Background
Methods
Data
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Women who had at least one birth five years before the interview
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Women who attended four or more antenatal care visits during the most recent pregnancy
Measurements
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Socio-demographic characteristics: maternal age at the time of birth of the most recent child, religion, educational status, marital status, place of residence (urban-rural), household wealth quintile and working status of the mother.
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Fertility related characteristics: birth order of the recent child, and whether the pregnancy was wanted or not.
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ANC service-related characteristics: mother’s perceived distance of the nearest health facility, components of antenatal care- measured by computing a summative composite score from the following antenatal components: blood pressure measurement taken, urine sample taken, blood sample taken, mother told about pregnancy complications, mother told about birth preparedness plan, and mother received nutrition counseling. For each of the component indicators, a woman received a point if she received the component. A total composite score was created by summing up the points for all six indicators. The total score ranged from zero to six where zero represents that the woman received none of the six antenatal care components and six when the woman received all components.
Analytical methods
Results
Sample characteristics
Characteristics | Percent |
---|---|
Age of the mother at birth in years | |
Mean (SD) | 26.9 (6.2) |
Educational level | |
No education | 47.9 |
Primary | 34.3 |
Secondary& above | 17.8 |
Religion | |
Christian | 69.1 |
Other | 30.9 |
Marital status | |
Married/in union | 92.8 |
Other | 7.2 |
Place of residence | |
Urban | 25.2 |
Rural | 74.8 |
Wealth index | |
Poorest | 12.6 |
Poorer | 17.3 |
Middle | 18.5 |
Richer | 21.4 |
Richest | 30.2 |
Mother’s working status | |
No | 65.8 |
Yes | 34.2 |
Birth order | |
First | 24.9 |
Second to fourth | 45.0 |
Five or more | 30.1 |
Perceived distance to health facility | |
Big problem | 45.9 |
Not a big problem | 54.1 |
Recent birth wanted | |
Wanted then | 76.7 |
Wanted later | 16.3 |
Wanted no more | 7.0 |
Health facility delivery among women who attended four or more antenatal care visits
Characteristics of mothers | Percent |
---|---|
Age of mother (year) | 26.7 (6.0) |
Mean (SD) | |
Educational level | |
No education | 42.6 |
Primary | 57.3 |
Secondary & above | 91.3 |
Religion | |
Christian | 59.4 |
Other | 49.3 |
Marital status | |
Married/in union | 56.2 |
Other | 57.4 |
Place of residence | |
Urban | 91.9 |
Rural | 44.3 |
Wealth index | |
Poorest | 34.3 |
Poorer | 40.7 |
Middle | 43.2 |
Richer | 49.3 |
Richest | 87.5 |
Mother’s working status | |
No | 49.4 |
Yes | 69.5 |
Perceived distance to health facility | |
Big problem | 43.8 |
Not a big problem | 66.9 |
Birth order | |
First | 73.9 |
Second to fourth | 58.1 |
Fifth or more | 39.0 |
Wantedness of the child | |
Wanted then | 55.9 |
Wanted later | 57.5 |
Wanted no more | 57.6 |
Factors associated with health facility delivery after four or more antenatal care visits
Characteristics of Mothers | Facility Delivery | |
---|---|---|
COR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI) | |
Age of the mother at birth | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) |
Educational level | ||
No education | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Primary | 1.8 (1.4–2.3)*** | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) |
Secondary& above | 14.1 (8.8–22.7)*** | 2.9 (1.6–5.3)*** |
Religion | ||
Christian | 1.5 (1.1–2.1)*** | 1.00 |
Other | 1.0 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) |
Marital status | ||
Married/in union | 1.0 | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) |
Other | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 1.0 |
Place of residence | ||
Urban | 14.2 (9.5–21.3)*** | 3.4 (1.9–6.1)*** |
Rural | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Wealth index | ||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.0 |
Poorer | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) |
