Background
Methods
Patients
Demographic and clinical characteristics
Assessment of patient-reported outcomes
Radiographic assessments
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Variables | Overall sample (N = 161) | Non-hand joint destruction (Sharp score = 0; N = 85) | Hand joint destruction (Sharp score > 0; N = 76) |
χ
2/t/z |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic factors | |||||
Female gender, no. (%) | 135 (83.9) | 69 (81.2) | 66 (86.8) | 0.95*
| 0.329 |
Age, mean (SD) years | 53.7 (12.9) | 52.7 (13.7) | 54.8 (12.1) | −1.03**
| 0.303 |
BMI, mean (SD) kg/m2
| 22.0 (3.4) | 22.3 (3.3) | 21.6 (3.5) | −1.29**
| 0.198 |
Education, years, no. (%) | 5.58*
| 0.018 | |||
≤ 9 years | 122 (75.8) | 58 (68.2) | 64 (84.2) | ||
> 9 years | 39 (24.2) | 27 (31.8) | 12 (15.8) | ||
Employment status, no. (%) | 0.01*
| 0.946 | |||
Employed | 97 (60.2) | 51 (60) | 46 (60.5) | ||
Unemployed | 64 (39.8) | 34 (40) | 30 (39.5) | ||
Income/person/month, USD, no. (%) | 0.28*
| 0.599 | |||
≤ 435 USD | 144 (89.4) | 75 (88.2) | 69 (90.8) | ||
> 435 USD | 17 (10.6) | 10 (11.8) | 7 (9.2) | ||
Personal health insurance, no. (%) | 0.07*
| 0.785 | |||
Yes | 117 (72.7) | 61 (71.8) | 56 (73.7) | ||
No | 44 (27.3) | 24 (28.2) | 20 (26.3) | ||
Tobacco usage, no. (%) | 2.42*
| 0.120 | |||
Yes | 17 (10.6) | 12 (14.1) | 5 (6.6) | ||
No | 144 (89.4) | 73 (85.9) | 71 (93.4) | ||
Alcohol usage, no. (%) | 1.66*
| 0.197 | |||
Yes | 23 (14.3) | 15 (17.6) | 8 (10.6) | ||
No | 138 (85.7) | 70 (82.4) | 68 (89.4) | ||
Clinical factors | |||||
Comorbidities, yes, no. (%) | 2.34*
| 0.127 | |||
Yes | 34 (21.1) | 14 (16.5) | 20 (26.3) | ||
No | 127 (78.9) | 71 (83.5) | 56 (73.7) | ||
Disease duration, median (IQR) years | 4.1 (9) | 2 (4.5) | 9.5 (13.5) | −6.64 | <0.001 |
VAS pain (range 0–10), median (IQR) | 5 (6) | 3 (6) | 5 (6.5) | −1.05 | 0.294 |
DAS28-ESR, median (IQR) | 3.3 (1.7) | 2.9 (1.6) | 3.6 (1.8) | −3.35 | 0.001 |
DMARDs usage, no. (%) | 4.98*
| 0.026 | |||
Yes | 152 (94.4) | 77 (90.6) | 75 (98.7) | ||
No | 9 (5.6) | 8 (9.4) | 1 (1.3) | ||
Corticosteroids usage, no. (%) | 9.32*
| 0.002 | |||
Yes | 92 (57.1) | 39 (45.9) | 53 (69.7) | ||
No | 69 (42.9) | 46 (54.1) | 23 (30.3) | ||
Biologics usage, no. (%) | 0.02*
| 0.889 | |||
Yes | 11 (6.8) | 3 (3.5) | 3 (3.9) | ||
No | 150 (93.2) | 82 (96.5) | 73 (96.1) | ||
ESR, median (IQR) mm/h | 22 (38) | 20 (35.5) | 23.5 (50.5) | −0.90 | 0.367 |
CRP, median (IQR) mg/l | 7.5 (12.4) | 5.9 (13.6) | 8.2 (20.6) | −1.60 | 0.110 |
RF positive, no. (%) | 12.68*
| <0.001 | |||
Yes | 109 (67.7) | 47 (55.3) | 62 (81.9) | ||
No | 52 (32.3) | 38 (44.7) | 14 (18.1) | ||
Anti-CCP antibody positive, no. (%) | 15.45*
