CMR [
9]. Therefore, they concluded that HCTsyn can lead to an accurate ECV without the need for blood sampling. However, Raucci et al. [
10] used the same method to study pediatric and young adult patients at 1.5 T CMR. Their results showed that HCTsyn may cause clinically significant errors in ECV measurement. Thus, whether it can be used in clinical routine workflow or not is still a subject of dispute, especially at 3 T CMR.
The goals of the present study were to explore whether T1 of blood-based (T1blood) HCTsyn and ECVsyn can be applied in 3 T CMR and to assess the feasibility of its clinical validation.
Methods
Study patients
This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of our hospital, and all subjects provided written informed consent. The patients and healthy subjects who underwent CMR native and post-contrast T1 mapping with the modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) sequence and an HCT measurement within the same day of CMR were enrolled. A total of 226 subjects were eligible. They were randomly split into derivation (
n = 121) and validation groups (
n = 105). Healthy subjects (
n = 45) had normal systolic (< 140 mmHg) and diastolic (< 90 mmHg) blood pressure, normal electrocardiogram (ECG) and CMR results, and no history of cardiovascular disease. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients (
n = 60) were diagnosed according to World Health Organization criteria [
11], and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients (
n = 93) met the European Society of Cardiology criteria [
12]. Twenty eight other patents were enrolled, including hypertension (
n = 4), cardiac amyloidosis (
n = 2), chronic myocardial infarction (
n = 6), left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC,
n = 1), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 9), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC,
n = 2) and myocarditis (
n = 4).
HCT measurements
Whole blood was drawn in all subjects by venipuncture and HCT was analyzed using a Sysmex XN-1000 hematology analyzer (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan) [
13].
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance protocols
CMR was performed on a 3 T MAGNETOM Trio MR scanner (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) with a 6-channel body arrayed coil plus a 6-channel spine arrayed coil. A prototype target shimming method for patient-specific, localized shimming in the heart was used to improve field uniformity.
Short-axis cine images covering the entire left ventricle (LV) were performed using an electrographic-gated, breath-hold, balanced steady-state free-precession (bSSFP) sequence. Segmented late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) images covering the entire LV were performed using the Phase Sensitive Inversion Recovery (PSIR) sequence approximately 10 min after a bolus administration of 0.2 mmol/kg gadoteric acid meglumine bolus (Dotarem, Guerbet, BP7400, F95943, Roissy CdG Cedex, France).
A breath-hold, ECG-gated, MOLLI prototype sequence with a 5b (3b) 3b and 4b (1b) 3b (1b) 2b sampling pattern was performed for native and post-contrast T1 mapping, respectively, with a bSSFP readout, FOV 400 × 300 mm2, matrix 256 × 166, TR/TE 301.7/1.09 ms, acquisition window duration 302 ms (native), 382 ms (post-contrast), flip angle 35 degrees and 6 mm thickness. Basal, mid-ventricular, and apical LV short-axis images were acquired before and approximately 15 min after the administration of contrast. T1 maps were generated online from the MOLLI images after the motion correction (MOCO).
Synthetic and measured ECV
All the cine and T1 maps were transferred to the cvi42 software (Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada) for offline analysis. The LV endo- and epi-myocardial borders on the T1 maps were manually delineated with attention being paid to avoiding partial-volume effects from the blood pool and epicardial fat. The regions of interest (ROIs) were manually drawn with care in the LV cavity to avoid the papillary muscles and myocardium. Native and post-contrast T1 values of the blood sample and 16 myocardial segments were obtained. Sixteen-segmental myocardial ECV values were calculated from native and post-contrast T1 maps using the following formula [
6]:
$$ ECV=\left(1-\mathrm{HCT}\right)\frac{\frac{1}{\mathrm{T}1\ \mathrm{myo}\ \mathrm{post}}-\frac{1}{\mathrm{T}1\ \mathrm{myo}\ \mathrm{native}}\ }{\frac{1}{\mathrm{T}1\ \mathrm{blood}\ \mathrm{post}}-\frac{1}{\mathrm{T}1\ \mathrm{blood}\ \mathrm{native}}} $$
According to Treibel et al., there is a linear relationship between the longitudinal relativity (R1 = 1/T1) of blood and blood HCT [
8]. The linear equation between blood R1 and HCTm was derived in the derivation group and used to estimate a HCTsyn and calculate an ECVsyn (Additional file
1: Figure S7). Additionally, the published equation between blood R1 and HCTm in 3 T CMR [
9] was also used to estimate a HCTsyn and calculate an ECVsyn. The HCTsyn and ECVsyn were subsequently compared separately with HCTm and ECVm.
Statistical analysis
Categorical data were presented as percentages. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the variables. Data that did not fit normality were summarized as median (interquartile range). Continuous and normal variables were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). The robustness of the T1
blood-based HCTsyn calculation was evaluated using the bootstrap trials: a subset of the samples (90%) was randomly resampled 100 times, and R
2 was performed for each subset [
14]. The differences between the means were compared using the unpaired t-test, paired t-test, and Bland-Altman method. The relationships between bivariates were analyzed using Pearson’s method. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to determine how strongly ECVsyn and ECVm of the 16-segment myocardium correlated with each other in the derivation and validation groups. The statistical tests were two-tailed, and statistical significance was defined as
P < 0.05. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 21.0, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, International Business Machines, Inc., Armonk, New York, USA) and GraphPad Prism (version 6.01, GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, California, USA).