Middle | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) |
Richer | 1.9 (1.2–2.9)*** | 1.4 (0..9–2.2) |
Richest | 13.4 (8.1–22.2)*** | 2.7 (1.5–4.8)*** |
Mother’s working status | ||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 2.3 (0.8–1.2) | 1.6 (1.2–2.3)*** |
Birth order | ||
First | 4.4 (3.1–6.3)*** | 0.5 (0.3–0.7)*** |
2–4 | 2.2 (1.6–2.9)*** | 0.3 (0.2–0.6)*** |
Five or more | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Perceived distance to health facility | ||
Big problem | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Not a big problem | 2.6 (1.9–3.5)*** | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
Wanted status of child | ||
Wanted then | 1.00 | 1.0 |
Wanted later | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) |
Wanted no more | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) |
Receiving components of ANC | 1.5 (1.4–1.6)*** | 1.33 (1.2–1.4)*** |
Characteristics of women who delivered at home after four or more antenatal care visits
Characteristics of Mothers | Home Delivery |
---|---|
Percent | |
Age of the mother in years | 27.2 (6.0) |
Mean (SD) | |
Educational level | |
No education | 62.9 |
Primary | 33.5 |
Secondary& above | 3.6 |
Religion | |
Christian | 64.2 |
Other | 35.8 |
Marital status | |
Married/in union | 93.0 |
Other | 7.0 |
Place of residence | |
Urban | 4.7 |
Rural | 95.3 |
Wealth index | |
Poorest | 19.0 |
Poorer | 23.5 |
Middle | 24.1 |
Richer | 24.8 |
Richest | 8.6 |
Mother’s working status | |
No | 76.1 |
Yes | 23.9 |
Perceived distance to health facility | |
Big problem | 59.0 |
Not a big problem | 41.0 |
Number of ANC components received Mean(±SD) | 3.8(±1.7) |
Postnatal care (PNC) among mothers who delivered at home after four or more ANC visits
Characteristics of Mothers | Percent PNC Attended |
---|---|
Age of the mother in years | |
Mean (SD) | 28.3 (6.2) |
Educational level | |
No education | 8.5 |
Primary | 7.9 |
Secondary & above | 11.8 |
Religion | |
Christian | 9.9 |
Other | 5.7 |
Marital status | |
Married/in union | 8.3 |
Other | 9.3 |
Place of residence | |
Urban | 24.0 |
Rural | 7.6 |
Wealth index | |
Poorest | 7.3 |
Poorer | 8.6 |
Middle | 11.1 |
Richer | 7.5 |
Richest | 20.5 |
Mother’s working status | |
No | 7.5 |
Yes | 11.3 |
Perceived distance to health facility | |
Big problem | 5.2 |
Not a big problem | 13.1 |
Number of ANC components received Mean(±SD) | 5(±1.3 |
Factors associated with postnatal care attendance among women who delivered at home after four or more antenatal care visits
Characteristics of Mothers | Postnatal | |
---|---|---|
Care Attendance | ||
COR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI) | |
Age of the mother at birth | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) |
Educational level | ||
No education | 1.00 | 1.0 |
Primary | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) |
Secondary& above | 1.4 (0.4–5.3) | 0.7 (0.2–2.9) |
Religion | ||
Christian | 1.8 (0.8–4.1) | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) |
Other | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Marital status | ||
Married/in union | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Other | 1.1 (0.4–3.0) | 0.1.0 (0.4–2.6) |
Place of residence | ||
Urban | 3.8 (1.5–9.9)*** | 1.3 (0.5–3.8) |
Rural | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Wealth index | ||
Poorest | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Poorer | 0.4 (0.1–1.4) | 0.4 (0.1–1.4) |
Middle | 1.6 (0.6–3.8) | 1.4 (0.5–3.5) |
Richer | 1.0 (0.4–2.7) | 0.8 (0.3–2.2) |
Richest | 3.2 (1.3–7.9)*** | 1.8 (0.7–4.8) |
Mother’s current working Status | ||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | 1.4 (0.8–2.7) |
Birth order | ||
First | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) | 1.5 (0.4–5.0) |
2–4 | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 1.0 (0.2–4.7) |
Five or more | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Perceived distance to health facility | ||
Big problem | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Not a big problem | 2.7 (1.5–5.0)*** | 1.9 (1.0–3.8) |
Wanted status of child | ||
Wanted then | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Wanted later | 1.5 (0.7–3.3) | 1.30.6–3.1) |
Wanted no more | 1.8 (0.7–4.8) | 1.6 (0.5–4.5) |
Receiving components of ANC | 1.5 (1.2–1.9)*** | 1.40 (1.1–1.8)* |