| <0.001 | |||
Yes | 104 (64.6) | 43 (50.6) | 61 (80.3) | ||
No | 57 (35.4) | 42 (49.4) | 15 (19.7) |
Differences between demographic and clinical variables in patients with hand joint destruction compared to those without hand joint destruction
Multivariate analysis using backward stepwise logistic regression model for hand joint destruction
Variables | B | SE | Wald | OR | OR 95% CI |
P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower bound | Upper bound | |||||||
Step 1 | Education ≤ 9 years | 1.11 | 0.54 | 4.26 | 3.01 | 1.16 | 7.64 | 0.038 |
Disease duration, years | 0.18 | 0.05 | 20.37 | 1.22 | 1.13 | 1.51 | <0.001 | |
DAS28-ESR | 0.39 | 0.16 | 5.30 | 1.46 | 1.06 | 2.15 | 0.022 | |
DMARDs usage, yes | −2.24 | 1.28 | 3.11 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 1.37 | 0.077 | |
Corticosteroids usage, yes | −0.76 | 0.45 | 3.06 | 0.48 | 0.21 | 1.09 | 0.080 | |
RF positive, yes | −0.66 | 0.39 | 2.79 | 0.63 | 0.13 | 1.74 | 0.095 | |
Anti-CCP antibody positive, yes | −0.97 | 0.46 | 5.02 | 1.03 | 0.17 | 1.57 | 0.025 | |
R2
| 0.380 | |||||||
Step 2 | Education ≤ 9 years | 1.11 | 0.55 | 4.24 | 3.06 | 1.1 | 8.41 | 0.041 |
Disease duration, years | 0.20 | 0.05 | 21.26 | 1.21 | 1.12 | 1.32 | <0.001 | |
DAS28-ESR | 0.38 | 0.16 | 5.43 | 1.45 | 1.16 | 2.17 | 0.020 | |
Anti-CCP antibody positive, yes | −0.99 | 0.47 | 5.12 | 1.07 | 0.16 | 1.68 | 0.021 | |
R2
| 0.379 |
Differences between functional capacity, psychological status, and quality of life in patients with hand joint destruction compared to those without hand joint destruction
Variables | Overall sample (N = 161) | Non-hand joint destruction (Sharp score = 0; N = 85) | Hand joint destruction (Sharp score > 0; N = 76) | z |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HAQ-DI score (range 0–3), median (IQR) | 0.15 (0.88) | 0.05 (0.55) | 0.25 (1.26) | −3.62 | <0.001 |
HADS-anxiety score (range 0–21), median (IQR) | 5 (3) | 5 (6) | 5 (5) | −0.57 | 0.571 |
HADS-depression score (range 0–21), median (IQR) | 5 (5) | 3 (4.5) | 6 (6) | −1.50 | 0.047 |
Domains of SF-36 scores (range 0–100), median (IQR) | |||||
PCS | 37.75 (35.25) | 38 (32.75) | 36.63 (34.13) | −1.34 | 0.180 |
MCS | 58.13 (35.13) | 59.63 (36.5) | 56.96 (34.22) | −0.80 | 0.423 |
PF | 60 (47.5) | 65 (52.5) | 55 (55) | −2.50 | 0.012 |
RP | 0 (25) | 0 (25) | 0 (25) | −0.22 | 0.830 |
BP | 41 (43.5) | 52 (42) | 41 (51.5) | −0.78 | 0.434 |
GH | 40 (32) | 42 (31.5) | 40 (30) | −1.44 | 0.106 |
VT | 55 (20) | 55 (22.5) | 60 (20) | −0.32 | 0.752 |
SF | 62.5 (50) | 62.5 (50) | 62.5 (46.88) | −1.26 | 0.208 |
RE | 33.3 (100) | 66.7 (100) | 33.3 (100) | −0.32 | 0.752 |
MH | 64 (24) | 68 (24) | 64 (24) | −0.30 | 0.761 |