Discussion
CMR ECV, which enables the quantification of the extracellular matrix in vivo, is being embraced as a useful imaging biomarker of diffuse fibrosis [
15,
16]. HCT measurements, obtained from blood sampling, are essential but are burdensome for ECV quantification. Although great efforts have been made to explore the relationship between T1
blood-based HCTsyn and ECVsyn, feasibility of performance and the clinical values of HCTsyn and ECVsyn is still a dispute at 3 T CMR. We assessed the equation of T1
blood-based HCTsyn in a derivation population and subsequently applied it in a validation population.
The ECVsyn was strongly correlated with the ECVm, and the differences were minimal in both groups. However, the ECVsyn may erroneously eliminate the differences between T2DM patients and healthy subjects and between HCM patients and the healthy subjects in the free wall of myocardium. Moreover, the ECVsyn may miscategorize patients with an abnormal ECV, and the total miscategorized fraction was larger in the validation group than in the derivation group.
Our data showed a significant correlation between the HCT and 1/T1
blood at 3 T CMR, consistent with previous studies [
17,
18]. According to the derived equation from the derivation group, the HCTsyn was modestly correlated with the HCTm in the validation group, verifying its applicability. With the condition of 1.5 T CMR, the correlation noted in Treibel’s study [
8] and Fent’s study [
9] was strong but was modest in Raucci’s study [
10]. At 3 T CMR, Fent et al. [
9] studied 218 patients (HCT, range 31 to 54%, comprising of 159 (73%) patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 33 (15%) patients with HCM and 26 (12%) healthy subjects) and the correlation was strong (R
2 = 0.46), which is larger than our result. In the present study, 226 subjects (HCT, range 25.4 to 54.6%, including 45 (20%) healthy subjects, 60 (27%) patients with T2DM, 93 (41) patients with HCM and other 28 (12%) patients with different diseases) were enrolled and the correlation was modest. There are differences in spectrum of diseases and range of HCT between their and our study, which may lead to the discrepancy in the strength of the correlation. So, it is necessary to explore their relationship in a large, multi-center cohort study with diverse diseases and larger range of HCT.
Despite the modest correlation between the HCTsyn and HCTm, the ECVsyn was strongly correlated with the ECVm in both the derivation and validation groups. This trend found in our 3 T data was the same as that verified with 1.5 T [
8‐
10]. Although the correlations between the ECVsyn and ECVm were strong overall, our values and those of Raucci were slightly weaker than those of Treibel and Fent.
ECV measurements were determined by five factors, including HCT, native and post-contrast T1 of the myocardium and blood. Regarding calculation of ECVm and ECVsyn, except for HCT, the other four factors remained unchanged. In other words, partition coefficient (λ = (1/T1
myo-post - 1/T1
myo-native)/(1/T1
blood-post - 1/T1
blood-native)) remained constant. Thus, although the correlation between HCTm and HCTsyn was relatively small, the correlation between ECVm and ECVsyn was relatively large, as the effect is alleviated by the unchanged λ in the equation [
10].
Interestingly, we found that there was a weakly negative correlation between the ECVm and (ECVsyn - ECVm), with a cut-off value of ECVm = 30.5% in the derivation group. This suggested that when the ECVm is higher than 30.5%, the ECVsyn is lower than the ECVm. This condition was more pronounced in the validation group. We should pay much more attention when applying HCTsyn and ECVsyn to the other cohort. It is particularly important to note that because the ECV values in most of the diseases that affect the myocardium would become higher, such a condition may lead the ECVsyn to narrow the differences between the abnormal subjects and the healthy subjects.
While some conditions such as myocardial infarction, cardiac amyloid, and HCM with LGE show a significant increase in the ECV [
19,
20], more subtle differences are seen in conditions with less myocardial damage, such as T2DM or HCM without LGE. Wong’s study [
6] and our previous study [
21] demonstrated that T2DM patients had a slightly but significant increased ECV. In the present study, there were minor but significant differences in the ECVm between the T2DM patients and the healthy subjects; however, the ECVsyn did not differ. This condition is equivalent for the ECV value in the free wall of the heart in the HCM patients in validation group. Regarding the ECV value in the mid-ventricle and interventricular septum of the HCM patients, there were major and significant differences in the ECVm and the differences in the ECVsyn remained significant. Therefore, when researchers study patients with a subtly elevated ECV, using the ECVsyn could lead to incorrect conclusions being made, which considerably limits its application for research. It would be prudent for researchers using the ECVsyn in patients with subtle elevated ECV value to note these precautions.
As for individual patients, using the ECVsyn could lead to significant miscategorization. The total miscategorized fraction ranged from 6 to 25% for local model and 8 to 18% for the published model in the derivation and validation group. It indicated that using the ECVsyn may cause incorrect treatment of many patients and a delay in the diagnosis and treatment of other patients. This also substantially limits the clinical utility of the ECVsyn.
Limitations
There are limitations in our current study. First, although we tested our results separately in derivation and validation groups, the project was not a multicenter follow-up study. Second, the spectrum of diseases assessed in this study was not broad. T2DM and HCM patients were primarily recruited for frequent CMR in our center, and the number of diseases, such as myocardial infarction, cardiac amyloidosis and DCM, was relatively small. Third, this was a retrospective study, and the variability of the HCT measurements could therefore not be evaluated [
8]. Four, although all subjects were randomly split into derivation and validation groups, the number of subjects in the validation group (
n = 105) was relatively smaller than in the derivation group (
n = 121) and the range of HCTm in the validation group (25.4 to 52.2%) was relatively narrower than in the derivation group (25.7 to 54.6%).