Introduction
Materials and methods
Participants and procedures
Variables
Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II)
Reference standard
Substance uses
Demographic characteristics
Statistical analysis
Results
Participants’ characteristics
Clinically depressed (n = 40) median (min–max) | Non-clinically depressed (n = 186) median (min–max) | Mann–Whitney U test (p value) | |
---|---|---|---|
mBDI-II | 20.00 (0–38) | 14.00 (0–40) | 0.003 |
Clinically depressed (n = 40) | Non-clinically depressed (n = 186) | |
---|---|---|
Age (mean, SD) | 36.6 (9.6) | 41.9 (14.6) |
Sex | ||
Female | 2 (5.0%) | 18 (9.7%) |
Male | 38 (95.0%) | 176(94.6%) |
Ethnic | ||
Burmese | 13 (32.5%) | 117 (62.9%) |
Ethnic group | 21 (53.8%) | 52 (28.0%) |
Others | 5 (12.5%) | 18 (9.7%) |
Marital status | ||
Single | 23 (57.5%) | 56 (30.1%) |
Married | 13 (32.5%) | 116 (62.4%) |
Divorced | 3 (7.5%) | 3 (1.6%) |
Widow | – | 5 (2.7%) |
Separated | – | 4 (2.2%) |
Education | ||
Never attended school | 2 (5.0%) | 93 (50.0%) |
Primary school | 12 (30.0%) | 38 (20.4%) |
Middle school | 21 (52.5%) | 26 (14.0%) |
High school | 3 (7.5%) | 15 (8.1%) |
Graduate | 1 (2.5%) | 28 (15.1%) |
Current employment status | ||
Unemployed | 6 (15.0%) | 19 (10.2%) |
Full time | 4 (10.0%) | 80 (43.0%) |
Part time | 30 (75.0%) | 78 (41.9%) |
Drug use history | Within 30 days | Within 24 h |
---|---|---|
Opium | 33 (14.6%) | 23 (10.2%) |
Heroin | 183 (81.0%) | 103 (45.6%) |
Marijuana | 2 (0.9%) | 1 (0.4%) |
Amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) | 66 (29.2%) | 24 (10.6%) |
Diazepam | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) |
Others | 7 (3.1%) | 6 (2.7%) |
Diagnosis accuracy
Source | Cutoff score | Sensitivity (SE) | Specificity (SE) | Likelihood ratio (LR+, LR−) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Standard cutoff [7] | 13+ | 0.64 | 0.70 | 2.13, 0.51 |
cutoff from a previous study of substance users [20] | 14–25 | 0.95–0.73 | 0.36–0.75 | |
This study (closest to the left corner) | 10+ | 0.78(0.07) | 0.70 (0.03) | 2.6, 0.31 |
This study (Youden index = 0.48) | 10+ | 0.78(0.07) | 0.70 (0.03) | 2.6, 0.31 |
Confirmatory factor analysis
Model 1: one-factor model | Model 2: two-factor model [7] psychiatric outpatients | Model 3: two-factor model [7] college students | Model 4: three-factor model [21] substance abusers | |
---|---|---|---|---|
X
2
| 623.68 | 550.94 | 592.08 | 518.47 |
Df
| 189 | 188 | 188 | 186 |
RLP | 3.29 | 2.93 | 3.15 | 2.79 |
RMSEA | 0.10 (0.09–0.11) | 0.09 (0.08–0.10) | 0.10 (0.09–0.11) | 0.09 (0.08–0.10) |
CFI | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.83 | 0.86 |
ECVI | 3.33 | 3.02 | 3.20 | 2.89 |
p value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |