Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is a severe complication of immunosuppression that is associated with high mortality, depending on the underlying type of immunosuppression [1]. Consequently, the incidence of PJP is higher in non-HIV patients than in HIV patients, because of the increased use of immunosuppressive therapies for widespread indications [2]. So far, there is little evidence for veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment in cases of PJP-induced severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Particularly, there is no study reporting and comparing the outcome of PJP requiring ECMO therapy in HIV and non-HIV patients.
Therefore, we report retrospective data of a single-centre registry of patients with severe respiratory failure, requiring ECMO support at our centre between January 2009 and April 2019. ECMO support was initiated when lung-protective mechanical ventilation was not able to prevent hypoxemia or hypercapnia, based on the treating medical team’s judgement.
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A total of 337 ECMO patients were screened, and 18 patients with PJP were identified (Table 1). Diagnosis of PJP was verified via positive immunofluorescence microscopy in 13 patients (72%). Five patients (28%) displayed high PCR levels (median 67.000 [5.200–250.000] copies/ml) with conclusive symptoms and radiological findings but negative immunofluorescence microscopy. Microbiological testing was performed in bronchoalveolar lavage. In 14 patients (78%), PJP was diagnosed before the initiation of ECMO therapy.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics and outcome
All (n = 18)
HIV (n = 6)
non-HIV (n = 12)
p value
Age (years)
49.7 ± 18.4
36.8 ± 9.7
56.2 ± 18.6
0.032
Sex (male)
11 (61.1%)
4 (66.7%)
7 (58.3%)
1.0
BMI (kg/m2)
24.6 ± 3.4
23.0 ± 4.2
25.5 0 ± 2.6
0.149
Underlying pulmonary disease*
2 (11.1%)
0 (0%)
2 (16.7%)
0.407
Comorbidities
Hypertension
5 (27.8%)
0 (0%)
5 (41.27%)
0.114
Renal insufficiency
2 (11.1%)
0 (0%)
2 (16.7%)
0.529
Chronic haemodialysis
1 (5.6%)
0 (0%)
1 (8.3%)
1.0
MV pre-ECMO
PEEP (mbar)
14.9 ± 3.1
13.8 ± 2.9
15.3 ± 3.2
0.489
Plateau pressure (mbar)
28.5 ± 4.6
29.3 ± 4.0
28.2 ± 4.9
0.571
Driving pressure (mbar)
13.6 ± 4.2
15.5 ± 4.5
12.9 ± 4.1
0.412
Tidal volume (ml)
390.7 ± 107.9
362.5 ± 104.4
400.9 ± 112.3
0.571
Minute volume (l/min)
9.9 ± 3.6
10.6 ± 4.3
9.6 ± 3.5
0.571
Compliance (ml/mbar)
32.7 ± 15.8
23.3 ± 10.4
35.5 ± 17.0
0.226
FiO2 (%)
83.8 ± 19.4
87.5 ± 19.4
81.8 ± 19.4
0.660
Horowitz index (mmHg)
87.6 ± 37.6
90.8 ± 40.8
85.8 ± 37.6
1.0
D(A-a)O2 (mmHg)
466.4 ± 133.4
481.7 ± 132.9
458.1 ± 139.4
0.884
MV duration before ECMO (days)
5.4 ± 5.4
9.3 ± 6.5
3.3 ± 3.3
0.048
Acute renal failure
3 (16.7%)
0 (0%)
3 (25.0%)
0.276
LDHmax (U/l) before ECMO
734.1 ± 268.2
577.2 ± 182.1
812.5 ± 275.5
0.083
Scores
SOFA score
9.7 ± 3.6
8.7 ± 3.4
10.3 ± 3.7
0.733
APACHE II score
24.9 ± 8.1
25.0 ± 9.0
24.9 ± 8.1
0.961
RESP score
− 3.3 ± 3.2
− 2.8 ± 1.9
− 3.55 ± 3.8
1.0
Successful ECMO weaning
7 (38.9%)
3 (50%)
4 (33.3%)
0.494
Survival†
4 (22.2%)
3 (50%)
1 (8.3%)
0.045
ICU length of stay (days)
26.2 ± 20.5
33.8 ± 15.4
22.4 ± 22.3
0.053
ECMO duration (days)
13.2 ± 8.7
13.8 ± 11.0
12.9 ± 7.8
0.892
MV duration (days)
20.8 ± 14.8
25.2 ± 17.1
18.4 ± 13.7
0.462
Acute haemodialysis
6 (33.3%)
0 (0%)
6 (50.0%)
0.054
Prone position while ECMO
11 (61.1%)
5 (83.3%)
6 (50.0%)
0.588
ICU intensive care unit, MV mechanical ventilation
HIV was the cause of immunosuppression in 6 patients, whereas 12 patients had other subtypes of immunosuppression (non-HIV group, Fig. 1a). In all cases, HIV was diagnosed during index hospitalisation. Patients therefore were without previous antiretroviral treatment.
Fig. 1
a Underlying subtypes of immunosuppression in ECMO patients with PJP. b Survival of PJP with severe respiratory failure and ECMO therapy in HIV vs. non-HIV patients
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There were no significant differences between these two groups in relation to sex, comorbidities, ventilator settings, LDH levels or survival prediction scores (SOFA, APACHE II and RESP, Table 1). Patients with HIV were younger than non-HIV patients, and the interval between the start of mechanical ventilation and ECMO therapy was shorter in the non-HIV group.
Overall ECMO weaning rate was 39%, without a significant difference between HIV and non-HIV patients. Overall hospital survival was 22%. Withdrawal of care when further curative treatment was deemed futile was the most common cause of death (nine patients, 64.3%). Survival rate was higher in HIV than in non-HIV patients (50% vs. 8%, p = 0.045, Fig. 1b).
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It has been shown previously in a non-ECMO setting that the outcome in HIV-negative PJP patients is worse than in patients with HIV [3], and our data confirm these earlier observations.
There are possible explanations for the better prognosis of HIV in this setting. On average, HIV patients are younger, and immunosuppression in HIV patients is reversible and can be resolved with the initiation of antiretroviral treatment. Moreover, the high mortality of non-HIV patients is associated with the underlying disease itself and a faster and more fulminant progression of the disease with more severe hypoxia and a higher prevalence of shock [4].
One third of our patients in the non-HIV group could be weaned successfully from ECMO support, suggesting that mortality was not only associated with ARDS, but underlying comorbidities may have been predominant. Moreover, there was a trend towards more frequent acute haemodialysis in non-HIV patients, illustrating that these patients had more complications and suffered from multi-organ failure.
In summary, a survival rate of 50% in HIV patients is similar to the average survival of ECMO patients with ARDS of any origin as shown by the CAESAR (63%) or the EOLIA trial (65%) [5, 6]. Therefore, ECMO therapy should not be withheld from patients with HIV-associated PJP.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The protocol was approved by our institution’s ethical committee (EK-Freiburg 151/14).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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